Small Fat Research Articles

Size-dependent composition and in-situ structure analysis of the milk fat globule membrane in buffalo milk

This study provides insights into the composition and in-situ structures of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in buffalo milk with different fat globule sizes (0.55 μm and 8.04 μm). Small fat globules contained a higher amount of MFGM proteins and polar lipids, while the content of MFGM components (except for ADPH) was greater per unit membrane area in large fat globules. A total of 386 differentially expressed proteins were identified, with many of the most differentially expressed proteins being associated with human diseases, such as cancer and elderly diseases. The coverage of sphingomyelin and certain MFGM proteins (BTN and PAS 6/7) on large fat globules was higher, potentially linked to the presence of larger, irregular lipid rafts and patch-shaped glycocalyxes, respectively. These findings suggest that small fat globules are suitable for nutritional fortification of buffalo milk, while large fat globules are appropriate for the preparation of functional dairy-based ingredients.

A full-face contouring using micro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT)-gun technique in Vietnamese population

IntroductionMicro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT)-gun technique is applied to accurately deliver small fat parcels to multiple fat layers in varied facial sites. Our study presented surgical and clinical outcomes of the MAFT-gun technique for full face contouring. MethodsFrom 01/2021 to 06/2023, 31 healthy participants undergoing fat grafting by MAFT-gun technique for volumization of their full face at our hospital were included. Data on fat volume grafted in different facial sites, complications, and satisfaction rate (%) were collected and analyzed. ResultsThe fat volumes grafted over the left and right cheek were 10.3 ± 0.31ml and 10.2 ± 0.30ml. The forehead and temples demanded lower fat volume by 9.8 ± 0.23ml and 4.5 ± 0.21ml. A small fat volume was required for the nasolabial fold, the tear trough, and the infraorbital areas, by 2.2 ± 0.11ml, 1.9 ± 0.10ml, and 1.4 ± 0.11ml. The fat volumes for the nasolabial fold and the tear trough were significantly different between young and old people. No complications including infection, necrosis, or vascular injury were noted. At the end of the follow-up, 26 patients (83.9%) expressed their satisfaction after the procedure. ConclusionThe MAFT-gun technique is safe and effective for full-face autologous fat grafting. Commercial closed-system processors could be an effective alternative to centrifugation for fat processing. The procedure contributed to the improvement of facial hollowness and brought a more attractive and satisfied appearance to people even after 12 months postoperatively.

Metabolic stability of the Pallas' spadefoot Pelobates vespertinus under extreme hypoxia.

The Pallas' spadefoot Pelobates vespertinus is a frog species native to eastern Europe and west Siberia. This species resists harsh winter conditions by moving up to 2m underground. This amphibian is the first species known to withstand extreme air hypoxia. In this study, we investigated the metabolome of liver, heart, and brain of the Pallas' spadefoot after a month-long exposure of hypoxia, with oxygen levels reduced to approximately one-tenth of the air normal content. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a limited impact of hypoxia on the metabolomic profiles. Concentrations of glycolysis end products (lactate and alanine) increased only slightly compared to other amphibians under hypoxia, and no accumulation of succinate was observed. Furthermore, there were no notable changes in the content of adenosine phosphates. These results are consistent with a previous study, which indicated that the Pallas' spadefoot possesses relatively small glycogen and fat reserves before the winter compared to other frogs. It appears that this species conserves energy during winter by minimizing its metabolic activity. These findings corroborated the hypothesis that the survival of P. vespertinus under hypoxic conditions primarily relies on metabolic suppression rather than substantial energy reserves.

Clinical Treatment Efficacy and Incidence of Complications in Asymmetric Double Eyelid Repair Surgery

Objective: It’s to analyze the clinical treatment efficacy and incidence of complications in asymmetric double eyelid repair surgery. Methods: Fifty patients who underwent asymmetric double eyelid repair surgery at our hospital from March 2022 to March 2023 were selected. Using a random number table, the patients were divided into two groups of equal size. The observation group (n=25) underwent small incision fat removal and continuous buried suture repair, while the control group (n=25) underwent traditional incision surgery. The treatment efficacy (excellent, effective, ineffective) and one-year postoperative complication incidence (conjunctival blockage, eye swelling, bruising) were compared between the two groups, as well as clinical data (operation time, healing time, incision length). Results: The total effective rate in the observation group (96%) was higher than that in the control group (64%); the one-year postoperative complication incidence in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); the operation time, healing time, and incision length in the observation group were all less than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Double eyelid repair surgery demonstrates significant clinical efficacy and a low incidence of complications in treating asymmetric double eyelids, warranting further promotion.

