Small Independent States Research Articles

Memorandum regarding the Negri Sembilan and other small Independent States in the vicinity of Malacca

Memorandum regarding the Negri Sembilan and other small Independent States in the vicinity of Malacca

Visit to Independent States in the Vicinity of Malacca in 1885

Visit to Independent States in the Vicinity of Malacca in 1885 Fred. A. Weld, Governor CO273/136/1382 Desp. No. 478 dated 26 December 1885 The following despatch was addressed to The Right Honourable Colonel F. A. Stanley, MP, at the Colonial Office Straits Settlements No. 478 Government Rouse, Singapore. 26 December, 1885. Sir, I have the honour to report that being desirous to obtain a note of the Legislative Council supplementary to the Estimates for the purpose of continuing the development of the resources of the small states in the interior of the Peninsula, I left Singapore on the 13th December, landed at Malacca on the 14th, and after inspecting the hospital and the goal and receiving some deputations, proceeded at once to the frontier. 2. I enclose a memorandum which I have written for the information of the Executive and Legislative Councils and which will explain the results of my journey. 3. Although the journey had to be performed partly on foot and I had only one day without rain I was amply repaid for this and other inconveniences by the extreme goodwill of the Chiefs and people of these little states, formerly so turbulent and troublesome. In Rembau I was especially received with the utmost cordiality. At Sri Menanti, Tunku Antar the Yam Tuan who led the war against us said that placing himself unreservedly in my hands, he only hoped that though an old man, I should not die soon, but be always kept here by the Queen to guide them. The same tone was adopted everywhere and making all allowance for Oriental forms of compliment I can have no doubt but an excellent feeling exists and it was manifested also by the poorer classes in little offerings of goodwill-such as a fruit or two or a little dish of some native delicacy whilst the chiefs gave the usual displays of welcome and entertainments. 4. The arrangements I made as set forth in the enclosed memorandum are cordially and unanimously accepted. I took great pains to evoke the expression of any latent feeling of opposition that might exist and could discover no trace of any. [End Page 127] 5. I may be pardoned for expressing satisfaction that territories about three times the extent of Malacca have been reduced to peace and order and incipient prosperity by a small expenditure, and that the heaviest threat we might ever need to secure the adoption of our counsels would be that if they were neglected we should withdraw and leave the states to themselves. 6. I desire to express my sense of the services of Mr. Dudley Hervey, Resident Councillor of Malacca, to whose judicious management we greatly owe the success of the policy that has been carried out. He accompanied me on his journey though I regret to say that his health was hardly equal to the exertion. I have the honour to be, Your Most Obedient & Humble Servant Fred. A. Weld, Governor Memorandum regarding the Negri Sembilan and other small Independent States in the vicinity of Malacca Fred. A. Weld, Governor It is unnecessary for me to recapitulate the recent history of these States; the war and the occupation by British troops of Sri Menanti, their withdrawal and the recognition of Tengku Antah, who had opposed our forces, as Yam Tuan of the confederation; the meeting I held at Bukit Putus; the little war between Haji Sahil and Syed Hamid; the Rembau troubles and their settlement at the Conference of Malacca, when it was agreed that the States of Perak, of Selangor, of Sungei Ujong, of the Negri Sembilan should at all times assist the Governor in maintaining peace and good order in any one of the Native States. My object in dealing with these independent States has been, whilst avoiding unnecessary interference, to promote order and give security for life and property; to uphold British influence as the leading Malay power, and as a consequence to develop the resources of the country and foster trade and commerce. These ends are now in a fair way of accomplishment. The old Rembau feuds, and political and dynastic antagonisms are extinct, and the Government of the country appears...

Issues of Small States in the Age of Globalization

The twentieth century has been characterized by the rise of nationalism in many parts of the world especially in the countries which lived under socialism and/or communism. Under socialism and/or communism, countries comprising of multi- ethnic groups lived in peace and cooperated and as such decreasing the possibility for any conflict. The collapse of communism and socialism in these countries of the Eastern Europe created opportunities for different forces to mobilize and capture state power mainly because these states turned into ineffective and weakened ones, as was the case with the former Yugoslavia where the ethno-national forces rose and caused ethnic strife and civil war which completely destroyed the society. The question which arises is why? Why did the destruction happen? Being a multiethnic and multinational society of different cultures, languages, history and religions, it entered into a war causing thousands of dead people, thousands of injured, destruction of properties and suffering of the people. Civil war in former Yugoslavia resulted with the partition of Yugoslavia into small independent states. But over the past few years, several changes have exposed difficulties upon these small independent states to recover fully from the harshness of the war: economic crisis, immigration, integration. IN addition, European countries have opened the doors to a new era of development, that of globalization which has been accepted mainly as the free movement of goods, services and people. Thus, this paper will deal with issues that small states face in the age of globalization.

