Slow Motion Replay Research Articles

Analysis of Goals Conceded by Goalkeepers in Two FIFA World Cups

<p>目的：探討兩屆世足賽中守門員各時段、傷停補時、球衣顏色對失球因素分布情形，並提供相關實務建議與策略。方法：以影像觀察法為主，透過電腦網路影片，經由慢速播放記錄各項失球因素與FIFA官方數據加以反覆交叉核對，分析兩屆世足賽守門員失球因素共128場。研究方法以利用卡方檢定、描述性研究以及比較百分比來進行研究分析守門員各項失球數據。結果：一、失球時間分析：兩屆世足賽皆為下半場102球與101球 (占61.4%與60.1%) 高於上半場64球與67球 (占38.6%與39.9%)。二、傷停補時分析：兩屆世足賽皆為下半場20球與15球 (占87.0%與75%) 高於上半場3球與5球 (占13.0%與25%)。三、球衣顏色分析：兩屆世足賽中發現守門員皆身穿橘色球衣時失球時間較快。結論：一、失球時間：下半場失分上升涵蓋多種因素，包含球員與守門員脫水、體能耗盡、比賽節奏加快、球隊戰術改變、觀察與判斷能力下降、注意力不集中、防守失誤等。二、傷停補時分析：此時段應特別留意球員的壓力和身心狀態，球隊可根據比分情況採取不同策略，藉此提高比賽勝算。三、球衣顏色分析：教練在選擇球衣顏色時應多加留意，球員們藉由身穿不同顏色的球衣進行視覺訓練來強化對視覺的感知與適應力，以降低失球風險。</p> <p> </p><p>Purposes: This study aimed to analyze the distribution of factors contributing to goals conceded by goalkeepers in two FIFA World Cups, incorporating considerations of distinct time periods, additional time, and jersey colors. Methods: Employing observational methods, the research utilized internet video clips, slow-motion replays, and cross-verification with official FIFA data to analyze 128 games from two World Cups. The data were analyzed using Chi-Square tests, descriptive studies, and comparative percentages to scrutinize various factors influencing goals conceded by goalkeepers. Results: a) Goal concession time analysis: across both World Cups, a higher number of goals were conceded in the second half, accounting for 61.4% and 60.1%, compared to the first half with 38.6% and 39.9%, respectively; b) Additional time analysis: the analysis indicates that more goals were conceded during the second half, constituting 87.0% and 75% in the two World Cups, as opposed to the first half with 13.0% and 25%, respectively; c) Jersey color analysis: goalkeepers wearing orange jerseys were found to concede goals more frequently in both World Cups. Conclusion: The study identifies significant insights, a) Factors contributing to increased goals in the second half encompass player and goalkeeper dehydration, physical exhaustion, heightened game tempo, tactical adjustments, diminished game reading, decreased concentration, and defensive errors; b) Coaches are advised to closely monitor players’ stress levels, physical and mental conditions during additional time. Adopting and adjusting strategies during this period can enhance a team’s chances of success; c) Coaches should exercise caution in selecting jersey colors, as goalkeepers wearing orange jerseys exhibited a higher susceptibility to conceding goals. Players can enhance visual perception and adaptability through training with jerseys of diverse colors, mitigating the risk of conceding goals.</p> <p> </p>

At-Risk Tackling Techniques and Effectiveness in English Premiership Rugby.

Head-down tackling has been associated with higher rates of head and neck injuries and less successful tackles compared with head-up tackling in American football. In rugby, head and neck injuries have been associated with tackling, with the tackler's head positioned in front of the ball carrier. To assess the success and risks of tackling techniques used in the English Rugby Premiership matches. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Three reviewers analyzed 1000 consecutive solo defensive tackling attempts during the 2022 to 2023 season in 6 English Rugby Premiership matches. Slow-motion replays were used to analyze the success of the tackling attempt in terms of head angulation (head up vs head down), head position relative to the offensive player's waist at point of contact, and tackling method (inside shoulder, arm, head across the bow, and head-to-head). The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical data, and the 2-tailed Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze continuous data. The mean interrater reliabilities for analyzing the tackles were good across all groups (κ = 0.715). Head-up and head-down tackling occurred in 848 tackle attempts (84.8%) and 152 tackle attempts (15.2%), respectively. Head-up tackles were successful in 80.7% of the tackle attempts compared with 71.1% of the head-down tackle attempts (P = .0072). Tackles made at or above the waist were successful in 80.7% of the tackle attempts compared with 73.1% of tackles below the waist (P = .0193). The inside-shoulder technique had the highest successful tackle rate at 90.8%, compared with 44.2% with the arm technique (P < .0001) and 72.4% with the head-across-the-bow technique (P < .0001). The inside-shoulder technique resulted in head-up tackling in 84.8% of players compared with 59.8% with the head-across-the-bow technique (P < .0001) and 94.9% with arm tackling (P = .0001). There were 4 recorded injuries to the tackler: 2 neck injuries, 1 shoulder injury, and 1 wrist/hand injury. Head-up tackling, tackles made at or above the level of the offensive player's waist, and inside-shoulder tackling were found to be more efficient in producing successful tackles. The head-down, tackling below the waist, and head-across-the-bow techniques were associated with poor tackling and lower success rates.

