Small Bang Research Articles

Experimental demonstration of two types of galaxies: matter galaxies and antimatter galaxies

This paper presents a novel analysis of galaxy formation through the lens of the Small Bang Model, which posits the existence of two distinct types of galaxies generated by micro black holes: matter galaxies generated by antimatter supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and antimatter galaxies generated by matter SMBHs. The relationship between the mass of galaxies and their respective SMBHs is explored, leading to the derivation of two specific mass ratios: 918 for matter galaxies and 324 for antimatter galaxies. By using a dataset of 100 galaxies from a reliable source, the research identifies two separate subsets of galaxies with low measurement error, totaling 41 galaxies. Among these, 31 galaxies (77%) are identified as matter galaxies with a mass ratio of 918, while 10 galaxies (23%) are classified as antimatter galaxies with a mass ratio of 324. The analysis reveals that, despite measurement noise, the data aligns closely with the theoretical predictions for these two distinct types of galaxies. The research provides a strong indication that galaxies and their SMBHs are governed by fixed mass relationships, challenging the idea that these relationships are random or nonlinear. This supports the Small Bang Model, which offers a compelling alternative to the Big Bang Model, with no initial singularity and a universe emerging from a low-energy state. The findings suggest that this model not only explains the formation of spiral galaxies but also accounts for the origin of supermassive black holes at the center of each galaxy. Further study is encouraged, as this discovery opens new avenues for understanding the role of antimatter in the universe and the formation of galaxies.

The CAT’s race: Who will claim this nobel prize?

This article explores the competitive scientific endeavor to detect the Cosmic FM Background (CFMB), a predicted radiation whose discovery could substantiate the Small Bang model and potentially challenge the prevailing Big Bang paradigm in cosmology. We delve into the theoretical foundation of CFMB, detailing methodologies for its detection and discussing the profound implications such a discovery would hold for astrophysics. The detection of CFMB would not only shift current cosmological theories but also pave the way for new understanding of the universe’s earliest moments.

How does standardization affect OTC markets in the long term? Evidence from the small bang reform in the CDS market

Focusing on the most liquid segment of the European CDS market, this paper studies the impact of a key standardization reform, known as the CDS Small Bang. We document that the reform provided unexpected long-term consequences. Particularly, we show that the introduction of an upfront fee to standardize the cash flow of CDS contracts created an initial capital cost for traders, which acts as a friction that increases CDS prices. This relation holds after accounting for well-known determinants of spreads, suggesting a separate funding channel driven by the greater capital intensity of trading. This effect grows in magnitude for several years following the implementation of the reform, becomes stronger when dealers are likely to bear the initial capital cost and is present across all industries, except for swaps written on financials shortly after the reform was introduced.

A Comprehensive Overview of the Ulianov Theory

BThis article provides a comprehensive overview of the Ulianov Theory (UT), a pioneering model formulated by Dr. Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov. The UT offers a revolutionary approach to understanding the universe, anchored in mathematical rigor and logical scrutiny. Central to its framework is a redefined conception of time, positing it as a digital and complex variable time dimension and aligning the notion of imaginary time, with six digital spatial dimensions (three normal space dimensions an three spatial wrapped dimensions) named as General Octo-Dimension Universe (GODU), that also can see like four five-dimensions subuniverses separate by walls of space and walls of time, an original idea proposed by Issac Asimov in 1966 to explain a ”four leaf clover universe” beginning for noting, with the antimatter universes going to the negative time direction (travel to the past before the Big Bang). The Ulianov theory present a 12 basic particles model (6 particles and 6 antiparticles, like the quarks) seems as elastic holes in walls of time and space. The connections between it proposes particles properties (mass and electric charge) are familiar within our observable universe. In challenging prevailing scientific paradigms, UT beckons the scientific community to reassess foundational beliefs. The UT is based on only two fundamental forces (gravitational and eletromagnetic), replacing the Nuclear Strong add Week Forces by an Gravitational Contact Force, that becomes in play only wen two masses becomes in contact (with a Planck distance between then). Additionally, the article delves into a novel String Theory model (when photons, protons electrons and neutrons are basically the same length string, but wrapped in distinct ways). The UT also presents the ”Small Bang” hypothesis, suggesting the universe’s genesis from a small and cold space bubble (only a Planck length of diameter), with antimatter micro black hole becomes supermassive antimatter black holes and generating matter and antimatter (in the same proportion), stolen energy by the cosmic inflation field. Within the UT’s purview, seminal equations from classical physics, Einstein’s theories of relativity, and quantum mechanics are eloquently derived.