Development of small and medium enterprises in Lithuania

Lithuania has realised in 2004 two important strategic goals – to become a member of the European Union and to join NATO. The country, being in transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy, is experiencing fundamental transformations. Lithuania has inherited an economy and energy sectors with an infrastructure, inappropriate for a small independent state. In order to transform the management of the national economy, it was necessary to perform many significant changes. Positive changes are based on the implementation of experience in developed countries and in transition economies. This paper describes the main alterations in management of the Lithuanian economy and energy sectors. The paper aims to analyse the country's progress in transition to a free market economy, the legal and institutional environment for small- and medium-sized business development in Lithuania, their role in the country's economy and the main policy trends. The paper also presents changes in the energy sector and opportunities for development of small- and medium-sized enterprises in this sector.

Management changes in the Lithuanian energy sector

Lithuania was invited at the end of 2002 to become a member of the European Union and to join NATO. The country, being in transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy, is experiencing fundamental transformations. Lithuania has inherited an energy sector with a comparatively good technical infrastructure but inappropriate for a small independent state. In order to transform the management in the energy sector, it was necessary to perform a lot of significant changes. Positive changes are based on the implementation of experience in other Central and Eastern European countries and many studies prepared by national specialists in cooperation with foreign experts.This paper describes the main alterations in management of the Lithuanian economy and energy sectors and recent changes in the power sector. The paper aims to analyse the country's progress in transition to a free market economy and necessary improvements in the near future.

Cooperation between Lithuania and Western countries on energy sector development issues

Lithuania is one of the country candidates making necessary progress in order to become a member of the European Union and seeking an invitation to join NATO as well to be involved with other western economic and political structures. The country, being in transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy, is experiencing fundamental transformations and facing many problems. Lithuania has inherited an energy sector with a comparatively good technical infrastructure but inappropriate for a small independent state of its size and access to primary energy. The Lithuanian economy constructed since 1990 is energy intensive. In order to meet the requirements of a modern economy many significant changes occurred during this transformation period, including changes to institutional structure, legal framework, modernisation of technologies, etc. Considerable investments were made in all sectors of the economy. It would be impossible to realise all these positive changes without cooperation with developed countries, technical assistance of the EU-PHARE program and a range of other programs. The paper describes the current situation in the Lithuanian economy and energy sector, changes in energy intensity and in foreign direct investments in Lithuania. The paper aims to analyse the country's progress in transition to a free market economy and the positive contribution from cooperation between Lithuania and industrialised countries in several areas: overall modernisation of the national economy and energy sector, implementation of modern western modelling tools for energy planning, energy efficiency and nuclear safety.

Labor regulation in a global economy

In 1944 Moslem forces in China's westernmost province of Xinjiang rose against the Chinese authorities and succeeded in establishing a small independent Islamic state - the East Turkestan Republic. Based on newly available archival material, this book describes the Moslem challenge to Chinese rule and documents the Nationalist government's response to newly awakened Turkic-Moslem nationalism on China's most remote and politically sensitive north-western frontier. With this book, Linda Benson aims to break new ground in the study of Sino-Soviet relations and especially of the policies of Chinese governments toward their national minorities.

Democracies without Parties

The belief that modern democracy is party democracy is widespread. However, the belief may be questioned. A number of small independent island states that subscribe to a high extent to democratic values, standards, and institutions manage without political parties. In all, six such cases exist, namely, Belau (Palau), the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Tuvalu. The analysis of these cases is guided by three general assumptions: (a) the impact of diminutive size on the existence and number of parties, (b) the corresponding impact of geographical noncontiguity, and (c) the impact of culturally defined resistances against party life and party rule. Comparisons with conditions in other small island states suggest that the assumptions are valid given that extreme values are entered into the analysis. Extreme smallness, an extremely archipelagic geography, and an intense cultural resistance all contribute to an absence of political parties in democracies.

THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

A study was undertaken to ascertain the awareness and attitudes of administrators and faculty concerning the effects of the use of computers in the management of community - serviced colleges in small independent states of the English - speaking Eastern Caribbean. The colleges investigated have personal computers, and some of the computers were used to store some administrative information. The analysis of returned survey questionnaires indicates (a) that among the colleges' activities, the computer is most often used in performing administrative and record - keeping duties, (b) that the use of computers has a positive impact on computer - supported management activities, (c) that the respondents are very much aware of and have positive attitudes toward the use of computers in management functions, and (d) that the respondents saw a great need for such technology and technological applications.

The birth of the Italian Photographic Society

Abstract From the Renaissance until Unification in 1861, Italy was divided into a series of small independent states, each with a capital, a court, intellectuals and scientists, and structures for the dissemination of information and printed books. This context, which was marginal to the larger currents of thought, and the economic and scientific development in contemporary Europe, meant that Italy, in practice, was not involved in the critical phases of the invention of photography. Nonetheless, Italy's scholarly tradition in the field of optics,1 lenses and light, which was at its height during the Renaissance up until the time of Galileo, was not entirely dormant. Therefore, the new invention had an immediate and resounding echo in many Italian capitals: scientists, cultural circles and academies became interested in the new discoveries, attempted to reproduce them and, subsequently, effect improvements.2 Photography in Italy thus became part of the world of science and high culture at that particular moment. But, after the initial interest, there were no further significant developments on this plane. It can be said, in short, that the diffusion of photography in Italy in its early stages was very fragmented and compartmentalized in character: as was the case with the rest of the cultural, economic and social life of the peninsula until Unification, the absence of a sufficiently large market fom1ed a barrier to the development of major professional and commercial activities. On the other hand, a strong influence on the development of photography in Italy, which counteracted in part the effects of isolation and compartmentalization, came from the interest of the educated European and also the non-European public in the Italian art cities and the very high demand for images of art objects and architecture,3 which increased greatly during the first half of the nineteenth century.4 This trend had important consequences for the way in which photographic activities developed in the peninsula.

