Small Puddles Research Articles

Study and Notes for the Freshwater Spercheidae, Dryopidae and Heteroceridae (Coleoptera) Fauna of Erzurum Province: A New Record for Türkiye

In this study, samples of Dryopidae, Heteroceridae and Spercheidae (Coleoptera) were collected from the shallow areas of lakes, ponds, rivers and small puddles in Erzurum province (Türkiye) between 2015 and 2020 with sieves of 3.15 x 1 mm pore size (mesh size 500 µm). A total of 4 different species were found. Two individuals from Dryops griseus (Erichson, 1847) species; 1 individual from the species Dryops jeanneli Bollow 1938; 2 individuals of Heterocerus fenestratus Thunberg 1784; and 2 individuals of Spercheus emarginatus (Schaller, 1783) species were caught. The collected samples were evaluated based on their morphological and ecological characteristics. While D. griseus was recorded for the first time in Türkiye, D. jeanneli and S. emarginatus are the third examples of species recorded in Türkiye. Additionally, these two species were recorded for the first time in the Eastern Anatolia region. H. fenestratus, collected from the Eastern Anatolia Region by another researcher, was also found during the study. The lateral parameters of the species' aedeagophores collapse from the middle towards the interior. Aedeagophore photographs and distribution data in the country and worldwide are discussed in the article. The average temperature and chemical parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, total nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus and water temperature) of the water bodies where the four different species were collected were found to be close to each other. To comprehend the life cycle, ecological data, along with morphological descriptions and vegetation information for each species are described.

Ore Elements and Minerals in The Elements of Alaid Volcano (Kuril Island Arc)

Sublimates tested in 2013–2020 were studied. in the near-crater zone and on the slopes of the Alaid volcano, located in the Kuril Island arc. It has been established that in the near-crater zone there are native metals confined to zones of acid leaching, within which the original lavas and tuffs have been transformed into opal-like formations or rocks sharply enriched in ferric hydroxides. In these zones, the presence of native gold, palladium, silver, chromium, copper, zinc and alloys of gold and palladium, copper and zinc, copper and tungsten has been established. On the slopes of the Alaid volcano, the range of minerals in sublimates is wider, while the temperature of their formation is lower. Of the ore minerals, copper-containing ones predominate, and sublimates with vanadium-containing minerals belonging to hydrous oxides and vanadate-silicates are established. Two genetic types of slope sublimates have been identified: 1) minerals crystallizing from hydrothermal or steam-hydrothermal solutions near the outcrops of near-surface fumaroles and 2) copper and ferruginous colomorphic formations formed as a result of sedimentation from colloidal solutions in the shallow waters of drying up reservoirs, including small and large puddles.

Puddles, creeks, and drainage: connected histories of water and malaria in Zanzibar, 1910–2021

This article draws on a combination of archival and oral sources in order to highlight the connected histories of water and malaria on the Indian Ocean island of Zanzibar (Unguja) over the past century. We argue that in both the past and the present, water and malaria have been deeply connected, through the lifecycle of the disease, through control measures enacted, and in how Zanzibari residents continue to talk about the relationship between rain, puddles, stagnant water, and disease. Archival sources show that between roughly 1913 and 1957, the British colonial government managed malaria by managing water. That entailed a focus on watery breeding sites that included attention to both the micro: cattle hoofprints, and the macro: a multi-decade drainage of the tidal creek and surrounding swamp. These water-based malaria control efforts were limited in their efficacy by being geographically restricted to urban Zanzibar Town, and often limited to just the Stone Town area. 98 interviews conducted with Zanzibaris about malaria indicate that people continue to draw strong connections between malaria and the environment (mazingira), and that they most commonly discuss water’s relationship with malaria in terms of puddles (dimbwi/madimbwi), small puddles (kidimbwi/vidimbwi) and stagnant water (maji yaliyotuama).

