Small Bore Research Articles

Chest Tube Size Selection: Evaluating Provider Practices, Treatment Efficacy, and Complications in Management of Thoracic Trauma.

The standard for managing traumatic pneumothorax (PTX), hemothorax (HTX), and hemopneumothorax (HPTX) has historically been large-bore (LB) chest tubes (>20-Fr). Previous studies have shown equal efficacy of small-bore (SB) chest tubes (≤19-Fr) in draining PTX and HTX/HPTX. This study aimed to evaluate provider practice patterns, treatment efficacy, and complications related to the selection of chest tube sizes for patients with thoracic trauma. A retrospective chart review was performed on adult patients who underwent tube thoracostomy for traumatic PTX, HTX, or HPTX at a Level 1 Trauma Center from January 2016 to December 2021. Comparison was made between SB and LB thoracostomy tubes. The primary outcome was indication for chest tube placement based on injury pattern. Secondary outcomes included retained hemothorax, insertion-related complications, and duration of chest tube placement. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Three hundred and forty-one patients were included and 297 (87.1%) received LB tubes. No significant differences were found between the groups concerning tube failure and insertion-related complications. LB tubes were more frequently placed in patients with penetrating MOI, higher average ISS, and higher average thoracic AIS. Patients who received LB chest tubes experienced a higher incidence of retained HTX. In patients with thoracic trauma, both SB and LB chest tubes may be used for treatment. SB tubes are typically placed in nonemergent situations, and there is apparent provider bias for LB tubes. A future randomized clinical trial is needed to provide additional data on the usage of SB tubes in emergent situations.

Noteworthy Taphonomic Attributes of a Nautiloid Cephalopod from the Middle Silurian (Wenlock) Massie Formation of Southern Indiana

A specimen of the nautiloid cephalopod Dawsonoceras annulatum from the middle Silurian (Wenlock) Massie Formation of southeastern Indiana, USA, is herein described because of its suite of uncommon taphonomic characteristics. Three noteworthy features are observable. First, an articulated calymenid trilobite is preserved in the sediment infill of the cephalopod, having been either swept into the open shell post-mortem or rapidly buried alive while sheltering inside the hollow cavity. Second, a series of small (pinhole-sized) borings, potentially produced by ctenostomate bryozoans, are present on the upward-facing and lateral surfaces of the cephalopod shell, a feature that is otherwise unreported in this fauna. There appears to be a preference for boring into raised portions of the shell. Third, a number of tightly coiled microconchids are encrusting the exterior of the shell, an association not previously documented in this unit. Some of these phenomena represent first reports from a fossil fauna in a region strongly affected by dolomitization and are worthy of description on that basis alone. However, their co-occurrence on a single specimen highlights the fact that relatively common taxa such as cephalopods are still capable of yielding rare and/or significant taphonomic and paleoecological data.

Near-Field Microwave Microscopy for 3D Surface Assessment of Manufactured Structures

Using near-field scanning microwave microscopy as a contact and non-contacting investigative tool for 3D surface metrology with three differing measurement modes, it has been possible to analyse structures that may be difficult for existing metrology systems. The system utilizes the small change in capacitance between a coaxial resonant probe (at around 2 GHz) ending in an open circuit tip, and the sample surface. This is measured in the frequency domain by the shift in the resonance frequency of the voltage transmission coefficient |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> |. It is also possible to investigate various materials (metallics, plastics etc.) owing to their differing dielectric properties. The probe has been tested on a computer-controlled 3D stage but is suitable for incorporation into a commercial co-ordinate measurement machine (CMM) to enhance its capability to inspect the inside surfaces of structures, e.g., threads in small bores.

Planning Study of Wastewater Treatment Plant Communal Settlement Perumnas III Waena Yabansai Village Heram District Jayapura City

The effect of population growth in the residential area of Perumnas III Waena which is lack of planning has an impact on groundwater pollution caused by domestic waste water which affects the quality of dug well water. Household domestic waste water that comes from the combination of cleaning activities, namely waste from kitchen, bathroom, toilet, and laundry with the composition of liquid waste containing organic materials and mineral compounds from food scraps, urine and soap. The objective of this research is to make plans for Waste Water Treatment (IPAL) Communal Plants at Perumnas III Waena which can serve waste water treatment in these settlements. The data analysis method used is the calculation of the population, analysis of water discharge, determination of water discharge and technical planning of Waste Water Treatment (IPAL) Communal Plants. The results show that the discharge of the entire settlement is 0,04780 m3 / second, the distribution planning system in the residential area III Waena is designed with a Small Bore Sawer system equipped with an inceptor tank at the end of the house channel, a communal wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) with an Off-Site system with Aerobic Anaeorob Reactor Biofilter technology

Safety and Efficacy of Manual Aspiration Via Small Bore Chest Tube in Facilitating the Outpatient Management of Transbronchial Biopsy-related Iatrogenic Pneumothorax.