Evaluation of Curcuma and Black Garlic Flour on Small Intestine Morphometrics, Carcass Weight, and Abdominal Fat of Broiler Chickens

Curcuma flour and black garlic have potential benefits for chicken digestive health. A healthy digestive tract will help the process of absorbing feed more optimally. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of curcuma flour and black garlic in feed on small intestine morphometrics, carcass weight, and abdominal fat in broiler chickens. The study used 200 broiler chicken day-old chicks (DOC) randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replications, including P0 = 100% commercial ratio (control), P1 = P0 + 2% black garlic, P2 = P1 plus 0.25% curcuma flour, P3 = P1 + 0.50% curcuma flour, and P4 = P1 + 0.75% curcuma flour. The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD), and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences between treatments were further tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that supplementation with Curcuma flour and black garlic in feed did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption, slaughter weight, small intestine morphometrics, carcass weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat weight, and abdominal fat percentage. The results of this study indicate that the evaluation of Curcuma flour up to 0.75% and black garlic 2% in broiler chicken feed does not affect the activity of the small intestine, broiler carcass, and abdominal fat, as reflected in normal organ weights.

Histological Changes of Selected Organs of West African Dwarf Sheep Fed Boiled Baobab Seed Meal Supplement

The histology of selected organs of twenty four (24) Male West African dwarf sheep was investigated. The animals were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments, each treatment had six (6) replicates in a completely randomised design, under a good animal procedures for twelve (12) weeks. Four (4) experimental diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 tagged Baobab Seed meal (BSM) at inclusion levels of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively was offered to the experimental animals. Representative from each treatment was randomly selected and weighed before slaughter to collect selected tissue samples (testis, liver, spleen and tracheal) for histopathological examinations. The inclusion of BSM in the diet of WAD sheep at 4% caused a ruptured seminiferous tubules and release of immature sperm cells, with liver lesion that reflects large and small fat vacuoles (steatosis), a characteristic of focal nodular hyperplasia or hepatocellular carcinomia. The sinusoids were not well defined surrounded by eosinophilic particles. The results also showed the presence of normal lymphoid follicles with a germinal centre, cartilage of trachea with areas of hyaline chondrocytes depletion as well as loss of mucosa layers were observed for WAD sheep at 4% inclusion level. At 2% inclusion levels, normal characteristics of a normal animal were observed on selected tissue samples. The experimental diets at 2% inclusion levels showed normal seminiferous tubules with the release of mature sperm cells; no lesion was observed, the testis, liver, spleen and tracheal were all normal. 2% inclusion level of BSM had positive effects on the experimental animals and a such recommended for inclusion in the diets of WAD sheep.

Effect of the whey protein isolate-pectin bilayer emulsion system on the textural properties and oil release characteristics of room-temperature stored processed cheese

Processed cheeses stored at room temperature exist some texture defects, such as texture softening and free oil release. The emulsion obtained by pre-emulsifying butter with whey protein isolate (WPI) can significantly improve the texture softening, but it was unable to mitigate the release of free oil during storage. Therefore, in this study, a WPI-pectin bilayer emulsion system was manufactured and applied in the production of processed cheese. The effects of adding the WPI-pectin bilayer emulsion system on the texture and functional characteristics of processed cheese during storage were investigated. The results of the study showed that the WPI-pectin bilayer emulsion system significantly improved the texture softening and free oil release characteristics of the room-temperature stored (RTS) processed cheese. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the addition of the WPI-pectin bilayer emulsion system increased the uniformity of cheese microstructure and the number of small free fat pools after pre-emulsification. This study provided a method for improving the texture defects of RTS processed cheese, which is important for the processing and promotion of RTS processed cheese.

Application of soy protein isolate-naringenin complexes as fat replacers in low-fat cream: Based on protein conformational changes, aggregation states and interfacial adsorption behavior

In this study, changes in the structural and functional properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI)-naringenin (NG) complexes under different amounts of naringenin treatments were explored, elucidating the effect of the complexes as fat replacers at the 15 % substitution level on the properties of low-fat cream. Finally, the correlation between the structure and function of the complex and the properties of low-fat cream was further analyzed. The addition of NG promotes the increase of SPI aggregation and particle size, and reduces the interfacial tension of the complex. Meanwhile, at the mass ratio of 48:3, NG and SPI formed a dendritic network structure suitable for stabilizing cream. The fat properties of cream indicate that low-fat creams stabilized by appropriate proportions of SPI-NG complexes displayed small and dense fat crystal network structures. In addition, low-fat cream stabilized by the SPI-NG complexes have improved whipping time, overrun, firmness, storage stability and rheological properties compared to natural SPI. It is worth noting that the overall quality of the cream stabilized by the SPI-NG complex with a mass ratio of 48:3 was almost close to that of full-fat cream. Therefore, this study promotes the potential applications of protein-polyphenol complexes as fat replacers in the food industry.

