Small Cardamom Research Articles

Governance and strategies to address constraints for the revival of the Indian small cardamom sector

A field survey was conducted from March 2021 to October 2021 to identify major constraints in the Indian small cardamom sector. A micro-macro approach was followed in the study using both primary and secondary data. The primary data from random sample farmers and market intermediaries were collected from Kerala and Tamil Nadu producing areas. In total, 180 farmers, 12 auctioneers, 50 dealers (30 village traders and 20 dealers), and five exporters were interviewed; thus, the primary data were collected. The secondary data on arrivals, prices, and cardamom trade were collected from different national and international sources. Several important constraints related to production, marketing and auction, market price, international trade, cardamom value chain, pesticide residue, climate change, degradation of forests, and market deregulation have emerged from our analysis. All the constraints were thoroughly studied in depth, and appropriate interventions and policies were suggested to revive the small cardamom sector in India.

A comparative study of essential oil components of selected promising small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) landraces in Cardamom Hill Reserve (CHR) of South India

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton originated in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. In order to compare the percentage of essential oil and its components of selected small cardamom landraces, the study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Essential oil components of nine farmer's varieties such as Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai; and ICRI-5 as control were compared to evaluate the quality of genotypes. Essential oil content was significantly higher in Najllani Green Gold (9.18%), followed by Wonder Cardamom (8.36%). GC-MS profiling identified twenty-five compounds contributing to 90-93% of essential oil. The higher percentage of 1,8-cineole was observed in PNS Vaigai (38.04%) and the control ICRI-5 (38.99%), while Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 had the lowest percentage (24.30%). α- terpinyl acetate was higher (43.39%) in Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 followed by Thiruthali (39.21%), and was lowest in ICRI-5 (35.97%). Panikulangara Green Bold 1 had a higher percentage of α-terpineol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniol and Linalyl acetate than other genotypes. The percentage of sabinene was higher in Njallani Green Gold (7.56%), and in the genotype, Elarajan (5.46%) was lowest. Due to the medicinal and flavour-contributing properties, the essential oil components can be used in medicinal and food industries.

Cardamom Farming Status in Bangladesh

Cardamom, both small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) known as the "Queen of spices", is widely utilized for a variety of applications worldwide and has the potential to be an understory high-value crop for the Bangladesh. A first exploratory survey in nine districts of Bangladesh was carried out to identify cardamom farming systems, prospects and constraints in the existing environment. Data were gathered through key informant interviews during February 2020 to January 2021 using questionnaire. About 4,600 small and 980 large cardamom plants have been growing successfully under agroforestry system in Bangladesh for last few years. Azadirecta indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Albizia lebbeck were reported as shade tree for maintaining 60-70% shade for quality production. Time of flowering and fruiting were reported February to March and April to mid-June, respectively. Yield of cardamom was reported about 0.4 to 0.5 kg plant-1. Estimated benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 4.14. Lack of proper information (97%) and quality planting materials (90%) marked as major problems faced by the farmers. Knowledge of cardamon cultivation (0.74) and annual income from cardamon farm (0.94) were showed a significant relationship with number of plants. Enhancing cardamom production on underutilized land could help marginalized people, especially women’s empowerment through income generation, as well as provide various ecosystem services that are closely related to SDGs 1, 2 and 13.

Medicinal Uses of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill and Small Cardamom: A Review

Foeniculum vulgare Mill, commonly known as fennel, and small cardamom are both traditional spices in India. They have been used for centuries in Indian cuisine for their unique flavor and aroma, as well as their medicinal properties. Foeniculum Vulgare Mill (fennel) is a flowering plant native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the parsley family and is cultivated worldwide for its culinary and medicinal uses. Fennel seeds, leaves, and stems can all be used medicinally. Fennels are used in digestive disorders such as indigestion, gas, bloating, and colic. It can also help to relieve nausea and vomiting, respiratory problems: to loosen mucus and relieve coughs and bronchitis, menstrual cramps and pain, lactation: to increase milk production in breastfeeding mothers and a variety of other conditions, including insomnia, anxiety, and high blood pressure. Small cardamom is a spice that is native to India and Sri Lanka. It is one of the most expensive and popular spices in the world. Cardamom is used in both sweet and savory dishes, and it is also used in traditional medicine to cure digestive problems such as indigestion, heartburn, and gas and also help to relieve nausea and vomiting, respiratory problems like bronchitis, asthma, and coughs. It has expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help to clear mucus from the lungs and airways. Cardamom can be used to freshen breath and prevent cavities. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties that can help to fight against the bacteria that cause plaque and tartar. It has also treated a variety of other ailments e.g. high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes. It has also been shown to have antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Fennel and Small Cardamom are often used together in traditional medicine. The combination of these two spices is thought to be particularly effective for treating digestive disorders and respiratory problems. This literature review is focus on various nutritive value and medicinal importance of fennel and Small Cardamom.