Small Bang Model: A New Paradigm for Understanding Universe Creation

The Small Bang Model (SBM) introduces a revolutionary framework for the genesis of the universe, challenging conventional cosmological theories. By suggesting the universe originated from a zero-mass state, facilitated by antimatter black holes, the SBM provides fresh insights into galaxy formation and the distribution of matter and antimatter. This paper outlines the SBM’s foundational principles, contrasts it with the Big Bang theory, and highlights its potential to resolve longstanding cosmological puzzles. Notably, it presents empirical validations demonstrating distinct mass relationships between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, supporting a novel classification into matter and antimatter galaxies. The Small Bang model is founded on two pivotal concepts: the theory of Cosmic Inflation and the principle of ‘Shunyata Universe’s Gene- sis’ (or ’Emptiness Universe’s Genesis’), a framework envisioning the universe’s inception as small, empty, and cold, entirely devoid of matter or energy. These SBM findings offer a groundbreaking perspective on the early universe’s dynamics and the distribution of cosmic matter, deepening our understanding of cosmic inflation. Consequently, we invite physicists to study, comprehend, and assess the new cosmological model proposed by the Small Bang Model.

Revolutionizing cosmology: the small bang model and its implications on universe genesis

The Small Bang Model (SBM) introduces a revolutionary framework for the genesis of the universe, challenging conventional cosmological theories. By sug-gesting the universe originated from a zero-mass state, facilitated by antimatter black holes, the SBM provides fresh insights into galaxy formation and the dis-tribution of matter and antimatter. This paper outlines the SBM’s foundational principles, contrasts it with the Big Bang theory, and highlights its potential to resolve longstanding cosmological puzzles. Notably, it presents empirical valida-tions demonstrating distinct mass relationships between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, supporting a novel classification into matter and anti-matter galaxies. The Small Bang model is founded on two pivotal concepts: the theory of Cosmic Inflation and the principle of ’Shunyata Universe’s Genesis’ (or’Emptiness Universe’s Genesis’), a framework envisioning the universe’s incep-tion as small, empty, and cold, entirely devoid of matter or energy. Within this Shunyata beginning, the cosmos as we witness today, abundant in matter and energy, was forged during the 2µs duration of cosmic inflation. Throughout this period, the substantial energy of the Inflaton field was harnessed either through the mediation of micro black holes or directly by the Inflaton’s influence on the spacetime fabric itself. This era was marked by the continuous creation of matter and antimatter particle pairs (such as proton-antiproton and electron-positron, including the creation of photon-antiphoton pairs), permeating the entire expand-ing universe. The SBM predicts that the massive annihilation of antiparticles, induced by the inflaton field throughout the entire universe in the final 15 ns of cosmic inflation, generated two tomographic scans: Cosmic Antiproton Tomogra-phy (CAT) radiation and Cosmic Positron Tomography (CPT) radiation. These two tomographies serve as evidence of the inflaton field’s existence, allowing us to calculate its principal parameters and also to create images of the interiors of hydrogen clouds that formed the first galaxies at the end of cosmic inflation. This phenomenon has not yet been fully understood by physicists because the photons from CAT radiation have shifted into the microwave range, generating the Cos-mic Microwave Background (CMB), and the CPT radiation has transitioned into the FM range, producing the Cosmic FM Background (CFMB), which is 1013 times weaker than the CMB. This weaker signal can be confused with noise gen-erated by FM equipment, thus remaining undetected. These SBM findings offer a groundbreaking perspective on the early universe’s dynamics and the distribu-tion of cosmic matter, and dark matter origin, deepening our understanding of cosmic inflation. Consequently, we invite physicists to study, comprehend, and assess the new cosmological Shunyata beginning, proposed by the Small Bang Model.

Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes and 23 Antimatter Galaxies.

