Small Octopus Research Articles

The Open-source Camera Trap for Organism Presence and Underwater Surveillance (OCTOPUS)

This Open-source Camera Trap for Organism Presence and Underwater Surveillance (OCTOPUS) was designed to operate as a motion activated camera trap, deployable at depths of up to 800 ft for ∼72 h deployments. The core components of the OCTOPUS are built off a Raspberry Pi 3B+ with a custom PCB hat which operates a strobe lighting system and a high definition Arducam camera. When an appropriate threshold of motion is detected, the OCTOPUS captures a high-definition image of the subject. Field trials for this system demonstrated its use for cryptic benthic organisms, specifically small octopus (Octopus rubescens). The OCTOPUS collected data on several species allowing the observation and quantification of interspecific and conspecific interactions. This system unlocks the potential of autonomous underwater data collection for a wide range of applications, from species specific observations to large scale ecological assessments.

Immunostimulatory Activity of Cordyceps militaris Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 Isolated from a Salted Small Octopus in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice and Its Inhibitory Activity against SARS-CoV 3CL Protease.

In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing and anti-viral effects of germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 (GRC-SC11) isolated from a salted small octopus. The cordycepin, β-glucan, and total flavonoid contents increased in GRC after SC11 fermentation. GRC-SC11 inhibits 3CL protease activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). GRC-SC11 significantly increased thymus and spleen indices in immunocompromised mice. The rate of splenocyte proliferation was higher in GRC-SC11-treated immunocompromised mice than that in GRC-treated immunocompromised mice in the presence or absence of concanavalin A. In addition, GRC-SC11 increased the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production in immunocompromised mice. The mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was up-regulated in GRC-SC11 treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, compared to GRC. Our study indicates that GRC-SC11 might be a potential therapeutic agent for immunocompromised patients who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV infection.

Reversible Symptom Aggravation by Intake of Taurine-Rich Foods in Patients with Venous Congestive Myelopathy: Controlled Case Series Study.

PurposeReversible aggravation of myelopathy symptoms was observed after the intake of taurine-rich foods in patients with venous congestive myelopathy (VCM) caused by a spinal arteriovenous shunt (SAVS), and the taurine-challenge test was applied to demonstrate an association between taurine and VCM.Materials and MethodsThe current study reviewed any aggravation history of myelopathy symptoms, including walking difficulty, after consuming taurine-rich foods among 133 consecutive patients with a SAVS from a prospective institutional database from June 2013 to February 2021. The type of taurine-rich foods, demographic data, arteriovenous shunt level, and follow-up periods were obtained. For the controlled taurine challenge test, Bacchus® (Dong-A Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea), a taurine-rich drink, was given to patients who fulfilled test criteria of recovered VCM (pain-sensory-motor-sphincter scale ≥2, improvement of spinal cord signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging, and follow-up >6 months after SAVS treatment) to confirm the disappearance of such aggravation.ResultsTen patients had an aggravation history related to food. Webfoot octopus, small octopus, squid, crab, scallop, and taurine-rich energy drink (Bacchus®) were related to such aggravation in patients with VCM. Aggravation appeared about 30 minutes after food intake followed by expressions such as ‘I could not walk and collapsed to the ground’ and usually lasted for about 3 hours, followed by a slow recovery after taking rest. Four patients who met the test criteria underwent the taurine challenge with Bacchus® and revealed no further symptom aggravation, suggesting that taurine did not affect patients after recovery from VCM.ConclusionThe association between taurine-rich food and reversible symptom aggravation can appear in patients with VCM and disappear after VCM treatment. Aggravation of venous hypertension in the spinal cord is suggested as a mechanism but further elucidation is needed.

The Lesser Pacific Striped Octopus, Octopus chierchiae: An Emerging Laboratory Model

Cephalopods have the potential to become useful experimental models in various fields of science, particularly in neuroscience, physiology, and behavior. Their complex nervous systems, intricate color- and texture-changing body patterns, and problem-solving abilities have attracted the attention of the biological research community, while the high growth rates and short life cycles of some species render them suitable for laboratory culture. Octopus chierchiae is a small octopus native to the central Pacific coast of North America whose predictable reproduction, short time to maturity, small adult size, and ability to lay multiple egg clutches (iteroparity) make this species ideally suited to laboratory culture. Here we describe novel methods for multigenerational culture of O. chierchiae, with emphasis on enclosure designs, feeding regimes, and breeding management. O. chierchiae bred in the laboratory grow from a 3.5 mm mantle length at hatching to an adult mantle length of approximately 20–30 mm in 250–300 days, with 15 and 14% survivorship to over 400 days of age in first and second generations, respectively. O. chierchiae sexually matures at around 6 months of age and, unlike most octopus species, can lay multiple clutches of large, direct-developing eggs every ∼30–90 days. Based on these results, we propose that O. chierchiae possesses both the practical and biological features needed for a model octopus that can be cultured repeatedly to address a wide range of biological questions.

Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Cordyceps militaris (GRC-SC11) Suppresses IgE Mediated Mast Cell Activation and Type I Hypersensitive Allergic Murine Model.

Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) has various biomedical applications in traditional oriental medicine for different diseases including inflammatory and immune-dysregulated diseases. It is a reservoir of nutritional components such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, and antioxidants. To improve its bioactivity, we fermented C. militaris with a Pediococcus pentosaceus strain isolated from a salted small octopus (SC11). The current study aimed to evaluate whether P. pentosaceus (SC11) fermentation could enhance the anti-allergic potential of C. militaris cultured on germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) against a type I hypersensitive reaction in in vitro and in vivo studies. Total antioxidant capacity and cordycepin content were significantly increased in GRC after SC11 fermentation. GRC-SC11 showed significantly enhanced anti-allergic responses by inhibiting immunoglobulin E (IgE)/antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells, compared to GRC. The results demonstrated the significant inhibition of phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)/ p38/GRB2-associated binding protein 2 (Gab2)/c-jun in IgE/Ag-triggered RBL-2H3 cells. Furthermore, suppressed mRNA levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in IgE/Ag-activated RBL-2H3 cells were observed. GRC-SC11 significantly ameliorated IgE-induced allergic reactions by suppressing the ear swelling, vascular permeability, and inflammatory cell infiltration in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) BALB/c mice. In conclusion, GRC fermented with P.pentosaceus exerted enhanced anti-allergic effects, and increased the cordycepin content and antioxidants potential compared to GRC. It can be used as bio-functional food in the prevention and management of type I allergic diseases.

Seasonal occurrence of Japanese pygmy octopus Octopus parvus in the intertidal zone

The Japanese pygmy octopus, Octopus parvus, is a small octopus that commonly occurs along the coast of southern Japan; however, the ecological information is limited. This study investigated the annual seasonal occurrence of O. parvus in the intertidal zone of Fukue Island, Nagasaki, Japan, and examined its growth, maturation, and feeding habits. We found 140 individuals in the intertidal zone from August to January, and zero from March to July. During the emergence period, they appear to move from the high to low intertidal zone, and subsequently migrate to the subtidal zone. During low tide at night in the intertidal zone, we observed that the octopuses actively captured and fed on prey, such as fish, crabs, hermit crabs, shrimp, gastropods, and bivalves. The body size of collected individuals increased significantly from summer to winter. Both males and females were found to be characterized by similar body sizes and growth, although gonadal development occurred earlier in males. However, no mating or brooding behaviors were observed during the course of the study. Our observations thus indicate that O. parvus uses intertidal zones as feeding grounds for rapid growth and maturation, and may thereafter move to the subtidal zone for spawning.

The growth and population dynamics ofOctopus insularistargeted by a pot longline fishery in north-eastern Brazil

AbstractThe population dynamics of the stout reef octopus,Octopus insularisfished with longlines of pots in mid-shelf waters of north-eastern Brazil was studied based on fishermen's logbooks and onboard monthly fishing trips from September 2009 to August 2010. Specimens marked with oxytetracycline kept in tanks for up to 21 days provided evidence of the daily deposition of growth increments in the lateral wall of the upper beaks. Sampled specimens weighed 50–1280 g and had 43–172 daily growth increments. Compared with congeneric species from higher latitudes,O. insularisgrows faster and has a shorter longevity in the north-eastern Brazil tropical environment. Total catches and catch-per-unit effort were substantially higher in the dry season, with less wind and cooler temperatures. The presence of larger specimens was seasonal, correlated with the chlorophyll-a levels recorded six months earlier. The year-round presence of mature females and males, spawned females, and egg masses attached to the pots, were considered evidence of migration of small and young specimens from coastal areas towards the 20–40 m depth range for reproduction. Annual landings attained ~200 tonnes (2005–2010). Although recent landing statistics are missing, fishermen interviewed in 2021 claimed that the fishery was still profitable. It is suggested that, despite the lack of management, the fast growth, year-round reproduction and limited market for this relatively small octopus, prevented the fishery from collapse and reinforces the current view of the high resilience of cephalopod fisheries.