At-Risk Tackling Techniques and Effectiveness in NCAA Division I Collegiate Football.

Head-down tackling has been associated with injuries to the brachial plexus, cervical spine, and head in high school and collegiate American football. Head-down tackling has also been associated with decreased effectiveness in successful tackles compared with head-up tackling. To assess tackling techniques used during National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football games and to evaluate the successful tackling rates according to technique. Cross-sectional study. Three reviewers analyzed 1000 consecutive solo defensive tackling attempts made in the 2021 season (October to December) by 8 universities within the NCAA Southeastern Conference. Slow-motion replays were used to analyze the success of the tackling attempt, the tackling method, and the initial point of contact with respect to the offensive player's waist. The chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical data, and the 2-tailed Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze continuous data. Head-up and head-down tackling occurred in 902 (90.2%) and 98 (9.8%) tackle attempts, respectively. Head-up tackles were successful in 76.2% of the attempts compared with 55.1% for head-down tackles (P < .001). Tackles were made at or above the offensive player's waist in 777 (77.7%) attempts and below the waist in 223 (22.3%) attempts. Tackles at or above the waist were successful in 77.6% of the attempts compared with 61.9% of tackles below the waist (P < .001). The inside-shoulder method was used in 592 (59.2%) tackles, the arm method in 317 (31.7%), the head-across-the-bow method in 72 (7.2%), and the helmet-to-helmet method in 19 (1.9%). Inside-shoulder tackles had the highest success rate of 93.2%, compared with 41.6% for arm (P < .001), 59.7% for head-across-the-bow (P < .001), and 73.7% for helmet-to-helmet (P = .001) tackles. Inside-shoulder tackles resulted in head-up tackling in 92.9% compared with 41.7% for head-across-the-bow (P < .001) and 57.9% for helmet-to-helmet (P < .001) tackles. There were no recorded injuries to the tackler. Head-up tackles, tackles made at or above the offensive player's waist, and inside-shoulder tackles had the highest success rates. Head-down tackling and tackling below the waist were associated with poor tackling methods, including head-across-the-bow and helmet-to-helmet tackles, which had lower success rates.

A slow-motion replay of the last glacial period

A slow-motion replay of the last glacial period

Is the perception of intent by association football officials influenced by video playback speed?

Recent research on motion perception indicates that when we view actions in slow-motion, the perceived degree of intent behind those actions can increase. Slow-motion replays are widely used in the checking and review of refereeing decisions by video assistant referees (VAR) in association football. To test whether the decisions of referees are subject to such a bias, 80 elite English professional football officials made decisions about 60 incidents recorded in professional European leagues (recorded as fouls, yellow-card offences or red-card offences by the on-field referee). Both real-time (1×) and slow-motion (0.25×) playback speeds were used. Participants had no prior knowledge of the incidents, playback speeds or disciplinary sanctions relating to each clip. Three judgements were made about each incident: extent of contact, degree of intent, and disciplinary sanction. Results showed an effect of playback speed on decision-making, but not a consistent bias due to slow-motion. Instead the distinction between yellow-card and red-card offences was clearer: Under slow-motion, yellow-card incidents were judged as less severe, and red-card incidents are judged as more severe, thus enhancing the distinction between these offences. These results are inconsistent with previous scientific reports that perceived intent is heightened by slow video playback speed.

