Slow Mode Research Articles

Slow motion in corona times: Modeling cyclists’ spatial choice behavior using real-time probe data

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has provided a renewed impetus for empirical research on slow and active modes of transportation, specifically bicycling and walking. Changes in modal choice appear to be sensitive to the actual quality of the environment, the attractive land use and built environment conditions, and the ultimate destination choice. This study examines and models the influence of cyclists’ health concerns during the pandemic on their spatial destination and route choices. Using a large real-time dataset on the individual daily mobility of cyclists in the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands, collected through GPS-linked sensors on bikes (VGI, or volunteered geographical information), the analysis employs spatial regression models, Shapley decomposition techniques, and spatial autocorrelation methods to unveil the backgrounds of changes in spatial behavior. The results reveal that the perceived wellbeing benefits of bicycling in green areas during the pandemic have significantly influenced cyclists’ choice behavior, in particular route and destination choice.

Optimization of PV benefits for Electric Vehicles Charging Station Using a Deterministic Method and Fuzzy Inference System Method

Utilizing renewable energy, specifically Photovoltaic (PV), for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging presents diverse technical and economic opportunities, reflecting a recent trend in innovation and research to address global transportation challenges while highlighting the value of renewable sources. In this context, this paper aims to devise an optimal power management strategy for an EV charging station powered by a PV-based microgrid (MG). The main purpose is to improve the benefits of PV production in recharging EVs to increase self-consumption, decrease dependency on the power grid, and reduce energy costs. Production data from a real-scale MG at the Catholic University in France were used as a case study. This MG comprises a heterogeneous fleet of EVs, PV sources, stationary storage, EV charging stations, and a connection to the power grid. The optimization of PV benefits relies on leveraging the knowledge of EV characteristics to modulate their charge profile. In this context, two methods are used and compared for the modulation of the EVs' charging profile: a deterministic method and a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)-based method. For each method, different scenarios emerge based on the knowledge or lack thereof of the EVs' characteristics. This methodology permits the optimal distribution of energy among multiple EVs and regulates the necessary power to achieve the desired charge level upon departure. It encourages charging through PV production, resulting in reduced energy costs. The comparison of total costs reveals notable differences between the deterministic and FIS approaches for both slow and fast charging modes. In the case of slow charging, the deterministic approach achieves savings of -863.4 c€/day, whereas the FIS method delivers greater savings of -898.7 c€/day. For fast charging, the deterministic approach yields savings of -524.6 c€/day, while the FIS method results in even higher savings of -540.7 c€/day. These results highlight that the FIS approach enables better cost management, primarily due to more efficient utilization of PV energy. Additionally, simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink confirm the effectiveness of the FIS-based method, which improves PV energy utilization to 98.20%, compared to 81.60% with the deterministic approach. This highlights the superior efficiency of the proposed FIS.

Buoyancy Modes in a Low Entropy Bubble

AbstractIn the nightside region of Earth's magnetosphere, braking oscillations or buoyancy modes have been associated with the occurrence of low entropy bubbles. These bubbles form in the plasma sheet, particularly during geomagnetically disturbed times, and because of interchange, move rapidly earthward and may eventually come to rest in the inner plasma sheet or inner magnetosphere. Upon arrival, they often exhibit damped oscillations with periods of a few minutes and are associated with Pi2 pulsations. Previously we used the thin filament approximation to compare the frequencies and modes of buoyancy waves using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ballooning and classic interchange theory. Interchange oscillations differ from the more general MHD oscillations by assuming constant pressure along a magnetic field line. It was determined that MHD ballooning and interchange modes are similar for plasma sheet field lines but differ for field lines that map to the inner magnetosphere. This suggested that the classic interchange formulation was only valid in the plasma sheet. This paper tests the hypothesis that the agreement between MHD ballooning and classic interchange could be restored inside a bubble. We create a small region of entropy depletion in the magnetotail and compare the buoyancy mode properties. At some locations inside the bubble, the MHD ballooning buoyancy modes resemble interchange modes but with lower frequencies than those of the unperturbed background. Unstable modes are found on the earthward edge of the bubble, while at the tailward edge, MHD ballooning predicts a slow mode wave solution not seen in the pure interchange solution.