Initial results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment indicate no discernible difference in the gravitational behavior between matter and antimatter, challenging CP violation models. Given that antimatter exhibits the same gravitational behavior as matter, distinguishing between a supermassive black hole (SMBH) composed of matter and an antimatter supermassive black hole (ASMBH) becomes challenging, as their gravitational effects are indistinguishable. This raises the question: Could the SMBH in the Milky Way, and all observed spiral galaxies, potentially be an ASMBH, with its event horizon concealing the equivalent number of antimatter particles, thereby preventing matter-antimatter destruction within a matter galaxy? This article assesses astronomical data comparing the mass of 100 SMBHs with their host galaxies. A theoretical value for the logarithmic mass relationship Log( MStellar /MSMBH ) is presented: 2.963 for ASMBHs situated in matter galaxies, and 2.285 for MSBHs in antimatter galaxies. This relationship, derived from the Ulianov Theory, is based on the premise of matter galaxy formation from protons and electrons expelled by ASMBHs during cosmic inflation. The same theory also posits antimatter galaxy formation from antiprotons and positrons released by matter SMBHs during this period. The database analysis (of 100 galaxies and their respective SMBHs) revealed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, resulting in a logarithmic relationship value of (2.945 ± 0.018) for the Log(MStellar/MASMBH ), while 23% are composed of matter, resulting in a value of (2.267 ± 0.036) for the Log( MAStellar/MSMBH). The congruence between these values and the theoretical prediction is likely not mere coincidence. A thorough examination of the results confirms the model's validity and underscores the precision of astronomers' mass measurements, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors beyond the predicted range. This discovery is pivotal, as it suggests the Ulianov Theory's potential to produce novel predictions, such as this model. Originating from a cold and empty universe, this model outlines the galaxy mass formation process, in which ASMBHs harness energy from cosmic inflation, converting it into matter and antimatter particles. This process is termed the "Small Bang" model by the author, reflecting its cold and gradual nature, contrasting the explosive nature of the "Big Bang".

The small bang theory: A complementary alternative to the big bang cosmology with implications for physics, biology, and chemistry

While perhaps more in the purview of physics, the hypothesis proposed here still has wide-ranging implications for biological living systems as well. Central to it are the fundamental particles known as electrons, which of course also play a central role in the electron transport chain and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions found throughout not only inorganic, but organic and biochemistry, in addition to biology. The formerly mentioned electron transport chain involves the incremental extraction of energy from electrons in living biological systems, while the latter is characterized by loss of electrons by one chemical species – oxidation – and subsequent gain of those electrons – reduction – by an adjacent chemical species. Such is the basis for nearly every, if not all metabolic processes in living organisms.

Exon Elongation Added Intrinsically Disordered Regions to the Encoded Proteins and Facilitated the Emergence of the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor.

Most prokaryotic proteins consist of a single structural domain (SD) with little intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that by themselves do not adopt stable structures, whereas the typical eukaryotic protein comprises multiple SDs and IDRs. How eukaryotic proteins evolved to differ from prokaryotic proteins has not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that the longer the internal exons are, the more frequently they encode IDRs in eight eukaryotes including vertebrates, invertebrates, a fungus, and plants. Based on this observation, we propose the "small bang" model from the proteomic viewpoint: the protoeukaryotic genes had no introns and mostly encoded one SD each, but a majority of them were subsequently divided into multiple exons (step 1). Many exons unconstrained by SDs elongated to encode IDRs (step 2). The elongated exons encoding IDRs frequently facilitated the acquisition of multiple SDs to make the last common ancestor of eukaryotes (step 3). One prediction of the model is that long internal exons are mostly unconstrained exons. Analytical results of the eight eukaryotes are consistent with this prediction. In support of the model, we identified cases of internal exons that elongated after the rat-mouse divergence and discovered that the expanded sections are mostly in unconstrained exons and preferentially encode IDRs. The model also predicts that SDs followed by long internal exons tend to have other SDs downstream. This prediction was also verified in all the eukaryotic species analyzed. Our model accounts for the dichotomy between prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins and proposes a selective advantage conferred by IDRs.

Standardization, transparency initiatives, and liquidity in the CDS market

We investigate liquidity changes in the credit default swap (CDS) market around two events that increased market transparency and standardization during the Great Financial Crisis: the dissemination of CDS positions starting in November 2008, and the implementation of the Small Bang in July 2009. We build an econometric model based on bid and ask quotes to measure liquidity in thinly traded CDSs. We find that, after the release of CDS positions, the market-wide deterioration in liquidity is less important for banks, consistent with information revelation alleviating systemic risk uncertainty. The Small Bang also improved liquidity, particularly for more illiquid CDSs.