Instant Replay

AbstractIn a first part, the contribution goes through different competing and/or complementary concepts of ontography as they appear in phenomenology, object-oriented ontology, science and technology studies, and semiotics. From this comparative examination, the text develops a notion of ontography in contrast to that of ontology. It highlights the ontography of temporal objects and adds a specific media-philosophical approach to it by concentrating on the operations and tools of ontographical writing, registering or drawing being in time. In a second part, ontography is analysed as a techno-aesthetic operation on television, namely as the core of the slow motion replay. Four spectacular examples of instant replay are taken from the history of television that make the writing of an extended and malleable presence through television visible. From that, the contribution develops a hypothesis about the ontographical functioning of the medium of television and of its approach to the world.

3. 8K 240-Hz High-speed Camera and Slow-motion Replay Systems

3. 8K 240-Hz High-speed Camera and Slow-motion Replay Systems

The impact of video speed on the decision-making process of sports officials

There is an increasing trend in association football (soccer) to assist referees in their decision-making with video technology. For decisions such as whether a goal has been scored or which player actually committed a foul, video technology can provide more objective information and be valuable to increase decisional accuracy. It is unclear, however, to what extent video replays can aid referee decisions in the case of foul-play situations in which the decision is typically more ambiguous. In this study, we specifically evaluated the impact of slow-motion replays on decision-making by referees. To this end, elite referees of five different countries (n = 88) evaluated 60 different foul-play situations taken from international matches, replayed in either real time or slow motion. Our results revealed that referees penalized situations more severely in slow motion compared to real time (e.g. red card with a yellow card reference decision). Our results provide initial evidence that video replay speed can have an important impact on the disciplinary decision given by the referee in case of foul play. The study also provides a real-life test-case for theories and insights regarding causality perception.

Non-Fiction Transmedia: Seriality and Forensics in Media Sport

The article uses two examples (from 1908 and 1966) to analyse in greater detail why and how sport’s transmedia dynamic is very much fostered by the close interrelations between the seriality of sport events and the forensic attitude of fans. Two arguments are of special importance: (1) While social media add to forensic fandom’s proliferation, it was sport’s strongly serialized evaluation of performances that actually triggered the “spreadability” of sport-related topics across different media, first doing so at the end of the 19th century. What is more, modern sport owes its very existence to the cross-media circulation of its events. (2) So far, transmedia has mainly been researched with respect to fictional content, yet existing research on documentary transmedia forms and social media seriality has shown that the inclusion of non-fiction can broaden our knowledge of how storytelling sprawls across media and takes advantage of their specific affordances. This, I want to argue, ensures that sport is an insightful and important example for the understanding of transmedia world-building.

Does slow motion impact on the perception of foul play in football?

Objectives: Slow-motion replays of foul play situations are now used in the education and training of sports officials. We investigated the impact of video speed on the decision-making process of association football referees and how this interacted with expertise. Methods: Three different groups of referees, varying in level of expertise, assessed video clips from an in-game perspective. Video clips represented corner kick and open play situations in which a foul occurred or not. For these foul/no foul situations, the referees had to make a technical (no foul; indirect free kick; direct free kick; or penalty kick) and a disciplinary decision (no card; yellow card; or red card), under both slow-motion and real-time viewing conditions. Accuracy scores were determined by comparing participant’s responses with the decisions of an expert panel. Results: Significant differences were observed across groups for foul/no foul situations, suggesting that the experts were able to process the available information more effectively than their less expert colleagues. The accuracy scores for the technical decision were higher in slow motion (67%) compared to a real-time viewing condition (56%), particularly for corner kick situations. No differences were found between real time and slow motion for the disciplinary decision. Conclusions: Slow-motion footage results in higher accuracy scores for complex technical decisions. These findings have implications for the use of slow-motion replays in the decision-making process of referees.

Slow motion increases perceived intent.

To determine the appropriate punishment for a harmful action, people must often make inferences about the transgressor's intent. In courtrooms and popular media, such inferences increasingly rely on video evidence, which is often played in "slow motion." Four experiments (n = 1,610) involving real surveillance footage from a murder or broadcast replays of violent contact in professional football demonstrate that viewing an action in slow motion, compared with regular speed, can cause viewers to perceive an action as more intentional. This slow motion intentionality bias occurred, in part, because slow motion video caused participants to feel like the actor had more time to act, even when they knew how much clock time had actually elapsed. Four additional experiments (n = 2,737) reveal that allowing viewers to see both regular speed and slow motion replay mitigates the bias, but does not eliminate it. We conclude that an empirical understanding of the effect of slow motion on mental state attribution should inform the life-or-death decisions that are currently based on tacit assumptions about the objectivity of human perception.