Corrosion Detection and Surface Repair with Coatings on Condensate Storage Tanks Internal Surfaces

In the Nuclear power plant Krško, there are two single hull condensate storage tanks with floating diaphragm each containing up to 757 m3 of demineralized water. The main purpose of these two storage tanks is to provide a capacity of cooling water for cooling the reactor coolant system via steam generators with the use of auxiliary feedwater pumps. This is a very important function from the safety point of view and that is the reason that both storage tanks are listed as safety class 3 components. It is also possible to fill up the condensate system if other means are not available. Condensate storage tanks are subject to periodic testing and periodic inspections to determine the condition of the components. Both tanks are in operation since the start-up of the powerplant, are located outside, and are exposed to different degradation processes. There was a concern that the tanks are leaking because there were often small puddles of water near the tanks. There were no changes in the levels of tanks. The design of tanks is a single hull, so there is no indication if a small leak is present.In the outage 2018, both tanks were emptied and examined with NDE methods to find any corrosion damage of bottom plates and any untight spots on adjacent welds.The article is about the NDE methods that were used (Magnetic Flux Leakage, Ultrasonic and Vacuum Box inspection) to determine the condition of the floor plates and adjacent welds as well as the process of internal surface reparation with coatings. Process of coatings qualification for use in safety class components is also explained: dedication process for material up-grade from non-safety related to safety-related because CY tank linings are classified as safety-related according to RG 1.54, rev 2 and corresponding ASTM standards and NEK technical specification SP-A5001. All activities for surface repair with coatings shall comply with safety-related requirements. Also, extensive immersion tests with selected and specially defined parameters were performed in NEK chemical laboratory in order to select the most suitable coating system for surface repair of CY tank floor lining. Further details concerning immersion tests are presented below.

Raptor

Raptor Stella Lee (bio) White cloud sighs stretch across a cornflower horizon. Saturday afternoon feels like a cage as the fan drones on and the bars soldered to the window cut up my view of the world outside. I look out and lazily scan over the same vista: snow, ice, buildings, brick, glass, skeletal tree branches. Day in and out the panorama is the same, same expectations of sunlight glistening, same small puddles on the rooftop, the generators humming. This grey landscape of asphalt dotted with pockets of crystalized water makes a runway to you. I see you. Redtail, white belly, onyx talons, piercing beak. Your slick feathers are like a fading dream. In the heat a carcass whistle. You float and feathers circulate, your curved beak bears the final rites of your prey. Wild and fierce, you perch upon my rooftop. Entrails leisurely plucked apart from the chest. You tear into tendons and cover your wings in blood, your talons dig and dance deep into flesh. There is no longer a body just bones and muscles animated by your hungry movement. I want to get closer to hear you tearing and pulling. Your powerful muscular yellow legs stained in prey. [End Page 81] Stella Lee Stella Lee is a bisexual, Puertorican mother, wife, teacher and Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn poet. She is a fall 2021 Brooklyn Poets Fellow and Cave Canem Fellow. Copyright © 2022 Pleiades and Pleiades Press

Mosquito Larval Abundance in Connected and Isolated Pools Beside a Stormwater Management Pond.

Twelve experimental pools (30 cm width × 30 cm depth) around a large stormwater management pond (SWMP) were used to test the hypothesis that small puddles of water similar to animal hoofprints or other irregularities support more abundant and diverse mosquito populations due to having fewer insect predators. Six of the 12 pools were connected to the SWMP by a deep channel (7 cm wide × 10 cm depth × 50 cm length). Mosquito larvae and potential predators were sampled weekly over 16 wk in the summer. More mosquito larvae were found in the isolated pools than in connected pools or in the pond itself (U = 5.5, z = 2.002, P = 0.045). The observed differences between isolated and connected pools are presented and results discussed in terms of SWMP design.

Rapid mapping of temporary surface water using Sentinel-1 imagery, case study: Zorn River flooding, Grand-Est, France

Temporary Surface Water (TSW) is defined as waterbody experiencing frequent drying phases (small ponds, puddles, and wetlands) or correspond to surfaces frequently affected by flooding, thus causing hazards to human, settlements, and infrastructures. The Zorn is one of main river in Grand-Est, France which overwhelmed by strong precipitations from the Storm Eleanor (Cyclone Burglind). It caused inundation in Zorn surrounding areas. On 23 January 2018, data reported that floods occurred in Zorn watershed near to the municipalities of Brumath, Hoerdt and Hochfelden. Zorn River lies in the Moselle and Bas-Rhin departments with 580 km of linear streams. Historically, floods are frequently occurred in the Zorn watershed area. The municipalities of Eschbourg, Brumath and Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel are the most affected floods areas. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an effective way to detect surface water over large areas. Sentinel-1 is a new available SAR, and its spatial resolution and short temporal baselines have the potential for surface water rapid mapping. Thus, the objective is to perform rapid mapping to produce flood map around the catchment of the Zorn River (next to Brumath).