How does standardization affect OTC markets? Evidence from the Small Bang reform in the CDS market

Focusing on the most liquid segment of the European CDS market, this paper studies the impact of key standardization reforms. We document that the introduction of an upfront fee to standardize the cash flow of CDS contracts created an initial capital cost for traders, leading to higher CDS prices. This relation holds after accounting for well-known determinants of spreads, suggesting a separate funding channel driven by the greater capital intensity of trading. This effect is stronger when dealers are likely to bear the initial capital cost and is present across all industries, except for swaps written on financials.

Singularities in Einstein–conformally coupled Higgs cosmological models

The dynamics of Einstein-conformally coupled Higgs field (EccH) system is investigated near the initial singularities in the presence of Friedman-Robertson--Walker symmetries. We solve the field equations asymptotically up to fourth order near the singularities analytically, and determine the solutions numerically as well. We found all the asymptotic, power series singular solutions, which are (1) solutions with a scalar polynomial curvature singularity but the Higgs field is bounded (`Small Bang'), or (2) solutions with a Milne type singularity with bounded spacetime curvature and Higgs field, or (3) solutions with a scalar polynomial curvature singularity and diverging Higgs field (`Big Bang'). Thus, in the present EccH model there is a new kind of physical spacetime singularity (`Small Bang'). We also show that, in a neighbourhood of the singularity in these solutions, the Higgs sector does not have any symmetry breaking instantaneous vacuum state, and hence then the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism does not work. The large scale behaviour of the solutions is investigated numerically as well. In particular, the numerical calculations indicate that there are singular solutions that cannot be approximated by power series.

Credit Default Swap Spreads: Funding Liquidity Matters!

This paper explores the relationship between funding liquidity and credit default swap (CDS) spreads, evidencing the effects of the regulatory changes brought about by the introduction of the CDS Small Bang reforms for CDS contracts on European reference entities in June 2009. Using panel estimations, this study provides evidence that a tightening of funding liquidity increases CDS spreads, an effect which is three times larger in magnitude for high-CDS entities compared to low-CDS firms. This relationship increases in magnitude and significance after the implementation of the CDS Small Bang reforms which introduced fixed coupons for trading CDSs, leading to the exchange of upfront fees between CDS contract parties.

CDS and Credit: Testing the Small Bang Theory of the Financial Universe with Micro Data

Does hedging motivate CDS trading and does that affect the availability of credit? To answer these questions we couple comprehensive bank-firm level CDS trading data from the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation with the German credit register containing bilateral bank-firm credit exposures. We find that following the Small Bang in the European CDS market, extant credit relationships with riskier firms increase banks' CDS trading and hedging of these firms. Properly hedged banks holding more CDS contracts of riskier firms supply relatively more credit to these firms. Our results are overall stronger for firm CDSs experiencing larger improvements in liquidity.

The Big Smallness: Niche Marketing, the American Culture Wars, and the New Children's Literature by Michelle Abate