A novel method for slow motion replay detection in broadcast basketball video

Slow motion replays are valuable for sports video analysis. Many methods for slow motion replay detection have been proposed, and they are classified into two categories. One assumes that a replay is sandwiched by a pair of visually similar special digital video effects, but the assumption is not always true in basketball videos. The other analyzes replay features to distinguish replay segments from non-replay segments. The results are not satisfactory since some features (e.g. dominant color of sports field) are not applicable for basketball. Most replay detectors focus on soccer videos. In this paper, we propose a novel idea to detect slow motion replays in basketball videos. The existence of scoreboard is referred to filter large amount of non-replay frames, this improves detection accuracy. After scoreboard frame filtering, every consecutive non-scoreboard frame sequence bounded by scoreboard frames are considered as a non-scoreboard segment. Characteristics of replays and non-replays are observed to create features, which can be used to detect replays and prune non-replays from non-scoreboard segments. Experimental results show that the proposed replay detection method is applicable for both kinds of basketball videos with/without TV commercials. As compared with previous researches for basketball videos, our method presents the superior performance.

Multi-modal highlight generation for sports videos using an information-theoretic excitability measure

Abstract The ability to detect and organize ‘hot spots’ representing areas of excitement within video streams is a challenging research problem when techniques rely exclusively on video content. A generic method for sports video highlight selection is presented in this study which leverages both video/image structure as well as audio/speech properties. Processing begins where the video is partitioned into small segments and several multi-modal features are extracted from each segment. Excitability is computed based on the likelihood of the segmental features residing in certain regions of their joint probability density function space which are considered both exciting and rare. The proposed measure is used to rank order the partitioned segments to compress the overall video sequence and produce a contiguous set of highlights. Experiments are performed on baseball videos based on signal processing advancements for excitement assessment in the commentators’ speech, audio energy, slow motion replay, scene cut density, and motion activity as features. Detailed analysis on correlation between user excitability and various speech production parameters is conducted and an effective scheme is designed to estimate the excitement level of commentator’s speech from the sports videos. Subjective evaluation of excitability and ranking of video segments demonstrate a higher correlation with the proposed measure compared to well-established techniques indicating the effectiveness of the overall approach.

Analysis on the Structure and the Hidden Markov Model

With the rapid development of multimedia communications and the computer network technology, video information has a rising proportion in multimedia information. It owns the great amount of data so that it can obtain accurate information for needed video retrieval research, which has become one of the hot topics of research in this field. By taking soccer video for example, this paper firstly analyzes structure of the soccer video and framework structure. Based on this, this paper makes a specific analysis on the extraction of soccer video feature by combining with the literature to apply SSD apparent characteristic. And then, assisted by the improvement of Hidden Markov Model (HMM), this paper constructs the second frame differential method to detect the shot of soccer video. The test results show that the precision of this method is higher in close-up and misjudgment slow motion. However, it has certain leak detection in slow motion replay of high speed movement.

An Effective Slow-Motion Detection Approach for Compressed Soccer Videos

Slow-motion replays are content full segments of broadcast soccer videos. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for detection of slow-motion shots produced by high-speed cameras in soccer broadcasts. A rich set of color, motion, and cinematic features are extracted from compressed video by partial decoding of the MPEG-1 bitstream. Then, slow-motion shots are modeled by SVM classifiers for each shot class. A set of six full-match soccer games is used for training and evaluation of the proposed method. Our algorithm presents satisfactory results along with high speed for slow-motion detection in soccer videos.

Der moderne Siegle-Trichter – Eine Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung zum Umrüsten eines 0°-Endoskops zum pneumatischen Video-Otoskop

The simple technique of Siegle's otoscope has unfortunately passed out of date. Ever since, tympanometry gives a general view over pressure conditions in the middle ear in a fast way. Only with pneumatic otoscopy, the examiner gets more detailed information if the tympanic membrane is sclerotic or retracted. In a step by step manual we are able to show an easy and inexpensive way to convert a 0 degrees telescope into a pneumatic video otoscope only by using accessories one can find in any ENT clinic. Again the examination technique with the pneumatic otoscope is very simple, with the benefit of getting video images for analysis in slow motion and action replay and not at least for storage. Sample images of exemplary clinical findings are given to top off the instruction.