The Larval Density of Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, China: Influence of Bacterial Diversity, Richness, and Physicochemical Factors

As Jiaxiang County of Shandong province is an area with complex mosquito vector composition, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between bacterial diversity, physicochemical factors, and larval density. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of 46 breeding sites for six kinds of habitat types (small puddles, small water containers, paddy fields, large water containers, irrigation channels, and drainage ditches) were investigated by a multiparameter analyzer; the water’s bacterial diversity was analyzed by the 16S rRNA full-length sequencing method. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the correlation between larval density and variables. The variables analyzed were dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, water depth, and distance from the nearest house. One-Way ANOVA was used to understand whether there are differences in bacterial diversity in different habitats. Pearson linear correlation model was used to analyze the effects of bacterial diversity and richness on mosquito densities in breeding sites. A total of 3291 larvae were captured, and a total of 6 species of 4 genera were identified. The identified species were Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, and Mansonia uniformis. The density and species can be jointly affected by physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity, especially Shannon index and distance from the nearest house. In general, the physicochemical parameters and bacterial diversity of different habitats were significantly different. Even for the same habitat type, the physicochemical parameters varied greatly due to different environments.

Worlds Enough: The Invention of Realism in the Victorian Novel. Elaine Freedgood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019. Pp. xxii+152.

<i>Worlds Enough: The Invention of Realism in the Victorian Novel</i>. Elaine Freedgood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019. Pp. xxii+152.

Species detection from aquatic eDNA: Assessing the importance of capture methods

AbstractEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) is increasingly used for biodiversity monitoring, particularly in aquatic systems. However, each step, from sample collection to bioinformatic analysis, can introduce biases and influence the reliability of results. While much effort has been put into the optimization of laboratory methods, less attention has been devoted to estimate the impacts of eDNA capture methods. To address this issue, water samples were collected at nine small ponds and puddles where up to 10 amphibian species occur, using precipitation, disc filters, and capsules. We focused on targeted detection of an amphibian species, Salamandra salamandra, and on the composition of the whole amphibian community. Species detection was performed using a novel qPCR assay for S. salamandra and high‐throughput sequencing, combined with stringent versus relaxed PCR replication thresholds. Filtration techniques (disc filters and capsules) outperformed precipitation, generating a higher number of detections of S. salamandra and higher amounts of captured eDNA, while species detection was identical between disc filters and capsules. There were no significant differences between capture methods regarding amphibian community composition. The variation in detection success associated with capture methods was far higher than that associated with PCR replication, regardless of the detection method used. Our results highlight the importance of choosing a suitable capture method for eDNA studies and suggest that the choice of capture method outweighs the choice of detection method used. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare high‐capacity capsules with common eDNA methods for water samples, such as precipitation and standard disc filters.

A real-space Green’s function approach for disordered Hubbard model

Based on the equation-of-motion approach, a real-space Green’s function method is proposed, which allows us to fully consider the disorder effect in Hubbard model. Meanwhile, we improved the decoupling scheme to obtain the quasi particle resonance peak on the Fermi energy, consistent with the DMFT method with Quantum Monte Carlo solver. After introducing the Anderson disorder into the system, the three peak structure in spectrum density still exists at intermediate regime of Coulomb interaction. However, the electronic state tends to be restricted in some small puddles in presence of on-site disorder, suggesting the Anderson localization has been introduced in the Kondo peak.

