Small Piece Of Muscle Research Articles

Genome-wide study to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with visceral and subcutaneous fat deposition in Holstein dairy cows

Excessive abdominal fat might be associated with more severe metabolic disorders in Holstein cows. Our hypothesis was that there are genetic differences between cows with low and high abdominal fat deposition and a normal cover of subcutaneous adipose tissue. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic basis for variation in visceral adiposity in US Holstein cows. The study included adult Holstein cows sampled from a slaughterhouse (Green Bay, WI, USA) during September 2016. Only animals with a body condition score between 2.75 and 3.25 were considered. The extent of omental fat at the level of the insertion of the lesser omentum over the pylorus area was assessed. A group of 100 Holstein cows with an omental fold <5 mm in thickness and minimum fat deposition throughout the entire omentum, and the second group of 100 cows with an omental fold ⩾20 mm in thickness and with a marked fat deposition observed throughout the entire omentum were sampled. A small piece of muscle from the neck was collected from each cow into a sterile container for DNA extraction. Samples were submitted to a commercial laboratory for interrogation of genome-wide genomic variation using the Illumina BovineHD Beadchip. Genome-Wide association analysis was performed to test potential associations between fat deposition and genomic variation. A univariate mixed linear model analysis was performed using genome-wide efficient mixed model association to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with variation in a visceral fat deposition. The chip heritability was 0.686 and the estimated additive genetic and residual variance components were 0.427 and 0.074, respectively. In total, 11 SNPs defining four quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions were found to be significantly associated with visceral fat deposition (P<0.00001). Among them, two of the QTL were detected with four and five significantly associated SNPs, respectively; whereas, the QTLs detected on BTA12 and BTA19 were each detected with only one significantly associated SNP. No enriched gene ontology terms were found within the gene networks harboring these genes when supplied to DAVID using either theBos taurus or human gene ontology databases. We conclude that excessive omental fat in Holstein cows with similar body condition scores is not caused by a single Mendelian locus and that the trait appears to be at least moderately heritable; consequently, selection to reduce excessive omental fat is potentially possible, but would require the generation of predicted transmitting abilities from larger and random samples of Holstein cattle.

Pedicled perforator flaps in breast reconstruction: a new concept

Introduction. Pedicled perforator flaps have not been widely described for the breast. The aim of this study is to report our clinical experience with pedicled perforator flaps in breast reconstruction.Material and methods. Between May 2000 and May 2003, pedicled perforator flaps were used in 31 patients. The indications were immediate partial breast reconstruction and thoracic reconstruction for carcinomatous mastitis or tumour recurrence. Perforators were identified by Doppler preoperatively. The Doppler-located thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) or another perforator such as the intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) was looked for. If the perforators had good calibers, the flaps were then based solely on these perforators. If the perforators were tiny but pulsating, the TDAP flap was harvested as a muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi type I (MS-LD I) with a small piece of muscle (4×2 cm) included to protect the perforators. If the perforators were not-pulsating, a larger segment of the LD muscle was incorporated to include the maximum of perforators (MS-LD II flap). The nerve that innervates the rest of the LD muscle was always spared. If most of the LD was included in the flap, the flap was then classified as MS-LD III.Results. The mean flap dimensions were 20×8 cm. Using this algorithm, the TDAP flap was harvested in 18 cases and the ICAP flap in three cases. In addition, there were 10 MS-LD flaps with a variable amount of muscle. In addition, one parascapular flap was dissected. A successful flap transfer was achieved in all but three patients, in whom limited partial necrosis occurred. Seroma was not encountered at the donor sites of the perforator flaps (0%) compared to four (40%) after a MS-LD flap.Conclusion. Our results show that pedicled perforator flaps are additional options for breast surgery and that they may be used whenever an adequate perforator can be found. This technique is safe and reliable if the algorithm described is used when choosing a flap.

Medicolegal aspects of the Thai Airbus crash near Kathmandu, Nepal: findings of the investigating pathologists.

A Thai Airbus, carrying 99 passengers and 14 crew members, traveling from Bangkok to Kathmandu, hit a mountain and crashed several minutes before landing. There were no survivors. Recovered human remains, none of which was easily identifiable, varied in size from a small piece of muscle to mutilated bodies. Of the 97 fragments, only 15 were sufficiently intact (albeit, only partially) to be designated as "bodies." Of the fragments and "bodies," only 11 were positively identified. Causes of death, although all traumatic, could not be stated accurately due to the degree of disintegration. Identification of human remains in these circumstances is a major problem for the pathologist.