(Wo)Man-Made Public Space

Women experience limitations in public space regarding their safety, comfort, and accessibility, which might be mitigated by urban design. This article addresses the question: How can public space become more gender-inclusive through the implementation of design principles focused on meeting the needs of women? It draws on existing literature combined with empirical observations and interviews, to establish a framework of eight design principles (safety cues, informal surveillance, legibility, spatial appropriation, representation, diversity, slow modes and ease of use) to make public spaces more gender-inclusive. The principles are applied in an exemplary design case focused on a public street in the city centre of Heerlen, Netherlands , which currently faces many of the issues that are especially limiting to women. Active public spaces, meaning spaces that encourage user engagement and interaction, often already contain some elements outlined in the framework, leading to easier fulfilment of the design principles. The application of the principles is limited to one design case, and the focus is restricted to women’s experiences. When applying the principles in other cases or typologies, the implications of the proposed design guidelines need to be carefully considered.

Exploring the intermittency of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence by synchrotron polarization radiation

Context. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence plays a critical role in many key astrophysical processes, such as star formation, acceleration of cosmic rays, and heat conduction. However, its properties are still poorly understood. Aims. In this work, we explore how to extract the intermittency of compressible MHD turbulence from synthetic and real observations. Methods. We used three statistical methods, namely the probability distribution function, kurtosis, and scaling exponent of the multi-order structure function, to reveal the intermittency of MHD turbulence. Results. Our numerical results demonstrate that: (1) the synchrotron polarization intensity statistics can be used to probe the intermittency of magnetic turbulence, by which we can distinguish different turbulence regimes; (2) the intermittency of MHD turbulence is dominated by the slow mode in the sub-Alfvénic turbulence regime; and (3) the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM) in the low latitude region corresponds to the sub-Alfvénic and supersonic turbulence regime. Conclusions.We have successfully measured the intermittency of the Galactic ISM from synthetic and realistic observations.

Analysis and application of low frequency shadows based on the asymptotic theory for porous media

Low-frequency shadows beneath gas reservoirs can be regarded as a time delay relative to the reflection from the reservoir zone, but they cannot be reasonably explained by the high-frequency attenuation or velocity dispersion observed in normal P-waves. According to the new asymptotic theory for porous media, seismic P-waves undergo multiple conversions between fast and slow modes during seismic waves passing through layered permeable reservoirs at low frequencies, and changes in the velocity and amplitude (i.e., energy) of slow P-waves can lead to low-frequency shadows. In this study, a forward analysis was performed on the dispersion and attenuation of fast and slow P-waves within the seismic frequency band based on the asymptotic theory for porous media; the results revealed that fast P-waves do not undergo frequency dispersion and attenuation within the seismic frequency band and that slow P-waves are the primary contributor of dispersion and attenuation. In addition, methods used to calculate the frequencies at which low-frequency shadows occur were analyzed and are discussed. Finally, S-transform time-frequency analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the low-frequency shadows of three-dimensional seismic data acquired from work area M in Sichuan. The low-frequency shadow anomalies determined by this method were found to be highly consistent with those identified based on the data acquired from wells in the target reservoir. These results indicate the good application performance of this method.

Invisible Allies: The Role of Endophytic Entomopathogenic Microbes in Insect Pest Control

Endophytic entomopathogenic microbes, including both bacteria and fungi, hold significant promise as biocontrol agents in sustainable pest management. While the biocontrol potential of entomopathogens are well-established, their role as mutualistic endophytes within plant tissues offers a relatively new avenue for enhancing pest suppression. The ability of these microbes to colonize plant tissues allows them to serve as internal defense agents against insect pests, while simultaneously promoting plant health and resilience to environmental stressors. Here, we explore the growing body of knowledge surrounding the use of endophytic entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi in pest management. These microbes contribute to pest control through direct effects on insect populations, such as mortality and feeding inhibition, as well as indirect plant-mediated mechanisms that enhance plant defenses. Additionally, endophytic entomopathogens provide a range of benefits to their plant hosts, including growth promotion, nutrient acquisition, and protection against pathogens. Despite the clear advantages of using endophytic entomopathogens, there remain key challenges to their widespread implementation. Environmental factors can influence their persistence and efficacy in the field, and their relatively slow mode of action compared to chemical pesticides presents a hurdle for rapid adoption in commercial agriculture. Non-target effects and the development of effective formulations to ensure consistent colonization are also areas that require further investigation. Addressing these challenges through continued research into the complex interactions between endophytes, insects, plants, and their environments will be essential for advancing the integration of endophytic entomopathogenic microbes into sustainable pest management systems.