Effect of Foliar Application of Macro and Micronutrients on Quality Seedlings Production in Small Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.)

An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of foliar nutrition with macro and micronutrients on quality seedlings production in small cardamom seedlings in the secondary nursery at ZAHRS, Mudigere with seven treatments and three replications in Completely Randomized Design during the year 2020-21. The results of study revealed that, among the different treatments studied, combined application of macro and micro nutrients (19:19:19 @ 0.50%+ MgSO4 @ 0.25%+ ZnSO4 @ 0.25 %+ Borax @ 0.25 %) thrice at monthly intervals after 30 days of transplanting in the secondary nursery recorded significantly maximum pseudostem height (56.07 cm), number of leaves (7.26), leaf area (646.90 cm2), leaf area index (5.24), total chlorophyll content (1.68), number of primary (13.66) and secondary roots (76.85), root length (41.40), root thickness (1.58), root volume (17.88 cc), total dry matter production (5.61 g), tillering percentage (25.43), Dickson quality index (1.56) and volume index (259.87) at 120 days after treatment. The nutrient status of the nursery media revealed that, the available nitrogen (318.00 kg/ha), phosphorus (27.50 kg/ha) and potash (230.00 kg/ha). The analysis of plant nutrients at 120 days after treatment revealed that, the higher nitrogen (2.72 %), phosphorus (0.20 %) and potassium (3.90 %) were also recorded maximum with combined spray with macro and micronutrients. Hence, combined application of foliar nutrients proved to be the best application than either single spray or combination of two and uninoculated for raising quality seedlings in cardamom.

First report of capsule rot of small cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] by Fusarium oxysporum in India

First report of capsule rot of small cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] by Fusarium oxysporum in India

A Novel spice-antioxidant-based nano-vehicle as a putative green alternative of synthetic AChE inhibitor drugs

The present treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves well known synthetic acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitor drugs which besides having short duration of action also have deleterious impact on human health. Therefore, there is a need for natural plant-based biomolecule(s) with potential AChE inhibition activity (ies). The aim of the work is to design a spice-based nano-vehicle as a novel green alternative of synthetic AD drugs by nanoencapsulating a solvent-less supercritical CO2 extract of small cardamom seeds (SCE) having a synergistic consortium of five antioxidant molecules, using polyethylene glycol and emulsifiers, selected based on Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analyses. Ellman’s assay and enzyme inhibition kinetics of the antioxidant molecules as well as the extract and its nanoliposomal formulation (SCE-NL) were performed, followed by rigorous molecular docking and dynamics studies using MM-PBSA and umbrella sampling. The antioxidants exhibited significant AChE inhibition in vitro, individually with 1, 8-cineole having the least IC50 value of 65.53 ± 0.05 µg/mL. . Although SCE-NL had higher IC50 value (575.67 ± 0.5 µg/mL) vis-à-vis that of rivastigmine (67.52 ± 0.02 µg/mL), it is safer for usage being ‘green’.The Lineweaver-Burk plots (Vmax ∼1.04 mM/min) revealed competitive mode(s) of inhibition of AChE with each of these antioxidants. Binding energy analyses suggested very good binding free energies and stable docking/binding complexes (between the antioxidants and AChE). This study has delivered a nanoliposomal vehicle of food antioxidants as a putative ‘green’ alternative of synthetic AChE inhibitor drugs. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Utilization of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) pomace for the preparation of instant kheer (dessert) mix