Saxitoxin binding to sodium channels of rat skeletal muscles.

1. The saturable binding of exchange-labelled tritiated saxitoxin (STX) to the extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.), diaphragm and soleus muscles of adult rats was studied. By measuring STX uptake to small pieces of muscle, the dissociation constant (KD) and binding capacity could be determined for individual muscles. 2. The affinity for STX is very similar in all three muscles, with a KD of 4.3 +/- 0.3, 5.1 +/- 0.5 and 4.9 +/- 0.5 nM (mean +/- S.E. of mean) at 4 degrees C for e.d.l., diaphragm and soleus respectively. The maximum binding capacity, which varies between different muscles, is 52.6 +/- 2.5, 40.3 +/- 4.9 and 23.8 +/- 1.1 f-mole.mg wet wt.-1 respectively. 3. The affinity of e.d.l. for tetrodotoxin (TTX), measured by inhibition of STX binding, is 12.1 +/- 1.4 nM at 4 degrees C. Raising the temperature to 37 degrees C increases the KD for STX to 6.8 +/- 0.8 nM and the KD for TTX to 47.5 +/- 4.5 nM. 4. STX binding is pH dependent; protons compete with STX for the binding site as if there were a titratable acidic group with a pK of 5.5. 5. The binding capacity of the diaphragm is not uniform along the length of the muscle fibres. Binding at the ends of the fibres is only 78% of that in the central region. 6. Denervation of e.d.l. for 7 days causes no change in the affinity for STX. There is a slight reduction in the binding capacity from 54 +/- 5 to 43 +/- 3 f-mole.mg wet wt.-1. There is no change in the diameter of the muscle fibres.

Fluorochroming nuclei of gold chloride-stained motor endings.

Four millimeter cubes of muscle were soaked in 1% citric acid, 10 min; stained 60 min in 1% Au Cl3,; then reduced 24 hr in 20% formic acid. Small pieces of muscle were teased on a slide and flooded with a single fluorescent dye or combination of fluorochromes. Single saturated solutions of berberine, acridine orange, coriphosphine, and entozon granulate gave adequate results. Berberine in a dilution of 1:5; acridine orange, berberine, coriphosphine and rhodamine B in a dilution of 1:10 were suitable. Combinations of acridine orange and berberine, berberine and coriphosphine, rhodamine B and berberine, entoion granulate and berberine, primulin and berberine and a combination of berberine, coriphosphine and rhodamine B in dilutions of 1:10 in equal parts were successful. Dilutions were volumetric measurements from saturated solutions. After the application of one or more fluorochromes, the preparations were washed with distilled water and observed with a fluorescence microscope. The plasmodesmata of the motor endings and the axon appeared dark purple or black when stained with gold chloride alone or in combination. The nuclei appeared as light bodies throughout the field and the color varied according to the dyes used. There was no color differentation between connective tissue, nerve or muscle nuclei. The method quickly and consistently permits identification of the cellular elements of the motor end plate, connective tissue and muscle fibers.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE TYMPANOPLASTY BY ELECTRO-COCHLEAR RESPONSES

(1) Separation of the Ossicular Chain (2) Reconstruction of the Broken Ossicular Chain (3) Granulation in the Tympanic Cavity adjacent to the Ossicular Chain In order to evaluate the effects of each of these three factors on the sound conduction mecha- nism and to contribute fundamental knowledge for the performance of tympanoplasty, a series of experiments, has been conducted by manipulating the incus and its surrounding region in various manners, and the following results were obtained: 1. When a small piece of muscle is inserted into the region adjacent to the ossicular chain around the incus a loss of cochlear potential in horizontal form of about 20db has been observed in the entire frequency range examined at 250-8, 000cps. 2. When only the incus is removed without injuring other ossicles, the maximal loss in the potential (59.0db at 1, 000cps) has been observed. This loss decreases in the region either near the low tone or near the high tone. However, in comparison with the loss shown in the case of com- plete separation of the incudostapedial joint, the loss in the potential at the time of removal of the incus is slightly smaller. 3. When a small piece of muscle is inserted into the tympanic cavity which incus has been removed, the loss in the potential shows the maximum (45.5db) in the low tone range; and when it is closer to the high tone range, the loss tends to decrease accordingly. Comparing this value with the potential loss in the removal of the incus, in the later the cochlear potential is greatest at 1, 000cps and the potential either in the low tone or in the high tone range is less than 1, 000cps. 4. When the neck of the malleus and the head of the stapes are connected by bridging with acryl cement bar after removing the incus, there is a loss of about 15db in the cochlear potential but no marked dip in frequency. Comparing the potential with that in which incus has been remoned, the increase in the potential is greatest in the middle tone, followed by the low tone and then high tone range. 5. For the cases where the incus is missing, it would be Letter to consider some suitable material for bridging the malleus and stapes aside from the conventional operation using the stapes as columella, in which there is often an attendant danger of skin flap adhesion. Therefore, it is hoped that there will appear some suitable material for the connecting of ossicles. 6. As for the influences of the granulation tissue in the tympanic cavity to the sound condu- ction, the granulation tissue itself is assisting the sound conduction in some degree when the ossicular chain is broken; and when the chain is intact it interferes the conduction in various degrees. From these aspects, in the cases where the conductive system is connected by granulation tissue, the removal of granulation tissue diminishes the hearing capacity. Therefore, it is concluded that a consideration needs to be made before removing such granulation tissue.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE TYMPANOPLASTY BY ELECTRO-COCHLEAR RESPONSES