Iatrogenic pneumothorax complicates transbronchial biopsies with a prevalence of 1% to 6%. Conventional treatment consists of inpatient management with chest tube drainage. While aspiration techniques have been investigated in the management of both primary spontaneous and transthoracic lung biopsy-induced pneumothorax, its role in the management of transbronchial biopsy-iatrogenic pneumothorax (TBBX-IP) is undefined. An appealing treatment alternative for TBBX-IP may exist in the placement of a small bore chest tube (SBCT) followed by a manual aspiration (MA) technique promoting earlier SBCT removal to facilitate outpatient management. To our knowledge, no study exists evaluating the efficacy of MA via a SBCT performed specifically for TBBX-IP. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of a protocolized pathway incorporating MA through a SBCT for the outpatient management of TBBX-IP. Primary outcome was the clinicoradiographic resolution of TBBX-IP avoiding hospitalizations. A total of 763 biopsies performed; 31 complicated by TBBX-IP, 18 qualified for intervention. Sixteen were outpatients, 2 inpatients. Thirteen (81.25%) of the 16 outpatients were successfully treated with MA via SBCT and did not require admission. Twelve (75%) of these 13 had SBCT removed, 1 patient was discharged with SBCT and removed in 24 hours. Of the 18 patients requiring intervention, 13 (72.2%) were successfully treated with MA via SBCT enabling removal of SBCT. No patient required reintervention. MA via SBCT represents a safe and viable management approach of TBBX-IP promoting earlier SBCT removal and decreased hospitalizations. Our results challenge conventional management of TBBX-IP warranting further investigation.

Outcomes of Large Bore Vs Small Bore Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Outcomes of Large Bore Vs Small Bore Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Exit Strategy After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Large or Small Bore Tube?

Exit Strategy After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Large or Small Bore Tube?

Outcomes of Large Bore Vs Small Bore Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Objective: To determine postoperative results of large bore vs small bore PCNL. Design and duration: This is a prospective study. It was started in November 2018 and completed in April 2019 after 6 months duration. Setting: Study was conducted in Kidney center of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Patients and Methods: Patients having kidney stones and ideal for PCNL were distributed in two groups in randomized way. Group-1 patients underwent small bore PCNL and those in group-2 underwent large bore PCNL. There was equal number of cases in each group. Both male and female patients were included in the study. Mean duration of stay in hospital was 7±3 days. All data collected was analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft office version 2016. Results were calculated in the form of frequencies and percentages and averages. Tables and Graphs used to present data. Consent was taken from ethical committee of the study hospital and consent was also taken from all cases in study group. Results: There were total 90 cases in this study distributed in two groups each containing 45 cases. There were 37 female and 63 male cases. Mean age of patients was 33.5±5 years. Mean anesthesia time was 1.5±0.5 hours in both groups. Mean analgesia given in group-1 was 100±50 mg . Conclusion: In our study small bore PCNL was proved to be better than large bore PCNL associatd with least complications and early recovery with less hospital stay and less use of analgesia.

Investigation of the Mixture Formation in Gasoline Engines with Small Bore Diameter

Investigation of the Mixture Formation in Gasoline Engines with Small Bore Diameter

A surface loop array for in vivo small animal MRI/fMRI on 7T human scanners

Small animals such as non-human primate (NHP) and rodent are valuable models in frontier neuroscience researches, and comparative research between the animal model and human is helpful to understand and reveal the functional brain circuits in cognition and underlying mechanism in psychological disease. Small animals can be trained or anesthetized to endure long-term and multiple imaging scans; however, the concomitant needs in subcortical structure and function investigations pose major challenges in, e.g. spatial resolution, scan time efficiency, spatial/temporal signal-to-noise-ratio, as well as apparatus mechanical fixation. In addition, comparative investigations across species are also expected to be conducted under similar physical environment (such as the main magnetic field strength, RF pulse shape, sequence protocols, gradient waveform, system stability, etc in MRI), in order to avoid possible deviation in signal detection under different platforms, as well as to reduce experiment complexity. We have proposed a novel 5-channel surface coil that is equipped on 7T human MRI scanners and designed for small animal structural and functional MRI. Through a series of in vivo experiments over an anesthetized rat and macaque, the presented coil shows its main characteristics in, i.e. flexible coil mounting, reduced FOV, high temporal SNR, and parallel imaging capability. Such design is able to compensate the relatively lower gradient slew rate of human scanners versus those with smaller bores, and thus effectively facilitates in vivo microscopic structural MR images being obtained within a shortened and safe period of anesthesia; besides, it also enables high-resolution functional MRI (i.e. spin-echo based) being achieved with reasonable temporal resolution, distortion level and functional contrast.