A new species of pygmy Paroctopus Naef, 1923 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): the smallest southwestern Atlantic octopod, found in sea debris

The new species, Paroctopus cthulu sp. nov. Leite, Lima, Lima and Haimovici was recorded from shallow coastal waters of south and southeastern Brazil, where most specimens were found sheltered in marine debris. It is a small octopus; adults are less than 35 mm mantle length (ML) and weight around 15 g. It has short- to medium-sized arms, enlarged suckers on the arms of both males and females, a relatively large beak (9% ML) and medium to large mature eggs (3.5 to > 9 mm). The characteristics of hatchlings of two brooding females, some of their anatomical features, and in situ observations of their behavior are a clue to the life history of it and closely related pygmy octopuses. The Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that Paroctopus cthulu sp. nov. is grouped in a well-supported clade of Paroctopus Naef, 1923 species, clearly distinct from Octopus joubini Robson, 1929 and Paroctopus mercatoris (Adam, 1937) from the Northwestern Atlantic. The description of this new species, living in habitat altered by humans, debris in shallow water off Brazil, offered an opportunity not only to evaluate the relationship among the small octopuses of the western Atlantic, Caribbean and eastern Pacific, but also their adaptation to the Anthropocene period.

우리나라 FTA 상대국의 수산물 수출경쟁력 분석

This study analyzed the competitiveness of Korea’s FTA partners in exporting fishery products using MCA index and RCA index. According to the results, Chile, EFTA, ASEAN, Peru, Canada, and New Zealand were expected to be advantageous to expand exports of fishery products to Korea because the RCA and MCA indexes exceeded 1. By products, exports of salmon(EFTA, Chile), mackerel(EFTA), lobsters (Canada), shrimp(India, ASEAN, Vietnam), squid(Chile, New Zealand, Peru, China), small octopus, and webfoot octopus(ASEAN, Vietnam) to Korea are expected to increase. Since Korea already has a very high proportion of imports from FTA countries in the total supply of fishery products, it is necessary to pay attention to the impact of the additional FTA.

Growth and Distribution of Amphioctopus fangsiao (d’Orbigny, 1839–1841) in Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea

Octopus fisheries have prospered in many areas of the world ocean over the last six decades. Despite degradation and overexploitation of Chinese coastal ecosystems, octopus has become a stable Chinese domestic fishery species. Among the octopus species in the Bohai and Yellow, East and South China Seas, Amphioctopus fangsiao (d’Orbigny [in Ferussac & d’Orbigny], 1839–1841) plays an increasingly important role both economically and ecologically. However, no systematic research has been conducted on its biology and population dynamics in the China Seas. In this study, we characterized the growth and distribution of A. fangsiao in Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea based on four years of trawl survey data. As the results, A. fangsiao is characterized by allometric growth and an overall sex ratio of 0.97 with a slight male bias. Small octopus can be observed through a whole year, suggesting that A. fangsiao may have an extended or continuous spawning season. A. fangsiao may migrate short distances along with seasonal changes and coastal currents, considering they overwinter in the offshore water and spawn in the inshore water. In addition to fishing pressure, annual variations in the population structure and biomass appeared to be influenced by ambient water temperature. These results provide basic biological information for a better understanding of the population dynamics and the ecological importance of A. fangsiao.

Trophic interactions and isotopic niche of octopuses and sea stars in North Patagonia

Coexistence of species is associated with differentiation of niches and partitioning of resources, which lessen niche overlap and the intensity of competition. Here, we used stable isotope analysis to evaluate and compare the trophic relationships and isotopic niche of two coexisting predators, the small octopus Octopus tehuelchus (d’Orbigny 1834) and the brooding sea star Anasterias antarctica (Lutken 1857), in the rocky intertidal community of northern Patagonia (Argentina). Our results show differences in the proportional contribution of sources between octopuses and sea stars. Octopuses consume mainly sessile filter-feeders, and sea stars show intra-specific diet differences, changing its preference with size and sex. Small and medium sea stars feed on sessile filter-feeders, such as small mussels, while large sea stars consume more frequently grazer gastropods and scavenger crustaceans. In the food web of the rocky north Patagonian ecosystem, differences in the isotopic niche space and the degree of dietary specialization between octopuses and sea stars indicate differential use of resources and trophic niche partitioning, possibly by limiting inter- and intra-specific competition.