Temporal variation in production performance, biochemical and oxidative stress markers, and gut microbiota in Pekin ducks during the late growth stage

In the late growth stage of commercial Pekin ducks, a significant increase in feed intake and a decline in body weight gain have been observed, leading to impaired feed conversion efficiency. To address this issue, we investigated alterations in production performance, blood biochemical indices, ileum tissue architecture, and microbial community structure in Pekin ducks. The primary objective was to provide robust data supporting the improvement of meat duck production efficiency during the late growth stage (28-42-days-old). Forty 28-day-old Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to 8 replicates, with five ducks per replicate. The rearing period lasted 14 days, with feed and water provided ad libitum. Our findings indicated a significant increase in Pekin duck body and heart weights with advancing age (P < 0.05). Moreover, serum antioxidant enzyme and high-density lipoprotein concentrations significantly increased, whereas triglyceride levels decreased (P < 0.05). Notably, the height of the ileal villi was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The microbial community structure of the ileum exhibited significant changes as ducks aged, accompanied by a substantial increase in microbial flora diversity, particularly with the formation of more tightly connected microbial network modules. Time-dependent enrichment was observed in microbial gene functions related to energy metabolism pathways. At the genus level, Sphingomonas and Subdoligranulum have emerged as crucial players in microbial differential functional pathways and network formation. These bacteria likely serve as the key driving factors in the dynamic microbial changes that occur in Pekin ducks over time. Overall, our findings suggest a potential decline in the absorption function of the small intestine and fat deposition performance of Pekin ducks during later growth stages, which may be attributed to the maturation and proliferation of the gut microbial community.

Exploring extramedullary hematopoiesis: unraveling the hematopoietic microenvironments

Hematopoiesis is a process by which all blood cells are formed. The mechanisms controlling it have been studied for decades. Surprisingly, while hematopoietic stem cells are among the most extensively studied stem cell types, the complete understanding of how they are regulated during development, adulthood, or in non-homeostatic conditions remains elusive. In this review, our primary focus is on research findings that explore where hematopoietic precursors are found in adults outside their primary niches in the bone marrow. This phenomenon is termed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Early in development hematopoietic stem cells migrate through different regions within and outside the embryo and later the fetus. Although, the primary home for hematopoietic progenitors is the adult bone marrow, it is now recognized that other adult organs may act as hematopoietic progenitor reservoirs both in mice and humans. The first reports about this topic were principally originated from clinical observations, in cases where the bone marrow was malfunctioning, leading to an aberrant hematopoiesis outside the bone marrow. It is worth highlighting that those extramedullary organs, like the small intestine or fat tissue, contain subsets of fully functioning hematopoietic progenitors demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Nonetheless, there are still some unanswered questions regarding the source of these cells, how they differ in function compared to their counterparts in the bone marrow, and the specific roles they play within the tissues where they are located.

Microfiltration of milk fat globules for particle size affects key sensory parameters of Cheddar cheese