The Effect of Dam Break Speed on Flood Evolution in a Downstream Reservoir of a Cascade Reservoir System

The dam break flood is one of the potential causes of catastrophic events in cascade hydropower hub groups. Investigating the movement patterns of dam break flooding among reservoir groups under different dam break speeds is crucial for flood prevention and emergency response. In this study, the evolution characteristics of dam break floods were investigated in a cascading reservoir system, focusing on different break speeds of the upstream dam. The results indicate that the dam break speed determines the concavity or convexity of the water level curve changes in the upstream reservoir. Accordingly, dam breaks are classified into three modes: instant dam break, fast dam break, and slow dam break. An approximate critical speed has been identified to differentiate between the fast dam break and slow dam break. Further investigation into the evolution patterns of dam break floods in downstream reservoirs under different break modes was conducted. Correspondingly, the flood peak discharge and peak arrival time of the dam break floods vary differently with break speed under different break modes. Finally, a theoretical analysis for the flood peak discharge at the dam site during gradual dam break at a certain speed was established, which is able to predict the over-dam flood peak discharge in fast and slow dam break modes. This study is based on a combination of laboratory flume experiments and three-dimensional numerical simulations. This study has theoretical significance for the reinforcement of public infrastructure safety and the prevention of natural disasters.

How do termite baits work? implication of subterranean termite colony demography on the successful implementation of baits.

In 1995, the launch of the first commercial chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI) bait led to the transformation of the subterranean termite control industry around the world. Their slow mode of action, which relies on both their ability to be transferred among nestmates and termite molting biology, has made them cost-effective solutions for subterranean termite colony elimination while minimizing the introduction of pesticides into the soil toward an environmentally sustainable strategy. However, despite successful commercial implementations, the acceptance of their use varies within the pest control industry around the world. Notably, the nuanced complexity of how CSI baits lead to colony elimination upon feeding by termite foragers has, in part, remained elusive for the past 3 decades, allowing for long-lasting misconceptions to persist. A recent series of studies has since provided complementary elements of understanding how CSI baits utilize termites' inherent colony demography, behavior, and physiology to trigger colony elimination after a characteristic succession of events within the colony collapse process. I here provide a synthetic overview of subterranean termite colony characteristics when exposed to CSI baits using Coptotermes (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Heterotermitidae) as a primary model system. The changes in colony demography through the colony collapse reflect how the mode of action of CSI baits makes them a prime solution for sustainable subterranean termite pest management. Following decades of innovation, ongoing interactions among termite researchers, bait product manufacturers, and pest management providers must continue to bring solutions to existing and emerging termite pest problems around the world.

Topological dynamics of adiabatic cat states

We consider a quantum topological frequency converter, realized by coupling a qubit to two slow harmonic modes. The dynamics of such a system is the quantum analog of topological pumping. Our quantum mechanical description shows that an initial state generically evolves into a superposition of two adiabatic states. The topological nature of the coupling between the qubit and the modes splits these two components apart in energy: for each component, an energy transfer at a quantized rate occurs between the two quantum modes, in opposite directions for the two components, reminiscent of the topological pumping. We denote such a superposition of two quantum adiabatic states distinguishable through measures of the modes’ energy an adiabatic cat state. We show that the topological coupling enhances the entanglement between the qubit and the modes, and we unveil the role of the quantum or Fubini-Study metric in the characterization of this entanglement.

Deciphering Pathways and Thermodynamics of Protein Assembly Using Native Mass Spectrometry.