Communal conflict as a challenge to international organization: the case of former Yugoslavia

Towards the end of the First World War, when allied leaders were considering the future structure of what was to become the League of Nations, Jan Christian Smuts of South Africa wrote:The animosities and rivalries among the independent Balkan States in the past, which kept that pot boiling, and occasionally boiling over, will serve to remind us that there is the risk of a similar state of affairs on a much larger scale in the New Europe, covered as it will be with small independent States. In the past the Empires kept the peace among the rival nationalities; the League will have to keep the peace among the new States formed from these nationalities. This will impose a task of constant and vigilant supervision on it.

Formation d'États et formation d'une ethnie : le cas des Anyi-Ndenye

C.-H. Perrot — State Formation and Formation of an Ethnie Group: The Case of the Ndenye Anyi. As far as 1887 today's Ndenye community was populated by a congeries of refugees of Nzema, Denkyera and Akan origin organised into small independent States. Yet from 1896 on Ndenye is considered, both by colonial authorities and by its own people, as a single polity and ethnie group. The ethnie consciousness is expressed in the traditions of origin which present as the kingdom's founder Ano Asema, the Anyi king of Aowin, without taking into account the actual hetero-geneity which obtained formerly. The eventual prominence of the Ndenye Anyi is bound to the accumulation of gold and dependents over two centuries. The political organisation was mainly borrowed from the Akan, but with 'son's stools' created for chiefs' sons (not sister's sons) who became heads of new patrilineage. Hence the diminishing importance of kin relationships (no real clan structure) which are superseded by political bonds on a territorial and residential basis. Group consciousness is expressed through royal rites with the participation of ail lineages without any discrimination based upon the date of their incorporation.

The Gambia's First Nature Reserve

Following its policy of helping small countries, which have special difficulties in protecting their wildlife, the FPS Council asked Sir Landsborough Thomson, one of our Vice-Presidents, to investigate the proposed Abuko nature reserve in The Gambia, for which we had received an appeal for help. This is the first and only reserve in this small independent state (200 miles long by less than 20 wide). On the basis of his favourable report the FPS advanced £3000 from the FPS'WWF Revolving Fund to pay for the necessary fencing. In an interview with the Prime Minister, Sir Landsborough learned of the other proposed conservation measures likely to be promulgated in this forward-looking country in the near future.

Programme for Victory

THE common element in these six lectures is the belief of all the authors that something called the cold order’ is gone for ever, and that the only issue of our time is the question what is to take its place. Broadly speaking, the old order was the world of unplanned production and distribution on one hand, and international anarchy on the other. All are convinced that planning has come to stay, and that the independent State, certainly the small independent State, has no future. What they are not so certain about is whether this planning will or will not be carried out at the expense of personal freedom; whether we shall plan for social equality or for the protection of privilege; and whether it is to be conquest or the voluntary coming together of peoples in free supra-national associations which is to put an end to the proud sovereignty of the nation-State. It is the choice between these alternatives that the authors are concerned to shape. Programme for Victory A Collection of Essays prepared for the Fabian Society by Prof. Harold J. Laski, Harold Nicolson, Herbert Read, Prof. W. M. Macmillan, Ellen Wilkinson, G. D. H. Cole. Pp. vii + 187. (London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1940.) 5s. net.

Some Pleasant Products of German Romantic Painting

AT TIMES we may witness the phenomenum of a nation facing itself—or at least suddenly confronted with certain phases of its existence, unknown or barely realized before this significant moment. The opening, very recently, of the Whitney Museum represented a moment of this kind in this country. Germany experienced a similar surprise in 1906 when the art section of the World-Exhibition held there revealed not only to “the World” but also to its own consciousness the painters of the early XIXth century and certain preceding periods. These canvases, practically unknown until that day, were brought from private homes and local museums in the provinces where many of them had hung since their completion, in that period when Germany was still a medley of small independent states.

VI. On an unrecorded Contract entered into between Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castille and Leon, and Ferdinand, King of Sicily, for the Marriage of Isabella, eldest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, with Ferdinand, Prince of Capua, May 21, 1476

Prior to the fifteenth century, Spain being constituted by a number of small independent states, their interests clashed with each other, and serious feuds became the natural consequence. When reduced, however, to one common rule, belonging to one nation, discovery and conquest followed, and its domestic institutions, together with the character of its literature, improved. It is to the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella that this beneficial consolidation and completion is to be ascribed. The states into which Spain in the beginning of the fifteenth century was arranged, consisted of Castille, Aragon, Navarre, and Granada. These at length were included within one monarchy, and Castille became the capital of the kingdom.