AbstractDescriptive sensory analysis discriminated between the appearance, aroma, flavor, taste and texture of Cheddar cheese samples prepared from milk varying in fat globule size; small milk fat globule milk (SMM, d4,3 = 2.76 ± 0.07 μm), large milk fat globule milk (LMM, d4,3 = 5.07 ± 0.06 μm) and Control (d4,3 = 3.91 ± 0.09 μm), over a six‐month maturation period. Significant differences were measured between SMM, LMM and the Control as each cheese matured, where SMM was the most different across all parameters examined. SMM was lowest in color intensity (34.6 &lt; 38.8–47.0), firmness (29.4 &lt; 36.1–47.7), and fracturability (24.5 &lt; 28.8–30.7), and highest in cohesiveness (57.0 &gt; 39.8–45.8), adhesiveness (52.9 &gt; 39.0–45.4), and smoothness (50.4 &gt; 37.9–44.0). Moreover, SMM was more intense than the Control in cultured odor (34.9 &gt; 29.6–30.6) and flavor (45.5 &gt; 34.9–36.2), rancid (23.3 &gt; 16.0–18.6) and metallic (17.7 &gt; 14.3) flavor, salty taste (45.7 &gt; 40.3–40.5) and aftertaste (38.5 &gt; 34.9–35.8), sour (36.3 &gt; 28.9) and umami taste (19.6 &gt; 16.4); attributes that align with the degree of maturation. LMM showed similar differences to the Control, but was firmer (36.1 &gt; 29.4), less cohesive (45.8 &lt; 57.0), adhesive (45.4 &lt; 52.9) and smooth (44.0 &lt; 50.4) and had a less intense cultured odor (31.5 &lt; 34.9) than SMM. An increase in salty taste was associated with a decrease in cheese firmness (−0.91, p &lt; 0.0001). These results could provide process‐driven solutions that allow the dairy industry to decrease maturation time or create differentiated cheese products to meet specific consumer tastes or function.

Exploring Preclinical Experiments with Different Fat Types for Autologous Fat Grafting.

Autologous fat transplantation has been a cornerstone of tissue regeneration for decades. However, there is no standardized selection system or criteria for fat graft selection, often relying heavily on the surgeon's experience. This study aimed to investigate various types of fat derivatives, both in vitro and in vivo at the same condition. We collected traditional fat granules of different sizes and SVF-gel, evaluating the viability of ADSCs isolated from them and their performance after grafting into mice. Large fat granules exhibited more complete adipocyte structures, and the isolated ADSCs demonstrated superior differentiation, proliferation, and secretion capacities. They also showed excellent volume retention after 12 weeks. In contrast, ADSCs isolated from SVF-gel displayed lower vitality. However, grafts from SVF-gel exhibited the highest volume maintenance rate among the four groups after 12 weeks, closely resembling normal adipose tissue and displaying significant vascularization. Compared to large fat granule and SVF-gel group, medium and small fat granule grafts exhibited lower volume retention and less angiogenesis. Through preclinical studies, the flexible clinical use of different fat grafts can be tailored to their unique characteristics. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Migratory behaviours are risk-sensitive to physiological state in an elevational migrant.

Accretion of body fat by animals is an important physiological adaptation that may underpin seasonal behaviours, especially where it modulates risk associated with a particular behaviour. Using movement data from male Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae), we tested the hypothesis that migratory behaviours were risk-sensitive to physiological state (indexed by body fat). Sierra bighorn face severe winter conditions at high elevations and higher predation risk at lower elevations. Given that large body fat stores ameliorate starvation risk, we predicted that having small body fat stores would force animals to migrate to lower elevations with more abundant food supplies. We also predicted that body fat stores would influence how far animals migrate, with the skinniest animals migrating the furthest down in elevation (to access the most abundant food supplies at that time of year). Lastly, we predicted that population-level rates of switching between migratory tactics would be inversely related to body fat levels because as body fat levels decrease, animals exhibiting migratory plasticity should modulate their risk of starvation by switching migratory tactics. Consistent with our predictions, probability of migration and elevational distance migrated increased with decreasing body fat, but effects differed amongst metapopulations. Population-level switching rates also were inversely related to population-level measures of body fat prior to migration. Collectively, our findings suggest migration was risk-sensitive to physiological state, and failure to accrete adequate fat may force animals to make trade-offs between starvation and predation risk. In complex seasonal environments, risk-sensitive migration yields a layer of flexibility that should aid long-term persistence of animals that can best modulate their risk by attuning behaviour to physiological state.

Diffusely Invasive Mucormycosis of the Small Bowel in a Patient with Microbiologic Cultures and Tissue Biopsies Negative for Fungal Organisms