Analysis of the bacterial microbiome in the small octopus, Octopus variabilis, from South Korea to detect the potential risk of foodborne illness and to improve product management

The small octopus (Octopus variabilis) is a popular seafood in many countries including South Korea. Because it is often consumed uncooked, the microorganisms in it often cause food poisoning. Therefore, analyzing the microbiome of the small octopus can help to understand the risk of food poisoning and manage octopus products better. A total of 40 small octopuses were collected from four sites in November and August. The microbiota was analyzed using Illumina Miseq sequencing, and the amount of bacteria was quantified by real-time PCR. In addition, we analyzed the influence of Vibrio vulnificus infection on the microbiome of the small octopus through artificial infection experiments. Bacteroidetes was the predominant phylum in August, and Proteobacteria was predominant in November. The composition of the microbiota in octopus depended on sampling region and season. The potential risk of foodborne illness from small octopus consumption might be higher in August than in November due to the abundance of potential pathogens. In the infection experiment, the proportion of V. vulnificus increased only at 27°C. The composition and functional gene profiles of the microbiota varied in a similar manner between non-infected and infected samples over time at the same temperature. These results indicated that the indigenous microbiota in small octopus could inhibit colonization by V. vulnificus during storage. Although further studies are necessary to clarify these results, our results could help us better understand food poisoning through octopus ingestion and manage products.

SATISFACTION WITH HOSPITAL FOOD-SERVICE AND FOOD PREFERENCE OF THE ELDERLY WITH DEMENTIA IN A GERIATRIC HOSPITAL IN KOREA

The number of dementia care facilities is increasing in Korea, but nutritional management for them was insufficient. This study was performed to examine satisfaction with food-service and food preference of the elderly with dementia in geriatric hospital in Korea. This study was conducted on 104 the elderly with dementia (male: 21, female: 83) aged ≥65 years in 4 geriatric hospitals in Incheon and Seoul, Korea. Data were collected using a one-to-one survey in 2016 and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 program. Most of subjects were satisfied with taste, saltiness, amount, texture, and variety of hospital food-service. Satisfaction with saltiness was lower in males (p<0.05), and satisfaction with amount was lowest in elderly with dementia who had care period of 1 to 3 years (p<0.05). Subjects preferred cooked rice (51.9%), red bean porridge (50.0%), and meat soup (61.5%) among staple meals and soups. In the case of meat, beef (53.8%)> pork (49.0%)> chicken (33.7%) was preferred in order, and as for cooking methods of those, soup, grilled, and fried were preferred, respectively. Fishes and seafood preferred by subjects were yellow croaker (57.7%)> hairtail (38.5%) and oyster (43.3%)> small octopus (31.7%) in order, and as for their cooking methods, steam and soup were preferred. Subjects preferred spinach (45.2%)> bean sprout (44.2%)> cucumber (41.3%) among vegetables and preferred them as steam cooking, and they preferred cabbage kimchi (55.8%), sesame leaf pickle (47.1%), and salted pollack roe (43.3%) in order. Milk was not preferred because of diarrhea (52.7%), instead, they preferred yogurt of curd type (57.7%). Subjects preferred bananas (45.2%) among fruits, and fruits were the most preferred snacks (51.0%). The results of this study showed that most elderly with dementia in geriatric hospital were satisfied with hospital food-service, and they preferred soft foods with cooking methods such as soup and steam. Their preferences for foods and cook methods were affected by gender and ages. Therefore, it is necessary to consider their preferred foods and cooking methods for efficient nutritional management of the elderly with dementia.

Temperature- and size-dependent growth and movement of the North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) in the Bering Sea

ABSTRACTOctopus growth and movement occurs during all life stages and have implications for survival, food web dynamics and reproduction. From 2009 to 2011, 1714 North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were tagged and recaptured in the eastern Bering Sea with visible implant elastomers to better understand the ecology of this data-poor species. Over this period, 246 of the tagged individuals were recaptured. In autumn, when temperatures were warmest, E. dofleini had higher growth rates and moved more than in the colder winter months. For both short- and long-term recaptures, small octopus grew faster than large octopus. Movement of octopus over short- and long-term periods was low for very small and very large octopus and high for median-sized octopus, which is likely to be a function of maturity status and reproductive activities. Approximately 80% of recaptures moved less than 2 km from the initial tagging location for time periods up to a year, suggesting long-term site fidelity. As temperature and size may be tightly linked to growth and movement rates for E. dofleini in the eastern Bering Sea, predicted climate warming will likely alter ecological processes for the species and impact their distribution.

Magnetoelastic instability in soft thin films.