Slow Motion and Zoom in HD Digital Videos Using Fractals

Slow motion replay and spatial zooming are special effects used in digital video rendering. At present, most techniques to perform digital spatial zoom and slow motion are based on interpolation for both enlarging the size of the original pictures and generating additional intermediate frames. Mainly, interpolation is done either by linear or cubic spline functions or by motion estimation/compensation which both can be applied pixel by pixel, or by partitioning frames into blocks. Purpose of this paper is to present an alternative technique combining fractals theory and wavelet decomposition to achieve spatial zoom and slow motion replay of HD digital color video sequences. Fast scene change detection, active scene detection, wavelet subband analysis, and color fractal coding based on Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) measure are used to reduce computational load and to improve visual quality. Experiments show that the proposed scheme achieves better results in terms of overall visual quality compared to the state-of-the-art techniques.

A New Approach to Slow Motion Effect for Digital TV Broadcasting Services

Slow motion replay of video sequences is a commercial feature for home video players, but also a special effect used in video production. At present, most techniques to perform digital slow motion are based on interpolation for generating additional intermediate frames. Mainly, interpolation is done through linear or cubic spline functions or by motion estimation/compensation applied either pixel by pixel, or by partitioning frames into blocks. This approach has drawbacks: above all, interpolation bears to fading effects. Purpose of this paper is to present a novel technique combining fractals and wavelets to obtain higher performance in slow motion display of digital video sequences. Active scene detection and video processing are used to reduce computational cost and improve visual quality. This method produces better results in terms of objective perceptual video quality comparing to state-of-the-art techniques.

Impact of gradual blood flow increase on ischaemia–reperfusion injury in the rat cremaster microcirculation model

We aimed to evaluate the impact of gradual blood reperfusion on ischaemia-reperfusion injury and to explain the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury in a rat cremaster muscle microcirculation model. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-200 g were evaluated in three groups. Cremaster muscles were prepared for microcirculatory observations. Group I (n=8, control): no ischemia was induced. Group II (n=8, acute reperfusion): microclamps were applied to the right external iliac vessels for 150 min, then venous and arterial clamps were released at once. Group III (n=8, gradual reperfusion): microclamps were applied to the right external iliac vessels for 150 min, and then the first venous clamp was released; the arterial clamp was opened gradually by a specially designed microclamp holder (Sheey ossicle holding clamp). In all groups, following a wait of 150 min blood flow velocity was measured for 15 min and then the animals were reperfused freely for 1h. Next, red blood cell velocity, vessel diameters, functional capillary perfusion and endothelial oedema index were analysed, and rolling, migrating and adhesing leukocytes and lymphocytes were counted. All observations were videotaped for slow-motion replay. Muscle damage was evaluated histologically. In the acute clamp release group, blood velocities increased up to 600% of their pre-ischaemic values during the post-ischaemia-reperfusion period. The numbers of rolling, adhering and transmigrating leukocytes were significantly higher and histological evaluation revealed more tissue damage in the acute reperfusion group. Depending on histological and microcirculatory findings, gradual reperfusion was confirmed to reduce the intensity of reperfusion injury.

Public criminologies

The origins of this Special Issue of Theoretical Criminology can be located in a ‘Modernizing Criminal Justice’ conference that we both attended in London in June 2002. The high-profile event was co-sponsored by John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, the Metropolitan Police and the FBI. Broadcasting crews were on hand to digest the plenary speeches of senior representatives of the British government, the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. It was also a highly corporate event, promoting the commercial products of global security and IT companies specializing in criminal justice ‘problem solving’. The opening session of the conference featured a slow motion replay of the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers with a voice-over informing the audience that the course of criminal justice had changed forever. This ‘post 9/11’ global war on crime and terrorism theme echoed throughout the plenary speeches and keynote sessions. What was striking was the relegation of the scheduled criminology workshops to the margins of the conference. This set off a discussion between us, during a coffee break, about why academic criminological knowledge was extraneous to the interests of the policy audiences brought together by this conference. And, of course, this quickly moved to discussion of whether criminologists should have a central place in such a forum. But while this is how our interest in criminology and public policy was initially sparked, we later found ourselves trying to pinpoint, more systematically, the different positions criminologists have taken on questions of their relevance and status within larger public policy debates.2 Our purposes in this introduction, and in the Special Issue that follows, are twofold. One aim is to outline a range of views that have been offered by academic criminologists on the discipline’s public status and its relationship to public policy formation and intellectual practice. A second goal is to argue the need for a diversity of ‘public criminologies’ wherein explicit value is placed on moving policies in more progressive directions. Our own point of view is that much more could be done than at present, particularly since there would seem to be broad criminological consensus about many policy issues facing us including punitive policies around the globe as well as the detrimental consequences of a range of harms and risks.