Protein oligomerization regulates many critical physiological processes, and its dysregulation can contribute to dysfunction and diseases. Elucidating the assembly pathways and quantifying their underlying thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of biological processes and for advancing therapeutics targeting abnormal protein oligomerization. Established binding assays, with limited mass precision, often rely on simplified models for data interpretation. In contrast, high-resolution native mass spectrometry (nMS) can directly determine the stoichiometry of biomolecular complexes in vitro. However, quantification is hindered by the fact that the relative abundances of gas-phase ions generally do not reflect solution concentrations due to nonuniform response factors. Recently, slow mixing mode (SLOMO)-nMS, which can quantify the relative response factors of interacting species, has been demonstrated to reliably measure the affinity (Kd) of binary biomolecular complexes. Here, we introduce an extended form of SLOMO-nMS that enables simultaneous quantification of the thermodynamics in multistep association reactions. Application of this method to homo-oligomerization of concanavalin A and insulin confirmed the reliability of the assay and uncovered details about the assembly processes that had previously resisted elucidation. Results acquired using SLOMO-nMS implemented with charge detection shed new light on the binding of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Importantly, new assembly pathways were uncovered, and the affinities of these interactions, which regulate host cell infection, were quantified. Together, these findings highlight the tremendous potential of SLOMO-nMS to accelerate the characterization of protein assembly pathways and thermodynamics and, in so doing, enhance fundamental biological understanding and facilitate therapeutic development. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-7112.

Application of the frozen-modes approximation to classical harmonic oscillator systems

The problems of open classical systems usually correspond to a motion of a test particle that interacts with a large number of bath oscillators. Often, the test particle itself can be considered a harmonic oscillator. For such composite systems, exact numerical solutions are available, but they can become increasingly costly for a large number of bath oscillators. Here we take inspiration from the recent work on open quantum systems and investigate the applicability of the frozen-modes approximation to such classical systems. This approach assumes that some part of the low-frequency bath modes are frozen, thus only their initial values need to be considered. We show that by applying the frozen-modes approximation one can significantly increase the accuracy of the perturbative multiple-scales solution, especially for slow baths. This approach provides a good accuracy even for strong system–bath couplings, a regime that is not accessible to straightforward applications of the perturbation theory. We also suggest a rule for the splitting of spectral density to the fast and slow bath modes. We find that our approach gives excellent results for the ohmic spectral density, but it could be applied for other similar spectral densities as well.

Full-wave simulations on helicon and parasitic excitation of slow waves near the edge plasma

Helicon waves are thought to be promising in various tokamaks, such as DIII-D, because they can penetrate reactor-grade high-density cores and drive the off-axis current with higher efficiency. In the frequency regime ∼ 476 MHz, both slow electrostatic and fast electromagnetic helicon waves can coexist in DIII-D. If the antenna parasitically excites the slow mode, these waves can propagate along the magnetic field line into the scrape-off layer (SOL). Although the importance of the misalignment of the Faraday screen and the electron density in the SOL on the excitation and propagation of slow modes is well known, the conditions for minimizing slow mode excitation have yet to be optimized. Using the Petra-M simulation code in the 2D domain, we analyze the effects of the misalignment of the antenna in the poloidal direction, the misalignment of the Faraday screen in the toroidal direction, and the density in front of the antenna on slow mode generation. Our results suggest that the misalignment of the Faraday screen is a critical factor in reducing the slow mode and that the misalignment angle should be below ∼ 5° to minimize the slow wave excitation. When the electron density is higher than 3.5×1018 m−3 in the SOL, the generation of the slow mode from the antenna is minimized and unaffected by the misalignment of the Faraday screen.

Enhanced Sampling of Biomolecular Slow Conformational Transitions Using Adaptive Sampling and Machine Learning.

Biomolecular simulations often suffer from the "time scale problem", hindering the study of rare events occurring over extended time scales. Enhanced sampling techniques aim to alleviate this issue by accelerating conformational transitions, yet they typically necessitate well-defined collective variables (CVs), posing a significant challenge. Machine learning offers promising solutions but typically requires rich training data encompassing the entire free energy surface (FES). In this work, we introduce an automated iterative pipeline designed to mitigate these limitations. Our protocol first utilizes a CV-free count-based adaptive sampling method to generate a data set rich in rare events. From this data set, slow modes are identified using Koopman-reweighted time-lagged independent component analysis (KTICA), which are subsequently leveraged by on-the-fly probability enhanced sampling (OPES) to efficiently explore the FES. The effectiveness of our pipeline is demonstrated and further compared with the common Markov State Model (MSM) approach on two model systems with increasing complexity: alanine dipeptide (Ala2) and deca-alanine (Ala10), underscoring its applicability across diverse biomolecular simulations.