Ferromagnetic particles are incorporated in a thin soft elastic matrix. A lamella, made of this smart material, is studied experimentally and modeled. We show herein that thin films can be actuated using an external magnetic field applied through the system. The system is found to be switchable since subcritical pitchfork bifurcation is discovered in the beam shape when the magnetic field orientation is modified. Strong magnetoelastic effects can be obtained depending on both field strength and orientation. Our results provide versatile ways to contribute to many applications from the microfabrication of actuators to soft robotics. As an example, we created a small synthetic octopus piloted by an external magnetic field.

솔비톨 첨가에 의한 냉동 해산물의 레토르트 후 품질 향상

This study was conducted to prevent hardened texture in retorted frozen seafoods such as small octopus, squid, and top shell by adding sorbitol; the strength of mechanical hardness and other qualities were measured. The hardness of the 3 kinds of seafood pretreated with 2-4% (w/w) sorbitol solution decreased by 9-36% compared to the control. The hardness of retorted frozen octopus, squid, and top shell treated with sorbitol solution upon freezing significantly decreased to 1670, 1015, and 521 gf/cm² compared to levels in untreated food of 1841, 1291, and 815 gf/cm2 (p<0.05), respectively. Yields based on weight in retorted seafood treated with sorbitol were increased by 2-5% compared to untreated samples. Additionally, the overall preference of texture was 0.4 points higher than that of control samples in descriptive sensory evaluation (p<0.05). The tissue softening of pretreated seafood was based on decreased dewatering due to the formation of small ice crystals during freezing as a result of sorbitol treatment.

Behavioural observations of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris in Baía dos Tigres, southern Angola

Observations on the behaviour of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris were made during daytime and night-time sampling on an unexploited rocky reef habitat in Baía dos Tigres, southern Angola. The relative numerical abundance sampled was 0.47 octopus person–1 h–1 during the day and 5.33 octopus person–1 h–1 during the night, suggesting that the population under study was nocturnal. The activity patterns differed between sizes of octopus. Small octopus (<20 cm total length [TL]) were observed roaming during the night, whereas the large individuals (>20 cm TL) generally fed in their dens. This ontogenetic behavioural shift may be due to tidal constraints or could be a strategy to avoid cannibalism. Octopus inhabiting a shallow, small-boulder substratum made extensive modifications to their habitat, excavating dens of up to 1 m deep in the sand below the boulders. These dens were not visible during the day as the octopus appeared to retract the small boulders over their den entrances. This unique behavioural strategy is thought to be a means to reduce predation and reduce light intensity during the day. Octopus were not observed in the small-boulder habitat during the five hours of daytime sampling. With nocturnal activity and extensive habitat modification, it is likely that avoidance of predation may be an important driver influencing the behaviour of the octopus population under study.

Primer registro en Chile de diciémidos simbiontes en el pulpo pigmeo Robsonella fontaniana (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)

Dicyemids are commensals or parasites which live in the renal organs of benthic cephalopods. This study reports the presence of a dicyemid species in the kidney of the small octopus Robsonella fontaniana collected in the southern Pacific Ocean on the central coast of Chile. Smeared renal tissues on glass slides and histological sections were prepared for microscopical observation. All host octopuses observed (n= 7) had dicyemids in the renal tissues. The dicyemids were Dicyemennea characterized by calottes composed of 4 propolar cells and 5 metapolar cells. This is the first record of dicyemids in Chile and also in R. fontaniana.