Rotifera of various aquatic environments of Costa Rica in reference toCentral American rotifer fauna

Detailed surveys on rarely examined aquatic ecosystems often lead to the discovery of new species of high conservation value. This study directed towards the recognition of a variety of aquatic environments in Costa Rica 40 habitats, including lakes, wetlands, and small aquatic systems, e.g., ponds, ditches, puddles, tree holes, and bromeliads established the presence of 105 species of Monogononta representing 33 genera. In total, 91 species and 19 genera were found to be new for Costa Rica, including 29 species recorded for the first time in Central America e.g., Ascomorpha klementi, Beauchampia crucigera, Brachionus mirabilis, Cephalodella panarista, Filinia saltator, Horaella brehmi, Lecane amazonica, Lecane pawlowskii, Lepadella lindaui, and Mytilina acanthophora . The application of 2 estimates of total species richness allowed us predict that 70 new rotifer species may potentially be found in Costa Rica. Thus, we assume that only about 60% of the potential Costa Rican rotifer diversity was ascertained in our study. The most diverse genus was Lecane with 36 species. Among the most frequent rotifers there were some lecanid species, e.g., Lecane bulla, Lecane hamata, Lecane closterocerca and Lecane leontina, and also Colurella obtusa, Plationus patulus, Anuraeopsis fissa, and Platyias quadricornis.

Liodessus lacunaviridis sp. n. from the high Andes of Colombia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini)

We here describe Liodessus lacunaviridis sp. n. (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Bidessini), collected from small mossy puddles at the edge of the Laguna Verde, Boyaca, Colombia. Within Liodessus Guignot, 1939 the new species is well characted by its darker coloration, more elongate oval habitus, and the shape of the median lobe in ventral view, which is more evenly narrowing than in the other Andean species known so far. In addition to external morphology, we used mitochondrial cox1 sequence data to support the generic assignment and delineate the new species. Altogether 32 species of the genus are now known from the Americas, 12 of them from the Andean region.

Morphological alterations in endometrium after use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: a case report

Case Report: A 44-year-old patient attended the gynecology service for routine consultation. The patient reported implantation of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), five years ago. No macroscopic changes were seen in the uterus or in the endometrium cavity during the procedure, but an endometrial biopsy was performed. Histopathological analysis revealed an endometrium with an expanded stroma by pseudo-decidualization and mucoid (mucinous) alterations, forming small puddles of mucin, also presenting with polypoid indentations, ectatic vessels, lymphoid cell foci, including plasma cells and deposits of calcium salts. Conclusion: As the use of this type of contraceptive method becomes more usual, knowledge of LNG-IUS-induced changes becomes increasingly relevant for the assessment of its long-term efficacy and safety.

Applications of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass on a way to safe, cleaner and a sustainable environment

Abstract Algae (especially microalgae and cyanobacteria) are potentially diverse, ubiquitous, and dominant group of photosynthetic organisms in nature. The dominance and diversity of algae are commonly observed in small puddles, streams, river, to oceans and even in extreme habitats like cold springs to hot deserts, which makes them a prominent organism for various applications. The past decade has evidenced microalgal research in bioenergy production and other vital biomolecules with wide industrial applications. Further, the easy availability of microalgae and cyanobacteria makes them a suitable candidate for various biotechnological applications like food, feed, fodder, and fuel. Algae are grouped under the third generation biofuel feedstock offering numerous environmental benefits viz., efficient land usage, CO2 sequestration and utilization and most importantly resolving the food vs fuel feud. With this perspective, this review article aims to unravel the conventional and novel applications of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass in various enterprises and also the recent trends in their exploitation. To understand the overall potential of microalgae, at inception, this review article has articulated a detailed account of the applicability of various algal biomasses for different biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen. As an environmental benefit, bioremediation of wastewater or nutrient removal from municipal and industrial sources, and pesticide removal using several microalgal strains has been critically appraised and presented comprehensively. Also, the enormous biodiversity and difference in the biochemical composition of microalgae make them stand as a promising source for biologically active compounds with high commercial value. In addition to energy products from algae, converting the biomasses into various industrially important co-products or high value products is an economically sound approach. At this juncture, extraction of secondary metabolites, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, phytosterols and phenolic compounds from numerous microalgae and cyanobacteria has been discussed in detail. Overall, the present review gives a detailed account of the biofuel production from algae, bioproducts extraction, environmental applications of microalgae, and cyanobacteria for bioremediation.