Reviewed by: The Big Smallness: Niche Marketing, the American Culture Wars, and the New Children's Literature by Michelle Abate Amanda K. Allen (bio) Michelle Abate. The Big Smallness: Niche Marketing, the American Culture Wars, and the New Children's Literature. New York: Routledge, 2016. Print. Michelle Abate's The Big Smallness provides a "small bang theory" of niche book publishing for children. It acts, if readers will forgive my simile, as a literary turducken: the text is an impressive illustration of how to read picture books, wrapped in an analysis of the changing topography of twenty-first century children's publishing, and deliciously enveloped in an examination of the polarized American culture wars. Abate centers her book on careful analyses of five picture books: Ricardo Cortés's It's Just a Plant (2005), Michael Salzhauer's My Beautiful Mommy (2008), Paul M. Kramer's Maggie Goes on a Diet (2011), Thierry Lenian's Little Zizi (2007), and Janice Barrett Graham's Me Tarzan, You Jane (2011), placing them at the epicenter of a "synergistic relationship" between niche marketing and the ongoing U.S. culture wars. She suggests that niche-market picture books "reveal the way in which children, childhood, and children's literature are highly political as well as heavily politicized in the United States in the twenty-first century" (4). Crucially, she asserts that these texts therefore act as a barometer for measuring our perceptions regarding children, childhood, and, significantly, the function of narratives for younger readers. These are large assertions for a book that focuses on only five texts published over a six-year period, but Abate's careful integration of picture book analysis with examinations of the political climate surrounding each "niche" provide a solid argument. In her introduction, she provides a background history of "nichification" in the United States, focusing on Americans' growing dissatisfaction with mass-produced goods during the 1960s and 1970s, and on the increasing power of goods marketed to specific groups such as women, racial and ethnic minorities, and gays and lesbians. This historical overview allows the reader—particularly one not familiar with market economics—to understand the seeming paradox at the heart of niche markets: that by tailoring products to specialized groups, corporations are able to sell more than when they target a mass audience. Abate suggests that this historical shift in marketing has been driven in large part by the polarization of the American political climate, leading to an economic shift from a "one-size fits all" mentality to "small batch customization." Children's literature, she reveals, is no exception to this shift. While she acknowledges that children's picture books have traditionally focused on [End Page 269] experiences and themes that were deemed to be universal, these new niche books "[reflect] the steady nichification of millennial life" (3) in that "they are about a very specific topic for an equally specific audience" (3). Although the topics explored within each of her chosen texts cover a wide territory—including marijuana, a mother's plastic surgery, the small size of one's penis, pediatric obesity, and the ex-(pre)-gay movement—Abate carefully replicates similar patterns in each chapter, allowing her readers to compare seemingly incomparable areas. She does so by identifying the niche topic, providing a historical overview of that area, and interweaving this contextual information with a nuanced close reading of each text, using as her lens multiple theories of how picture books work, including those posited by Maria Nikolajeva and Carole Scott, Perry Nodelman, and Martin Salisbury and Morag Styles, as well as her own. At first, Abate's historical contextualization may sometimes feel as if it is veering away from the main analysis. Her history of the criminalization of marijuana (which she provides in her analysis of Ricardo Cortés's It's Just a Plant), for example, highlights everything from hemp as a major crop for American colonists to Depression-era "reefer madness" hysteria, and from the growing acceptance of cannabis during the Vietnam War era to the accompanying backlash mandated by Nancy Reagan's "Just Say No" antidrug campaign. Yet Abate soon makes obvious the importance of such detailed information to the politics of...

Transparency Regime Initiatives and Liquidity in the CDS Market

This paper investigates liquidity changes in the corporate CDS market around two events that increased market transparency in the midst of the financial crisis: the regular dissemination of post-trade data by DTCC starting November 2008, and the implementation of the Small Bang in June 2009. We build an econometric model based on intra-daily bid and ask quotes to measure liquidity and volatility in thinly traded CDS. We find that, after DTCC's release, the market-wide deterioration in CDS liquidity becomes less important for banks and major dealers, consistent with information revelation on counterparty risk. The Small Bang also improved liquidity, particularly for more illiquid CDS.

'Testing the Small Bang Theory of the Financial Universe' From Bank-Firm Exposures to Changes in CDS Trading and Credit

'Testing the Small Bang Theory of the Financial Universe' From Bank-Firm Exposures to Changes in CDS Trading and Credit

Small Bang? The Impact of Divorce Legislation on Marital Breakdown in Ireland

Small Bang? The Impact of Divorce Legislation on Marital Breakdown in Ireland

The revival of white holes as Small Bangs

Black holes are extremely dense and compact objects from which light cannot escape. There is an overall consensus that black holes exist and many astronomical objects are identified with black holes. White holes were understood as the exact time reversal of black holes, therefore they should continuously throw away material. It is accepted, however, that a persistent ejection of mass leads to gravitational pressure, the formation of a black hole and thus to the “death of while holes”. So far, no astronomical source has been successfully tagged a white hole. The only known white hole is the Big Bang which was instantaneous rather than continuous or long-lasting. We thus suggest that the emergence of a white hole, which we name a ‘Small Bang’, is spontaneous – all the matter is ejected at a single pulse. Thus, unlike black holes, white holes cannot be continuously observed rather their effect can only be detected around the event itself. γ-ray bursts are the most energetic explosions in the universe. Long γ-ray bursts were connected with supernova eruptions. There is a new group of γ-ray bursts, which are relatively close to Earth, but surprisingly lack any supernova emission. We propose identifying these bursts with white holes. White holes seem like the best explanation of γ-ray bursts that appear in voids. We also predict the detection of rare gigantic γ-ray bursts with energies much higher than typically observed.

Small Bang in the Singapore Media

This paper sets out to explain the changes that have been taking place in the Singapore media scene in recent years. Singapore, as the authors explain, is in a process of transition and this creates both challenges and opportunities to both government and media operators.