수산물을 첨가한 섞박지의 영양성분 분석 및 관능적 특성

수산물(가자미, 갈치, 낙지, 도루묵, 명태, 전어) 6종을 첨가하여 제조한 섞박지의 레시피를 확립 및 제조하여 저온숙성 14일차에 시료를 취하여 일반성분, 비타민, 무기질, 구성 그리고 유리아미노산 함량에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 수산물을 첨가한 섞박지의 수분 함량은 77.67-90.67%, 조지방 함량은 0.48-4.81%, 조회분 함량은3.11-3.43%, 탄수화물 함량은 1.81-14.08%, 조섬유 함량은 0.61-1.38%범위로 모든 군에서 비슷한 수준을 나타내었으나 조단백질에서의 경우 대조구가 1.59%의 함량을 보인 반면 수산물을 첨가했을 경우 2.34-3.85%로 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 칼슘, 인 및 철분의 함량의 경우 전어 섞박지가 칼슘 285 mg/100 g, 인 164 mg/100 g으로 6종의 수산물 섞박지 중 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 철분에서는 3.5 mg/100 g으로 낙지 섞박지가 가장 높게 나타났다. 비타민 A의 함량에서는 갈치 섞박지가 62.24 <TEX>${\mu}g$</TEX>/100 g으로 가장 높은 경향을 보였으며, 비타민 B2에서는 도루묵섞박지가 0.25 mg/100 g, 비타민 C에서는 낙지 섞박지가 8.54 mg/100 g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 수산물 6종에 대한 섞박지의 주요 구성 아미노산은 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, leucine 및 lysine이었고 그 중에서도 glutamic acid의 함량이 가장 높았다. 또한 유리 아미노산에서는 hydroxyproline이 52.96-61.99%로 유리 아미노산의 대부분을 차지하는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 glutamic acid, alanine, proline 순이었다. 본 연구결과에서 나타낸 것처럼, 수산물을 첨가한 섞박지는 우리 식생활에서 단백질 급원 식품으로 무기질과 비타민 함량이 일반 섞박지에 비해 높고, 수산물의 첨가가 아미노산 조성 및 함량에도 긍적적인 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 또한 관능평가 결과에서도 수산물을 첨가한 섞박지에서 외관, 맛, 풍미, 질감 및 종합적인 기호도면에서 대조구보다 좋은 점수를 얻은 것으로 볼 때, 수산물을 첨가한 섞박지는 영양적으로 우수할 뿐 아니라 일반 배추김치에 비해 담가 먹기에도 용이하여 우리 식생활에서 중요한 영양소 공급원이 될 것이라고 생각된다. We investigated changes in the nutrient compositions of seokbakji supplemented with seafood during storage at <TEX>$5^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 14 days. We added the seafood at a concentration of 10% (w/w) to salted radish and prepared seokbakji samples. Our results showed that the levels of moisture, crude lipids, crude ash, carbohydrates, and crude fibers did not differ markedly among the samples. However, the level of crude protein in seokbakji with added seafood was greater than that in control seokbakji. The highest level of Ca and P was determined in seokbakji supplemented with gizzard shad; the highest level of vitamin <TEX>$B_2$</TEX> was determined in seokbakji supplemented with sandfish, and the highest vitamin C content was determined in seokbakji supplemented with small octopus. Glutamic acid showed the highest content in seokbakji with seafood; further, hydroxyproline was the most abundant free amino acid. The results of sensory evaluation showed higher scores in the overall acceptability of seokbakji with seafood than in control seokbakji.

경남 일부지역 중학생의 학교급식에서 제공되는 수산식품 섭취실태 및 기호도에 관한 조사 연구

This study was investigated seafoods provided by school food service and students' preferences for and perceptions of seafoods. The subjects were 275 second grade(age 14-16) students of 4 middle schools in Gyeongnam. The results were as follows. The most main seafoods intake place was ‘home’(65.8%). ‘School food service’ took meaningful ratio(20.7%) of students' seafoods intakes. In the intake amount of seafoods provided by school food service, ‘all’ took 22.5%(male 31.6%, female 14.1%), ‘more than provided’ took 1.5%(male 3.0%, female 0%). Male students ate seafoods more than female students did(p<.001). In seafoods providing frequency, ‘2~3 times a week’ took 74.5%, ‘4~5 times a week’ took higher ratio in males' schools, while ‘0~1 times a week’ took higher ratio in females'(p<.05). In perceptions of seafoods, most subjects had positive perceptions as ‘good for health’(3.95), ‘various kinds’(3.75) except ‘good peculiar smell’ got smallest point(2.85). In means of learning about seafoods names, ‘by looking at everyday menu’ took 64.6%. In taking nutrition education, ‘no nutrition education’ took 69.5%. In preferences for seafoods using 5-point scale, males' preferences were higher than females'(p<.001). 48.1% of males got higher than 4 point, while 14.1% of females did. In improvement measures of seafoods, ‘provide various kinds’(47.3%) took highest ratio. In preferences for seafoods by seafoods kinds, preference for ‘crustacean’ was highest while preferences for ‘shell fish’ and ‘fish’ were relatively low. Both male and female students highly preferred laver, shrimp, swimming crab, small octopus, fish cake and tuna canned goods. Male students' preferences were higher than female students' for most kinds of seafoods. In preferences for seafoods by cooking methods, preferences for ‘grilled’, ‘stir fried’, ‘pan fried’ were relatively high, ‘braised’, ‘deep fried’, ‘steamed’ were relatively low. Males' preferences were higher than females' for every cooking method except ‘steamed’.