Bottle gourd pomace, a waste from vegetable processing industry was used to prepare instant kheer (dessert) mix. In this study, the bottle gourd was procured from the farm, washed, grated, steam blanched and the grits were further divided into two parts. One part of grits was dried without juice extraction (BGFD- Bottle gourd fresh dried), while, the other half (BGPD- Bottle gourd pomace dried) was dehydrated after extraction of juice. The dehydrated grits were used for the preparation of kheer mix and the recipe was optimized using RSM Central Composite Design (CCD). The variables were BGFD and BGPD ranged 3–7 g. The other ingredients with the fixed quantities were milk powder (50 g), sugar (15 g), and small cardamom (1 g). The product was selected based on sensory responses like taste, colour, flavour, texture, and overall acceptability (OAA). The software suggested a kheer mix prepared using 7 g BGFD and 3 g BGPD will produce the best sensory scores. The prepared kheer mix had a moisture, TSS, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, total sugars, titratable acidity, crude protein, and crude fat content of 7.9%, 27 °B, 72.21%, 10.79%, 16.75%, 0.896% CA, 10.76%, and 7.63%, respectively. The product was rich in energy (400.55 kcal/100 g), total phenols (4.99 mg/100 g), and exhibited strong antioxidant activity (46%). The total plate count on the product on nutrient agar medium was 4.3 × 106 CFU/g. The kheer could be prepared by adding 140 mL of water to 70 g of water to kheer mix and cooking it for 10 min. Further, to see the credibility and obtain more clearer patterns, the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied. The overall variation of the BGFD and BGPD on the sensory parameters based on canonical correlation analysis was 92.5%. The sum of Principal Components PC1 and PC2 explained a very high variability (98.2%) among the studied treatments.

Influence of refrigerated adsorption dehumidified drying towards the retention of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant properties of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum): Performance comparison with convection, solar and fluidized bed dryer

Cardamom, known by the botanical name Elettaria cardamomum, is a well-known spice which is increasingly used in the field of cosmetics and industrial applications in the form of dried powders and oil. However, usage of cardamom is limited by its moisture content (around 80% in wet basis) and for effective oil extraction and usage, cardamom needs to be dried to a moisture content of less than 10% (in wet basis) prior to usage. Solar driers are traditionally used for cardamom drying and fluidized bed driers and tray driers are also used for industrial-level large-scale drying. During drying, loss of bioactive like phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants become inevitable. Under such a scenario, this study explores the performance of low-temperature, low-humidity dryers namely refrigeration adsorption dehumidified dryers (RADD), designed and developed by CSIR-NIIST, for retention of bioactives during drying. To assess and compare the RADD with traditional dryers, experiments were performed in a tray dryer, solar dryer and fluidized bed dryer and the results are compared with RADD. It was found that cardamom dried in RADD retained around 70–75% of total phenolic, flavonoid and anti-oxidant compounds, whereas retention in other conventional drying methods was in the range 35–60% only. Advanced analysis such as SEM, FTIR and GC-MS was also done to evaluate the morphological changes, functional group changes and difference in essential oil composition due to different drying methods. Considering the overall result it has been proved that RADD has several advantages over the conventional dryers (due to low temperature and low humidity inside RADD) and thus can be used for drying cardamom which will promise good quality cardamom with maximum retention or preservation of all the bioactives. Thus, RADD is found to be a promising alternative for fluidized bed dryers and also it performs better than other conventional drying methods.

Small cardamom genome: development and utilization of microsatellite markers from a draft genome sequence of Elettaria cardamomum Maton.

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), the queen of spices, is the third most expensive spice in the world after saffron and vanilla, valued highly for its aroma and taste. This perennial herbaceous plant is a native of coastal parts of Southern India and displays a significant amount of morphological diversity. Its genetic potential has not been exploited due to lack of genomic resources limiting our understanding of the genome and important metabolic pathways which give it the economic advantage in the spice industry. Here, we report upon the de novo assembled, draft whole genome sequence of cardamom variety, Njallani Green Gold. We used a hybrid assembly strategy using the reads from the Oxford Nanopore, Illumina and 10x Genomics GemCode sequencing chemistries. The assembled genome length was 1.06 Gb (gigabases) which is close to the estimated genome size of cardamom. More than 75% of the genome was captured in 8000 scaffolds with a N50 of 0.15 Mb. The genome appears to have a high repeat content and 68055 gene models were predicted. The genome is close to Musa species and displays an expansion and contraction in different gene families. The draft assembly was used for in silico mining of simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A total of 2,50,571 SSRs were identified of which 2,18,270 were perfect SSRs and 32,301 were compound SSRs. Among the perfect SSRs, trinucleotides were most abundant (1,25,329) and hexanucleotide repeats appear least (2,380). From the 2,50,571 SSRs mined, 2,27,808 primer pairs were designed based on flanking sequence information. Wet lab validation was performed for 246 SSR loci and based on their amplification profiles, 60 SSR markers were used for diversity analysis of a set of 60 diverse cardamom accessions. The average number of alleles detected per locus were 14.57 with a minimum of 4 and maximum of 30 alleles. Population structure analysis revealed the presence of high degree of admixtures which could primarily be due to cross-pollination prevalent in this species. The SSR markers identified would help in the development of gene or trait-linked markers which can be subsequently used for marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement in cardamom. The information on utilization of the SSR loci for generation of markers has been developed into a public database, 'cardamomSSRdb' that is freely available for use by the cardamom community.