Karabük Sanayi Bölgesi Heyelanında Güvenliğin Sağlanması

This study is about the investigation of the landslide which occurred at the Organized Industrial Zone located in Zopran village / Karabük. Because the boundary of the landslide was immediately adjacent to the Transformer Substation and Overhead Power Line, urgent solutions were required. The reasons for the occurrence of landslide were discussed and the proposed solutions were also presented in this paper. The landslide was stated to move twice in different times. The width and length of the landslide were almost 80 m and 120 m, respectively. While the height of the main scarp was 9-11 m, rock outcrop was not observed at the main scarp. It was also observed that there were some other secondary scarps in the moving land. The soil consists of uncemented loose silty and sandy formations containing low plasticity clay bands. There were some small puddles and the saturated soil near the foothills was observed to be very soft. During the investigation of the source of the water, it was found out that the wastewater of Organized Industrial Zone was transferred by using concrete pipes for a long time. It was, hence, concluded that the main factor to trigger the landslide was the saturation of the soil because of the leakage from the pipes. Physical and mechanical laboratory tests were conducted on the undisturbed and disturbed soils to understand the nature of the soils in the study area. After the limit equilibrium analysis, it was shown that piled wall and berm solution is enough to have a safe design.

БІОТОПНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА КУМОК (BOMBINA) ГІБРИДНОЇ ЗОНИ ПІВНІЧНО-ЗАХІДНОГО ПЕРЕДКАРПАТТЯ

Natural hybridization of the fire-bellied toad ( Bombina bombina ) and the yellowbellied toad ( Bombina variegata ) takes place in Western Ukraine. As a result, the hybrid zone has occurred, part of which stretches along North-West Pre-Carpathians. The research results have made it possible to establish the ecological pecularities both hybrids and parental species of the Bellied-Toads concerning their habitat choice. To determine the Bellied-Toads individuals phenetic differences between the species were used. As a result, established taxonomic affiliation, the detailed habitat preferencies of the Bellied-Toads were found out. The Fire-bellied Toad usually chooses large natural ponds with clear water and aquatic vegetation, the Yellow-Bellied Toad chooses small puddles of anthropogenic origin with muddy water and without aquatic vegetation; the hybrids are present in water reservoirs of different types preferring ones of anthropogenic origin mostly with muddy water and without aquatic vegetation.

Ex Situ Investigation of Anisotropic Interconnection in Silicon-Titanium-Nickel Alloy Anode Material

Herein we investigate the nanostructural evolution of Silicon-Titanium-Nickel (Si-Ti-Ni) ternary alloy material synthesized by melt spinning process for advanced lithium-ion battery anode. The synthesized material was found to have nano-Silicon particles dispersed in the Ti4Ni4Si7 (STN) alloy buffering matrix and was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution- transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), Scanning transmission electron microscopes - energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (STEM-EDS), and electrochemical performance test. The role of STN matrix is to accommodate the volume expansion stresses of the dispersed Si nanoparticles. However, an interesting behavior was observed during cycling. The Si nanoparticles were observed to form interconnection channels growing through the weak STN matrix cracks and evolving to a network isolating the STN matrix into small puddles. This unique nanostructural evolution of Si particles and isolation of the STN matrix failing to offer significant buffering effect to the grown Si network eventually accelerates more volume expansions during cycling due to less mechanical confinement and leads to performance degradation and poor cycle stability.