Nonlinear dust ion acoustic solitary waves propagation in a magnetized plasma with Tsallis electron distribution

Abstract We have done a theoretical investigation into the propagation of nonlinear dust ion acoustic solitary waves and their soliton properties in a three-component magnetized collisionless plasma consisting of inertial positively charged ions, noninertial electrons following a Tsallis q–distribution, and stationary negatively charged dust grains. We consider a uniform external magnetic field along the z–direction, and the wave propagation occurs obliquely to the magnetic field direction. It is observed that the two types of wave modes namely slow and fast modes, are appears in the linear analysis. By employing the reductive perturbation method, the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and modified KdV equations are determined to describe the small amplitude dust ion acoustic soliton. The dependence of several physical plasma parameters including nonextensive q–parameter, magnetic field strength etc. of our plasma on the propagating dust ion acoustic solitary waves potential are numerically examined. This study shows the simultaneous existence of compressive and rarefactive solitons due to the variation of first order nonlinearity coefficient represented by the KdV equation and it is found that there is a critical point for the plasma parameters where the amplitude of the soliton of KdV equation become diverges. The mKdV equation with second order nonlinearity coefficient is derived from there and observed the solitons only with finite amplitude. The present study could be helpful for understanding the nonlinear travelling waves propagating in laboratory and space plasma environments.

Scaling Laws in Polysaccharide Rheology: Comparative Analysis of Water and Ionic Liquid Systems.

This study investigates the rheological behavior of two plant-based polysaccharides, with different degrees of hydrophilicity, agar (highly hydrophilic) and guar gum (hydrophilic), in water and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMImAc). The rheological response of these polymers is highly dependent on the solvent's ability to disrupt intermolecular associations. In water, agar forms hydrogels, while guar gum behaves as a viscoelastic liquid with slow modes. The plateau modulus (GN0) scales with polymer concentration (c) as GN0 ∼ c3, consistent with other natural polymers. In EMImAc, both polysaccharides form viscoelastic liquids, exhibiting GN0 ∼ c2.3, as expected for semiflexible polymer solutions. However, the terminal relaxation time, τD, and the specific viscosity, ηsp, scale as τD ∼ c5.3 and ηsp ∼ c7.6, indicative of intermolecular chain-chain associations. Despite the solvent or polysaccharide, the fractional viscosity overshoot and the shear strain at the maximum stress show a terminal Weissenberg number dependence similar to other synthetic polymers.

Negative damping of terahertz plasmons in counter-streaming double-layer two-dimensional electron gases

Abstract The plasmon excitation in two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) is a significant way of achieving micro-nanoscale terahertz (THz) devices. Here, we establish a kinetic simulation model to study the THz plasmons amplification in a semiconductor double-quantum-well system with counter-streaming electron drift velocities. By comparing the simulation results with theoretical dispersion relations, we confirm two competing mechanisms of negative damping suitable for THz amplification: Cherenkov-type two-stream instability and a new non-Cherenkov mechanism called kinetic relaxation instability. The former is caused by the interlayer coupling of two slow plasmon modes and only exists when the drift velocities are much greater than the fermi velocities. The latter is a statistical effect caused by the momentum relaxation of electron-impurity scattering and predominates at lower drift velocities. We show that an approximate kinetic dispersion relation can accurately predict the wave growth rates of the two mechanisms. The results also indicate that the saturated plasmonic waves undergo strong nonlinearities such as wave distortion, frequency downshift, wave-packet formation, and spectrum broadening. The nonlinear evolution can be interpreted as the merging of bubble structures in the electron phase-space distribution. The present results not only reveal the potential mechanisms of the plasmonic instabilities in double-layer 2DEGs, but also provide a new guideline for the design of on-chip THz amplifiers.

Regulation of Kv1.2 redox-sensitive gating by the transmembrane lectin LMAN2.