ROLE OF VISHA-RASAYAN IN ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: A CRITICAL REVIEW

The capacity to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs (leading to the causation of disease) is called immunity. There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and acquired immunity. In the current pandemic era, there is a need for drugs that can boost immunity in our bodies and give protection against microorganisms. Rasayan is one of the unique branches of Ayurveda and it is suggested to increase Oja. Modern scientific observation on Rasayan shows that rejuvenating drugs can protect the body against detrimental effects of the atmosphere in which we live by augmenting the individual's capability to fight against disease-carrying organisms through stimulating the immune system. When visha (poison) is used correctly, it becomes beneficial as rasayana. A person who regularly consumes poison is not afraid of anything, including poison given by enemies in food, any type of poisoning condition, old age, premature ageing, and organs that cause illness. Rasayan Yoga is mentioned in many Ayurveda texts, which in this research paper describes Visha Rasayan which is mentioned in Rasatarangini. Visha Rasayan contains the following ingredients: Visha (Vatsnabh), vermilion Hingul, Rajat Bhasma, Shunthi Churna, Marich Churna, Pippali Churna, Cinnamon, bay leaf, small cardamom, Nagkeshar, and Chitrakamool Churna. This yoga may protect against disease-causing organisms as well as any type of environmental poison. Visha Rasayan ingredients include Visha dravya, which also has Rasayan properties, making it more beneficial for gaining acquired immunity.

Performance analysis of solar and heat pump dryer of small cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum Maton) using energy analysis, drying kinetics, and quality

Performance analysis of solar and heat pump dryer of small cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum Maton) using energy analysis, drying kinetics, and quality

Evaluation of selected promising land races of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) in South India

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.), often referred to as the 'queen of spices' is believed to have originated in the moist evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. The present study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Different farmer's varieties, nine landraces viz., Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai and ICRI-5 as control were evaluated in the cardamom tract of Idukki District. The selected genotypes were evaluated in the field for three consecutive years. The data on growth and yield were recorded, pooled and analyzed. From the analysis, it was found that the genotype Njallani Green Gold performed well compared to other varieties with respect to the yield (1271.80 kg/ha) followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (1134.67 kg/ha) and more tillers (74.46) were found in the same clone also. The plant height was significantly higher in Elarajan (316.24 cm), followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (312.45 cm). The number of leaves was greater in Elarajan (16.72), followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (16.43). More vegetative buds were observed in Pappalu followed by Wonder Cardamom. Panicles per clump were more in Thiruthali (47.98), followed by Njallani Green Gold (46.59). Racemes per panicle were greater in Pachaikkai (26.57), followed by Njallani Green Gold (26.19). The number of capsules per racemes was more in Njallani Green Gold (9.59) followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (8.59). The results pointed out that each clone in the trial differs from another with respect to the characters studied. The findings could be used for further breeding studies in small cardamom.

Enhancement of seedling quality in small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.) through inoculation of VAM fungi and liquid microbial inoculants as PGPR

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of liquid microbial inoculants on quality seedlings production in small cardamom at ZAHRS, Mudigere, Karnataka during 2020-21with nine treatments and three replications in CRD. The results of study revealed that, among the different treatments studied, combined inoculation of liquid PGPR (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mucilaginosus) and VAM recorded significantly maximum pseudostem height, pseudostem girth, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, total chlorophyll content, total dry matter production, number of primary and secondary roots, root length, root thickness, root volume, total dry matter production, tillering percentage, Dickson quality index and volume index at 150 days after inoculation in the secondary nursery. Similarly, significantly higher microbial population in terms total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were observed in the nursery media with conjuctive use of liquid microbial inoculants and VAM.

FORECASTING OF SMALL CARDAMOM PRICE USING SARIMA MODEL

The study was undertaken to identify a model for forecasting the price of small cardamom using the data consisting of prices from January 2001 to December 2021 obtained from Spices Board, Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry,New Delhi. Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model was used to forecast the future monthly prices. The SARIMA model, ARIMA (1,1,0)(1,1,1)[12] was identified to be the best model for forecasting the monthly cardamom price according to the minimal Bayesian Information Criterion.