Abstract Introduction/Objective Invasive mucormycosis can be a swiftly fatal medical emergency occurring in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. This angioinvasive fungus causes tissue necrosis, hemorrhage, and thrombosis and often develops in the sinonasal cavities where it can extend directly to the CNS or spread systemically to visceral sites like the GI tract. Here, we describe a patient whose small bowel resection shortly before death, revealed diffusely invasive mucormycosis despite that blood and body fluid cultures and tissue biopsies were negative for fungal organisms. Methods/Case Report Our patient is a 39 year old male with a history of uncontrolled diabetes, brought to our hospital in cardiac arrest and found to have fentanyl in his system. His labs showed severe metabolic and electrolyte derangements including diabetic ketoacidosis. His blood cultures revealed bacteremia but no fungal growth, and he was placed on antibiotics for sepsis. The patient developed compartment syndrome of his bilateral forearms, which were amputated and showed necrotic skeletal muscle but no fungal infection. The patient also developed facial necrosis concerning for mucormycosis, but nasal endoscopic and facial skin biopsies were negative for mucor. However, his abdominal CT showed diffuse mural thickening of his small bowel concerning for bowel ischemia, which prompted an exploratory laparotomy that revealed large segments of necrotic jejunum and ileum. While peritoneal fluids collected during the surgery yielded no fungal growth on culture, resected segments of necrotic small bowel showed massive presence of mucor with broad, pauci-septate, ribbon-like hyphae branching at right angles. Small bowel and mesenteric vessels showed angioinvasion by mucor with vasculitis and fibrin thrombi causing ischemic enteritis. Mucor was also noted diffusely invading small bowel muscularis propria, adventitia, and mesenteric fat, and small bowel also showed ulceration, hemorrhage, and transmural and mesenteric fat necrosis. Unfortunately, a few days after his surgery, the patient expired from multi-organ failure and septic shock before he could receive anti-fungal therapy for mucormycosis. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Mucormycosis is a rapidly growing, angioinvasive, and potentially lethal fungal infection that must be promptly recognized. This report documents an unusual case of invasive mucormycosis of the small bowel that went undetected in a severely ill patient whose blood and peritoneal cultures and tissue biopsies were all negative for fungal organisms.

Performance and bone characteristics of broilers fed diets supplemented with vitamin A at different concentrations.

This work evaluated the influence of vitamin A on performance, organ weight, and bone and skin characteristics in broilers (Cobb 500) at 21 and 42 days of age. A total of 1920 chickens were distributed in a randomised design, considering six vitamin A supplementation levels (0, 6000, 16,000, 26,000, 36,000, and 46,000 IU kg-1 ), with 16 replicates and 20 chickens per experimental unit, established due to rising the range of vitamin levels observed in the literature to evaluate the effect of vitamin A on broilers. At 22 days, half of the replicates from each treatment continued receiving the initial diet, and the other eightrepetitions received diets without vitamin A (0 IU kg-1 ) until 42 days. The level of vitamin A influenced feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) until 21 days for all treatments. Broilers at 21 days of age had a more significant BWG at a vitamin A supplementation level of 28,209 IU kg-1 . At 42 days, vitamin A influenced the BWG and FI of broilers at treatments that were not supplemented after 21 days. Treatments supplemented up to 42 days showed quadratic responses to vitamin A for BWG, FI, and feed conversion. The vitamin A levels influenced the relative weights of the small intestine, pancreas, gizzard, abdominal fat, Seedor index, and breaking strength at 42 days, where the adequate supplementation of vitamin A improved these characteristics in broilers. Vitamin A supplementation from 22 to 42 days old did not affect broiler performance. An increased BWG was obtained when vitamin A supplementation occurred until 42 days, with supplementation of 29,375 IU kg-1 and a lower response of feed conversion with the addition of 27,775 IU kg-1 .

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial for Mastectomy Skin Flaps: Pre-Mammary Fascial Plane Versus a Thin Skin Flap Between Small and Large Fat Lobules and Flap Raised by Scalpel Versus Electrodiathermy

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial for Mastectomy Skin Flaps: Pre-Mammary Fascial Plane Versus a Thin Skin Flap Between Small and Large Fat Lobules and Flap Raised by Scalpel Versus Electrodiathermy

Nanofat in Plastic Reconstructive, Regenerative, and Aesthetic Surgery: A Review of Advancements in Face-Focused Applications.

Nanofat is a relatively novel technique in fat grafting that has gained significant interest in the fields of regenerative medicine, aesthetic and translational research. It involves the extraction of autologous fat from a patient, which is then transformed into "nanofat", consisting of small fat particles with a diameter of less than 0.1 mm and containing high concentrations of stem cells and growth factors. This article focuses on the use of nanofat in facial rejuvenation and its potential for lipomodelling. Fat tissue is a "stem cell depot" and nanofat contains many stem cells that can differentiate into various cell types. The Lipogem technology, developed in 2013, enables the isolation of nanofat with an intact perivascular structure, utilizing the high concentration of mesenchymal stromal cells near the pericytes of the adipose vascular system. Nowadays nanofat is used primarily for cosmetic purposes particularly in rejuvenating and improving the appearance of the skin, especially the face. Indeed, it has wide applicability; it can be used to treat fine lines, wrinkles, acne scars, sun-damaged skin, scar repair, and as an alopecia treatment. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of this technique. In conclusion, nanofat is a safe and minimally invasive option for tissue regeneration with considerable therapeutic potential. This study reviews the application and effects of nanofat in regenerative medicine and facial cosmetic surgery.