Small Bore Thoracic Catheter Versus Chest Tube in Treatment of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Small Bore Thoracic Catheter Versus Chest Tube in Treatment of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Generation Mechanism of Grinding Path on Small Bore Internal Surface Using Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding

Generation Mechanism of Grinding Path on Small Bore Internal Surface Using Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding

Comparison of Continuous Flush with Pulse Flush Technique in Clearing Blood Contamination of Small Bore Intra Vascular Catheter: A Randomised Control Trial

Comparison of Continuous Flush with Pulse Flush Technique in Clearing Blood Contamination of Small Bore Intra Vascular Catheter: A Randomised Control Trial

Complications of Small Bore Enteral Feeding Tubes in an Inner-City Community Teaching Hospital

Complications of Small Bore Enteral Feeding Tubes in an Inner-City Community Teaching Hospital

Modeling the motion of the cooling lubricant in drilling processes using the finite volume and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods

The process of single-lip deep hole drilling is used in various industrial applications for the production of small bores with a high length to diameter ratio. Especially the cooling and the lubrication of the machining zone have a great influence on the tool life, on the transport of chips, as well as on the quality of the resulting bore. In this paper, two approaches for the modeling and simulation of drilling processes are presented. On the one hand, the Finite Volume Method is used for the stationary simulation of the flow field. Assuming the entire bore to be filled with coolant, the focus is laid on a precise description of important fluid mechanical quantities along the cutting edges. The results show that the mass exchange of the cooling lubricant close to the cutting edge is far too low in order to guarantee the required cooling effect. On the other hand, a coupled meshless approach for the transient simulation is presented. The cooling lubricant is there modeled by the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method and the Discrete Element Method is used for the description of chips. In contrast to the Finite Volume simulation, the main focus is laid on the evolution of the free surfaces and the transport of particles. The results show that the transport of chips by the cooling lubricant can be described well. Furthermore, also the transient Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics simulations show an insufficient mass exchange behind the cutting edges matching the steady-state results from the Finite Volume simulation with a bore completely filled with coolant.

Universal Small Bore Connectors (ENFit) for Enteral Access: Implications for Clinical Practice

Misconnections with various types of intravenous and enteral access devices have been recognized as a potentially deadly healthcare problem. Contributing factors to these misconnections include lack of healthcare provider education, transporting patients to different locations, and interchangeability of the enteral tubes with other tubes such as central venous catheters. An international effort led by EN industry leaders has developed a small bore enteral connector (ENFit) that, in theory, will reduce the frequency of misconnections. We fully endorse the development of a safer EN access device that will minimize the risk of misconnections. Despite the potential benefit of preventing misconnections, the full impact of the adoption of the ENFit connector on clinical practice remains unknown. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of the proposed new small bore enteral connector on a number of clinical situations including delivery of blenderized tube feeds, medications, and venting.

Experimental Optimization of a Small Bore Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with Direct Fuel Injection

Experimental Optimization of a Small Bore Natural Gas-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with Direct Fuel Injection

Efficacy of High Level Intrapleural Suction and Small Bore Drain in the Conservative Management of Multiloculated Pleural Effusions

Efficacy of High Level Intrapleural Suction and Small Bore Drain in the Conservative Management of Multiloculated Pleural Effusions

High-efficiency Device for Raman Scattering Measurement of Monolayer Graphene Using Optical Fibers Within the Small Bore of a High-power Magnet

ABSTRACTTo measure the Raman scattering spectrum of a monolayer graphene sample, we describe the design and development of a high-efficiency optical measurement device for operation within the small bore of a high-power magnet at low temperature. For the high-efficiency measurement of light emitted from this small region, we designed a compact confocal optics with lens focusing and tilting systems, and used a piezodriven translation stage that allows micron-scale focus control of the sample position. In addition, we show a detailed technique of adjustment of optical axes, and explain the importance of the focusing and tilting systems. The operation of the device was confirmed by Raman scattering measurements of monolayer graphene on quartz glass with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Though the light collection efficiency of the device is about 240-fold smaller than that of a conventional optical microscope, the device has a sufficient collection efficiency for detecting the Raman scattering light of monolayer graphene.

Blood Contamination of the Small Bore Peripheral Intravenous Catheter in Neonates.

Peripheral Intravenous Catheters (PIV) are extensively used in sick neonates for administration of medicines and nutrition. When these PIVs are used on intermittent basis, they are flushed with saline in order to keep the hub of the catheter free from blood. Presence of blood in the hub of the catheter can be potentially dangerous as it could facilitate infection. The aim of this study was to find the magnitude of blood contamination of PIV catheter hub after routine flushing. We measured the volume of 24 g PIV by filling it with saline and thereby measuring its volume. The PIVs which were in situ for at least 6 hours and removed were used for this study. These catheters were flushed with 0.2 ml of saline and the RBC count was calculated. A total of 94 PIVs were studied, out of which 84% showed blood tinged residual flush and 15% of them had visible blood clot. All (100%) of the catheter studied showed RBCs on microscopic examination. The median RBC count was 36960/cu mm and the interquartile range was 10000 - 113920/cu mm. The highest RBC count was 2080000/cu mm. Blood contamination of the small bore PIVs after flushing is universal in neonates.