(1) Separation of the Ossicular Chain (2) Reconstruction of the Broken Ossicular Chain (3) Granulation in the Tympanic Cavity adjacent to the Ossicular Chain In order to evaluate the effects of each of these three factors on the sound conduction mecha- nism and to contribute fundamental knowledge for the performance of tympanoplasty, a series of experiments, has been conducted by manipulating the incus and its surrounding region in various manners, and the following results were obtained: 1. When a small piece of muscle is inserted into the region adjacent to the ossicular chain around the incus a loss of cochlear potential in horizontal form of about 20db has been observed in the entire frequency range examined at 250-8, 000cps. 2. When only the incus is removed without injuring other ossicles, the maximal loss in the potential (59.0db at 1, 000cps) has been observed. This loss decreases in the region either near the low tone or near the high tone. However, in comparison with the loss shown in the case of com- plete separation of the incudostapedial joint, the loss in the potential at the time of removal of the incus is slightly smaller. 3. When a small piece of muscle is inserted into the tympanic cavity which incus has been removed, the loss in the potential shows the maximum (45.5db) in the low tone range; and when it is closer to the high tone range, the loss tends to decrease accordingly. Comparing this value with the potential loss in the removal of the incus, in the later the cochlear potential is greatest at 1, 000cps and the potential either in the low tone or in the high tone range is less than 1, 000cps. 4. When the neck of the malleus and the head of the stapes are connected by bridging with acryl cement bar after removing the incus, there is a loss of about 15db in the cochlear potential but no marked dip in frequency. Comparing the potential with that in which incus has been remoned, the increase in the potential is greatest in the middle tone, followed by the low tone and then high tone range. 5. For the cases where the incus is missing, it would be Letter to consider some suitable material for bridging the malleus and stapes aside from the conventional operation using the stapes as columella, in which there is often an attendant danger of skin flap adhesion. Therefore, it is hoped that there will appear some suitable material for the connecting of ossicles. 6. As for the influences of the granulation tissue in the tympanic cavity to the sound condu- ction, the granulation tissue itself is assisting the sound conduction in some degree when the ossicular chain is broken; and when the chain is intact it interferes the conduction in various degrees. From these aspects, in the cases where the conductive system is connected by granulation tissue, the removal of granulation tissue diminishes the hearing capacity. Therefore, it is concluded that a consideration needs to be made before removing such granulation tissue.

PATHOLOGY OF MYATONIA CONGENITA (OPPENHEIM)

Complete postmortems in cases of this condition have been reported by Spiller, Baudouin, Lereboullet-Baudouin, Collier-Holmes, Rothmann, Beevor and Kaumheimer; Reyher-Helmholz in one necropsy examined only the musculature, and Bing, Collier-Holmes and Skoog respectively, examined a small piece of muscle excised from the patient during life. The scarcity of the anatomic examinations recorded, especially in the American literature, the only reports given being those by Spiller-Smith and Skoog, justifies the publication here of the results of the examination of pieces of muscle and nerve in the case of myatonia congenita, which I reported in theAmerican Journal of Diseases of Children, October, 1914. Sept. 8, 1914, the baby spoken of in that report became cyanotic while nursing and died suddenly, about one week after my last visit. A necropsy to examine the entire nervous system and the organs of inner secretion and to establish the cause of the sudden death (thymus,