Planned Development

Planned Development Stephen Brown (bio) Jack Hodges ignored the mechanical voice of the GPS urging him to turn around. The roads didn't exist yet, but he recognized the stand of redbud trees. He had played here as a child every Sunday after church while his parents enjoyed their weekly picnic. He followed two meandering ruts cut into the reddish-clay soil. Tall dropseed grass scraped against the bottom of his [End Page 81] truck, and his approach flushed a covey of Northern Bobwhite quail who were feeding on the seeds. A red-tailed hawk soared into view, tracking their retreat through the tall stalks. The truck tires kicked up pieces of gravel and sent them pinging against the fenders when he crossed the wash where blackberries grew so thick you could eat your fill and still carry home five-gallon buckets full for pies or cobbler. A swarm of honey bees were working the clump of giant blue hyssop near the top of the rise. He rolled down his window, heard them buzzing around the lavender stalks as he drove past. Switch grass and fox sedge had reclaimed the ruts on the far side of the wash. The slender stalks were heavy with seed and swayed in the light breeze as the cool morning air sank deeper into the canyon. He had ridden his bicycle along every animal trail that meandered through this entire grassland. Little green plastic flags marking the golf course fluttered alongside the tall stems of the native grasses. Most people turned around at the wash, so the track on this side was little more than two vaguely marked lines of matted grasses. Faint indentations meandered around a limestone outcropping where water collected after it rained. A black phoebe called to its mate from one of the small puddles atop the limestone shelf. Fee-bee, fee-bee it trilled, its call the same as its name. Jack parked on the southwest side of a persimmon tree where afternoon shade would keep the truck's interior cool. He looked up and studied the lowest branches: the fruit hanging above the cab wouldn't be ripe enough to drop for another month—no danger of dents or a broken windshield until then. The truck was new enough that he was still making payments. The low-boy trailer he was pulling was starting to show its age. He'd have to replace it soon. Thank God the dozer was paid for. [End Page 82] This is where he had brought Tracy for their first kiss. Hell, their first child had been conceived beneath the same tree. A bushy viburnum grew near a small seep. The blossoms smelled a little like some of that fancy perfume Tracy wore for special occasions, like when they went out to dinner to celebrate their anniversary. He climbed down from the cab of his truck. The sound of his door slamming shut spooked a doe with a fawn young enough to still have spots. The deer stepped into a grove of river birch and blended into the shadows—perfectly camouflaged among the snowy-white trunks and brown strips of peeling bark. The sun glinted off something shiny near a cluster of wild sage where they had been feeding, so he strolled over to have a look, picked up a candy wrapper, folded it clean-side out and stuffed it in a pocket. Breaking off a twig from the nearest sage, he stripped the leaves from the square stalk with his thumb and index finger. He rubbed his palms together to crush the leaves and release the fragrant scent, tucking the twig into his pocket for later. He checked his watch; he was early. Enough time to hike up to Lookout Point. This is where he'd come with his son the last time they'd ever talked, the day before Francis shipped out to Afghanistan and never came back. Three generations of family footprints had formed a rocky path toward the highest point. A low-hanging branch from a hazelnut was stripped of leaves and missing some of its bark where the trail was steepest. He grabbed hold of the slender branch and used...

Diversity in Morphology and Locomotory Behavior Is Associated with Niche Expansion in the Semi-aquatic Bugs

SummaryAcquisition of new ecological opportunities is a major driver of adaptation and species diversification [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, how groups of organisms expand their habitat range is often unclear [3]. We study the Gerromorpha, a monophyletic group of heteropteran insects that occupy a large variety of water surface-associated niches, from small puddles to open oceans [5, 6]. Due to constraints related to fluid dynamics [7, 8, 9] and exposure to predation [5, 10], we hypothesize that selection will favor high speed of locomotion in the Gerromorpha that occupy water-air interface niches relative to the ancestral terrestrial life style. Through biomechanical assays and phylogenetic reconstruction, we show that only species that occupy water surface niches can generate high maximum speeds. Basally branching lineages with ancestral mode of locomotion, consisting of tripod gait, achieved increased speed on the water through increasing midleg length, stroke amplitude, and stroke frequency. Derived lineages evolved rowing as a novel mode of locomotion through simultaneous sculling motion almost exclusively of the midlegs. We demonstrate that this change in locomotory behavior significantly reduced the requirement for high stroke frequency and energy expenditure. Furthermore, we show how the evolution of rowing, by reducing stroke frequency, may have eliminated the constraint on body size, which may explain the evolution of larger Gerromorpha. This correlation between the diversity in locomotion behaviors and niche specialization suggests that changes in morphology and behavior may facilitate the invasion and diversification in novel environments.