Cerebrospinal fluid leakage prevention using the anterior transpetrosal approach with versus without postoperative spinal drainage: an institutional cohort study.

The efficacy of spinal drain (SD) placement for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage prevention after the anterior transpetrosal approach (ATPA) remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to assess whether postoperative SD placement improved postoperative CSF leakage after a skull base reconstruction procedure using a small abdominal fat and pericranial flap and clarify whether bed rest with postoperative SD placement increased the length of hospital stay. This retrospective cohort study included 48 patients who underwent primary surgery using ATPA between August 2011 and February 2022. All cases underwent SD placement preoperatively. First, we evaluated the necessity of SD placement for CSF leakage prevention by comparing the postoperative routine continuous SD placement period to a period in which the SD was removed immediately after surgery. Second, the effects of different SD placement durations were evaluated to understand the adverse effects of SD placement requiring bed rest. No patient with or without postoperative continuous SD placement developed CSF leakage. The median postoperative time to first ambulation was 3days shorter (P < 0.05), and the length of hospital stay was 7days shorter (P < 0.05) for patients who underwent SD removal immediately after surgery (2 and 12days, respectively) than for those who underwent SD removal on postoperative day 1 (5 and 19days, respectively). This skull base reconstruction technique was effective in preventing CSF leakage in patients undergoing ATPA, and postoperative SD placement was not necessary. Removing the SD immediately after surgery can lead to earlier postoperative ambulation and shorter hospital stay by reducing medical complications and improving functional capacity.

Unveiling the attributes of rabbit milk

Increasing the knowledge of rabbit milk can help in breeding practice to solve issues considering the health and growth of rabbit kits. The goal of the study was to perform a broad physicochemical analysis of rabbit milk and examine the effect of the reproductive status of the females on daily milk yield and milk attributes. The study was conducted on a commercial rabbit farm and included three consecutive lactations of Hycole does. It has been observed that the daily milk production increased from the 2nd till the 14th day of lactation when does produced almost 300 g of milk daily. The day of lactation caused a significant variation in the content of total solids, solids-not-fat, total protein, casein, lactose, C18: 2, C18: 3, Somatic Cell Count, and pH. The percentage of fat globules categorised according to their diameter changed with the ongoing lactation as well, and the diameter increased from 5 to 7 µm. The percentage of small milk fat globules decreased with lactation day, causing a possible decrease in the digestions rates of milk. Pregnancy had a negative impact on milk production, kits growth performance, and the content of total protein, solids-not-fat, and lactose in milk. Therefore, we can speculate about the negative impact of overlapping lactations and pregnancies on rabbit kits, as their growth is dependent on milk production and composition.

V-003 Parastomal &amp; ileal conduit hernia: Top docking robotic eTEP approach

Abstract Aim Parastomal hernias are frequent in patients with end colostomy. Recently, the robotic approach for the treatment of this pathology had spread abroad. On the other hand, patients with an ileal conduit urinary diversion after a radical cystoprostatectomy have a high risk of incisional hernia development. The combination of both parastomal hernia and ileal conduit hernia is rare. The aim of this video is to describe a top docking robotic eTEP approach combining a modified retromuscular Sugarbaker technique (Pauli) with a retromuscular keyhole for the parastomal and ileal conduit hernias respectively. Material and Methods The case is a 71 years old man patient with a BMI of 36 who presented a progressive 2-year discomfort bulging around the end colostomy that turned in an intermittent constipation. Additionally, a progressive bulging started the last 6 months on the ileal conduit. An abdominal CT scan was made showing a bilateral ostomal defect with small bowel parastomal content and fat tissue in the ileal conduit. Once the patient was assessed, a top docking robotic eTEP approach was planned with a Xi Da Vinci robotic platform. The patient was in a hyperextended supine position. Result The patient was discharged 3 days after the operation with a mild pain controlled by oral medication. Conclusion The Pauli technique and retromuscular keyhole for combined parastomal and ileal conduit hernia performed by a top docking robotic approach is feasible, but a long follow-up is needed to demonstrate its effectiveness.