Kv1.2 potassium channels influence excitability and action potential propagation in the nervous system. Unlike closely-related Kv1 channels, Kv1.2 exhibits highly variable voltage-dependence of gating, attributed to regulation by unidentified extrinsic factors. Variability of Kv1.2 gating is strongly influenced by the extracellular redox potential, and we demonstrate that Kv1.2 currents in dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons exhibit similar variability and redox sensitivity as observed when the channel is heterologously expressed in cell lines. We used a functional screening approach to test the effects of candidate regulatory proteins on Kv1.2 gating, using patch clamp electrophysiology. Among 52 candidate genes tested, we observed that co-expression with the transmembrane lectin LMAN2 led to a pronounced gating shift of Kv1.2 activation to depolarized voltages in CHO and L(tk-) cell lines, accompanied by deceleration of activation kinetics. Overexpression of LMAN2 promoted a slow gating mode of Kv1.2 that mimics the functional outcomes of extracellular reducing conditions, and enhanced sensitivity to extracellular reducing agents. In contrast, shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous LMAN2 in cell lines reduced Kv1.2 redox sensitivity and gating variability. Kv1.2 sensitivity to LMAN2 is abolished by mutation of neighboring residues F251 and T252 in the intracellular S2-S3 linker, and these also abolish redox-dependent gating changes, suggesting that LMAN2 influences the same pathway as redox for Kv1.2 modulation. In conclusion, we identified LMAN2 as a candidate regulatory protein that influences redox-dependent modulation of Kv1.2, and clarified the structural elements of the channel that are required for sensitivity.

Evaluation of enhanced chemical coagulation method for a case study on colloidal liquid particle in wastewater treatment: Statistical optimization analysis and implementation of machine learning

Coal mines are one of the largest sources of energy supply and generate significant volumes of wastewater. Chemical coagulation is one of the most effective methods for wastewater treatment. In this research, ferric and aluminum-based coagulants, along with polyacrylamide flocculants with positive, negative, and neutral charges, were utilized in chemical coagulation. After applying the Plackett-Burman screening method, it was found that ferric chloride coagulant, neutral flocculant, and slow mixing duration had the greatest impact. The chemical coagulation process was modeled and optimized by examining these factors using the Box–Behnken statistical design as input parameters and sedimentation velocity as the output. Under optimal conditions, the values for ferric chloride coagulant, neutral flocculant, mixing time in slow mode, and sedimentation velocity were determined to be 106.3 mg/L, 3.98 mg/L, 29.6 min, and 1.10 cm/min, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the removal percentages of pollutants, including TSS, turbidity, TDS, COD, and BOD, were obtained at 100%, 100%, 87%, 93%, and 81%, respectively. The experimental data were fitted using the BBD and ANN methods. Both models demonstrated very high agreement, but the ANN method performed better with an AAD% of 0.66, an MSE of 0.0001, and an R2 value of 0.99. All results were calculated with a confidence level above 98%, indicating that both models had very high reliability in modeling and prediction.

G protein selectivity profile of GPR56/ADGRG1 and its effect on downstream effectors.

GPR56, an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCRs) with constitutive and ligand-promoted activity, is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Whether the receptor's constitutive or ligand-promoted activation occur through the same molecular mechanism, and whether different activation modes lead to functional selectivity between G proteins is unknown. Here we show that GPR56 constitutively activates both G12 and G13. Unlike constitutive activation and activation with 3-a-acetoxydihydrodeoxygedunin (3αDOG), stimulation with an antibody, 10C7, directed against GPR56's extracellular domain (ECD) led to an activation that favors G13 over G12. An autoproteolytically deficient mutant, GPR56-T383A, was also activated by 10C7 indicating that the tethered agonist (TA) exposed through autocatalytic cleavage, is not required for this activation modality. In contrast, this proteolysis-resistant mutant could not be activated by 3αDOG indicating different modes of activation by the two ligands. We show that an N-terminal truncated GPR56 construct (GPR56-Δ1-385) is devoid of constitutive activity but was activated by 3αDOG. Similarly to 3αDOG, 10C7 promoted the recruitment of b-arrestin-2 but GPR56 internalization was β-arrestin independent. Despite the slow activation mode of 10C7 that favors G13 over G12, it efficiently activated the downstream Rho pathway in BT-20 breast cancer cells. These data show that different GPR56 ligands have different modes of activation yielding differential G protein selectivity but converging on the activation of the Rho pathway both in heterologous expressions system and in cancer cells endogenously expressing the receptor. 10C7 is therefore an interesting tool to study both the processes underlying GPR56 activity and its role in cancer cells.