Review on agronomic investigations on cardamom and cardamom-based cropping systems in Karnataka

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), an eco-friendly high value spice and foreign exchange earner, is a native of Western Ghats of South India. India enjoyed near monopoly in its production till the seventies, but with the emergence of Guatemala as the main competitor, it has been relegated to second position both in production and export. The low production of cardamom up to eighties was due to lack of sound location specific agronomic package of recommendations. Hence, after a detailed survey of entire small cardamom growing areas in India and interaction with cardamom growers and other stake holders, a comprehensive location specific research programme was finalised and carried out for over 25 years. As a consequence of detailed agronomic investigations on cardamom and cardamom-based cropping systems, various agro techniques such as selection of elite lines of cardamom, rapid clonal multiplication technique, nursery techniques, systems and season of planting, irrigation, shade and weed management, apiculture, harvest and post harvest techniques, multistoried cropping system involving cardamom, coffee, arecanut, coconut etc. evolved. These high production technologies were effectively transferred to the cardamom growers based on local specificity which resulted in higher yields (average of 750 kg dry capsules ha-1 and a potential yield of 1945 kg dry capsules in demonstrations in farmers fields in Kodagu, Karnataka) from an initial benchmark average yield of 120-140 kg dry capsules ha-1.

Variability in Essential Oil Constituents, Antioxidant Activities and Yield of Elite Small Cardamom Lines (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) Under Moisture Deficit Stress

A field study was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Regional Station, Madikeri, Karnataka during 2018 and 2019 to evaluate elite lines of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) for capsule yield, essential oil constituents, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities under moisture stress condition. Eight small cardamom lines were selected for the study and were grown under irrigated and moisture stress conditions adopting all the package of practices. Photosynthetic gas exchange, relative water content, total soluble proteins and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined at panicle initiation stage during summer. Yield and essential oil components were recorded after harvest. The results showed that moisture stress significantly reduced the soluble protein content and stomatal conductance in the leaves thereby lowering net photosynthetic rate, thus inhibiting growth and yield. Antioxidant enzyme activities viz. catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase were significantly influenced by moisture stress. Among the genotypes, IC584058 showed bold capsules, higher and less reduction in yield under irrigated and moisture stress condition, respectively. It is suggested that the soluble protein and antioxidant enzymes in leaves play important role in maintaining cell water content and photosynthetic gas exchange during panicle initiation stage leading to less reduction in yield under moisture deficit condition. The essential oil components of three lines namely IC584058, IC584078 and IC584090 showed drastic variation under moisture stress. Though the α-terpinyl acetate content decreased (P<0.05), the oxygenated monoterpenes significantly increased in stress tolerant genotype IC584058 which influences antioxidant and antimicrobial activities leading to plant adaptive defense mechanism under moisture.

Multivariate analysis of chemometric based aroma dynamics in small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) during drying.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05560-8.

Spices of the Pacific region with special reference to vanilla and ginger production: Challenges and the way forward

The Pacific region (Oceania) is divided into four sub-regions (i) Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), (ii) Melanesia, (iii) Micronesia, and (iv) Polynesia and the population of this region is around 0.5% of the global population. There are 14 independent countries and 12 dependent overseas territories in Oceania. Most of the countries are smaller in size, less developed (except Australia and New Zealand), remotely placed and vulnerable to natural calamities. Spices are mostly introduced crops to this region. Turmeric was the earliest spice introduced to this region. The Missionaries and Europeans who colonized these regions introduced many other spices. British introduced ginger to Australia during 1788. Fiji is an important south pacific country, where Fiji-Indians consume considerable amount of spices. Black pepper and vanilla were introduced during 1880’s; ginger before 1890 (Probably from Australia), cardamom, nutmeg and clove during 1930’s to Fiji. The FAO statistics provide data on spices production from ten Oceanica countries with a total production of 618, 914 tonnes which translates to 0.3% of the global spices production. The spice crops of the region are chillies, onion, garlic, ginger, turmeric, vanilla, nutmeg and coriander. Other spices like tamarind, mango, (tender mango) cinnamon, curry leaf, herbal spices are produced in small scale and exported within the region. Spice crops like clove, allspice, black pepper, small cardamom are also grown by a few individuals in limited number. There is not much research work on spices except for ginger in Australia and a few on vanilla diseases from the Pacific region. This review provides the status of spices in the Pacific region focusing on ginger and vanilla which helps to understand the status of spices of Oceania. The information complied here may help in designing strategies for enhancing spice production and trade, which can positively influence the economy of the region.

Impact of Extraction Methods on The Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Small Cardamom Essential Oils

Impact of Extraction Methods on The Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Small Cardamom Essential Oils