Slow Closure Research Articles

Dynamic modeling of a cantilever reed valve considering squeeze flow with experimental validation

Piezoelectric hydraulic pumps play a pivotal role in more electric aircraft and all-electric aircraft utilizing power-by-wire technology, owing to their high power density and reliability. The cantilever reed valve (CRV) serves as a crucial component within these pumps, and its dynamic behavior within the fluid directly impacts the pumps' output power. A precise mathematical model of the CRV is essential for understanding its motion mechanisms. However, existing models for the CRV inadequately capture its dynamics and fail to explain the observed motion phenomena. Further exploration into dynamic modeling of the CRV is warranted. This paper employs finite element analysis to investigate CRV's dynamics, revealing the significant impact of squeeze flow on CRV's dynamics and identifying the cause of slow closure. Based on this, a novel lumped parameter model incorporating squeeze force is proposed to accurately depict CRV's dynamics, particularly focusing on the phenomenon of slow closure. To validate the proposed model's accuracy, an experimental system capable of independently driving the CRV is constructed to eliminate interference resulting from integrating the CRV into the pumps. The results show that the dynamic response during closure, as predicted by the proposed model, is in good agreement with the outcomes from finite element analysis. Notably, the proposed model exhibits an 11.11% higher prediction accuracy for experimental closing times compared to the traditional model that neglects squeeze forces. This study offers guidance for optimizing CRV's dynamics and improving the performance of piezoelectric hydraulic pumps in future applications.

Drowsy Driver Detection System

Abstract: Drowsy driver detection system is a safety technology designed to identify the potential signs of fatigue or drowsiness of the driver to prevent accidents caused as a result of not being alert. It is a significant risk factor for traffic accidents which has led to thousands of accidents, injuries, and fatalities each year. In this system we have used some techniques to monitor the driver’s behavior or state. This involves tracking facial features, eye movements or blink patterns and yawning. The system identifies signs of fatigue, such as slow eyelid closure, increased blink duration and yawn which often indicate drowsiness. As technology advances, these systems are becoming more accurate, efficient and integrated with other vehicle safety features. The continued development of drowsy driver detection technology holds significant promise for reducing traffic accidents and improving overall road safety.

Investigation Of The Influence Of The Turbine Wicket Gates Closure Law Pattern On The Water Hammer Effect During Turbine Off-Design Operation

Hydraulic transients are accelerated by the wicket gate closing in hydroelectric power plants. When the wicket gate is closed, there is a sudden change in velocity due to the closure. Therefore, a study has been carried out here, wherein water hammers on different hydropower components use optimum closure laws: Fast closure laws, slow closure laws, and instant load rejection. Hammer V10i software was used to investigate the phenomenon of pressure transient. The results show that the maximum transient pressure is strongly influenced by a very short closing time and was increased to 41.24% from the slow to the fast closure.
 Furthermore, the results from instant load rejections reveal that the transient pressure will be less than the fast and slow closure. So, the closing law selection can positively influence the entire hydropower plant system. Furthermore, the results show that there was a decrease in pressure near the turbine during the different load rejections, Fast closure, slow closure, and instant load rejection, where 57.7%, 15%, and 0.46%, respectively, and the decrease in turbine rotation speed were as 5.1%, 60%, and 24% respectively. Moreover, results reveal that maximum and minimum flow variation reached -29.75% and 41.2% during the fast closure.
 

Optimal valve closing law for improved water hammer control: a case from a water supply pipeline in Guelma, Algeria

Abstract Finding the most suitable closing law is essential to decrease the shock wave pressure caused by transient flow and minimize the potential damage to equipment. The closure of a valve can occur instantly, rapidly, or gradually, and the appropriate law can be convex, linear, or concave, depending on various factors. These factors include the pipe's characteristics (type, diameter, roughness, and length), the conveyed fluid (nature and temperature), and operating conditions (pressure and flow rate). Other factors that receive less attention, such as the duration of slow closure and the impact of soil load on the pipe, are also considered in this study. The main focus of this article is to investigate how the optimal law evolves based on the time it takes for a valve to gradually close, specifically in the case of a valve located at the end of an underground gravity supply pipe. The findings reveal that when the slow closure time (t) exceeds 0.50 times the return period (t4), the exponent of the optimal law becomes a damped periodic function. Each closure time corresponds to a unique optimal law, and as the valve closure time increases, the range of optimal laws becomes narrower.

Slow closure of Earth’s carbon cycle

Carbon near the Earth's surface cycles between the production and consumption of organic carbon; the former sequesters carbon dioxide while the latter releases it. Microbes attempt to close the loop, but the longer organic matter survives, the slower microbial degradation becomes. This aging effect leaves observable quantitative signatures: Organic matter decays at rates that are inversely proportional to its age, while microbial populations and concentrations of organic carbon in ocean sediments decrease at distinct powers of age. Yet mechanisms that predict this collective organization remain unknown. Here, I show that these and other observations follow from the assumption that the decay of organic matter is limited by progressively rare extreme fluctuations in the energy available to microbes for decomposition. The theory successfully predicts not only observed scaling exponents but also a previously unobserved scaling regime that emerges when microbes subsist on the minimum energy flux required for survival. The resulting picture suggests that the carbon cycle's age-dependent dynamics are analogous to the slow approach to equilibrium in disordered systems. The impact of these slow dynamics is profound: They preclude complete oxidation of organic carbon in sediments, thereby freeing molecular oxygen to accumulate in the atmosphere.

OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 promote the closure of rice florets by regulating sugar transporters through endogenous abscisic acid

As the world's largest food crop, rice often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production. In addition, the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality. Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure. However, the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown. In this study, the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism of ABA promoting floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression level of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice. The results show that OE-OsNCED3 increases the endogenous ABA level of florets. Florets close 5.91 min earlier and CR-OsNCED3 delays the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type. In addition, OsPYL1 regulates the endogenous ABA content and changes the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure time for OE and CR is 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later, respectively, resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%. The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters (STs) changed. OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4 proteins could interact on the cell membrane. These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and an enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect more. The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signalling pathway, especially OsSWEET4.

Late Paleozoic–Cenozoic Tectonothermal Evolution of Transbaikalia: Thermochronology of the Angara–Vitim Granitoid Batholith

Abstract —The tectonothermal evolution of Transbaikalia is reconstructed using U/Pb, 40Ar/39Ar, and apatite fission track thermo-chronology of samples from the Late Paleozoic Angara–Vitim granitoid batholith (AVB). Successive closure of the zircon and amphibole isotope systems provides evidence that the AVB rocks cooled down rapidly soon after crystallization and 7–4 km of rocks were denuded subsequently during an extensive late Paleozoic orogeny in southern Siberia. The isotopic system of feldspar closed in the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (170–140 Ma) after a period of tectonic stability and slow closure of the biotite isotopic system in the early Permian–Middle Jurassic (295–170 Ma). The 170–140 Ma span was the time when the Mongol–Okhotsk orogen began its evolution, and the orogeny caused denudation of ~3 km of rocks. Denudation was slow in the Paleogene–Miocene (60–5 Ma) but accelerated over the past 5 million years (a ~3–2 km thick layer) during rapid cooling of rocks and activity under a far-field effect of the India–Eurasia collision.

Drowsiness Detection System using ML

The number of automobile accidents due to driver drowsiness is increasing at an alarming rate. If you have driven before, you’ve been drowsy at the wheel at some point. It’s not something we like to admit but it’s an important problem with serious consequences that needs to be addressed. The scariest part is that drowsy driving isn’t just falling asleep while driving. Drowsy driving can be as small as a brief state of inattentiveness when the driver is not paying full attention to the road. An automated non-contact system that can identify driver drowsiness early is the need of the hour. Our project describes a machine learning approach for drowsiness detection. Face detection is employed to locate the regions of the driver’s eyes, which are used as the templates for eye tracking in subsequent frames. Finally, the tracked eye’s images are used for drowsiness detection in order to generate warning alarms. This proposed approach has three stages: detecting Face, detecting Eyes and detecting drowsiness. Thus, we propose a system to locate, track, and analyse both the drivers face and eyes to measure PERCLOS, a scientifically supported measure of drowsiness associated with slow eye closure

Survey on Drowsiness Detection and Alert System using ML Approach

Abstract: Many of the accidents occur due to drowsiness of drivers. It is one of the critical causes of roadways accidents now-adays. Latest statistics say that many of the accidents were caused because of drowsiness of drivers. Vehicle accidents due to drowsiness in drivers are causing death to thousands of lives. More than 30% of accidents occur due to drowsiness. For the prevention of this, a system is required which detects drowsiness and alerts the driver which saves the life. In this project, we present a scheme for driver drowsiness detection based on visual information and Machine Learning. In this, the driver is continuously monitored through a webcam. This system is used to locate, track, and analyse both the drivers face and eyes, a scientifically supported measure of drowsiness associated with slow eye closure.

Global genome decompaction leads to stochastic activation of gene expression as a first step toward fate commitment in human hematopoietic cells.

When human cord blood–derived CD34+ cells are induced to differentiate, they undergo rapid and dynamic morphological and molecular transformations that are critical for fate commitment. In particular, the cells pass through a transitory phase known as “multilineage-primed” state. These cells are characterized by a mixed gene expression profile, different in each cell, with the coexpression of many genes characteristic for concurrent cell lineages. The aim of our study is to understand the mechanisms of the establishment and the exit from this transitory state. We investigated this issue using single-cell RNA sequencing and ATAC-seq. Two phases were detected. The first phase is a rapid and global chromatin decompaction that makes most of the gene promoters in the genome accessible for transcription. It results 24 h later in enhanced and pervasive transcription of the genome leading to the concomitant increase in the cell-to-cell variability of transcriptional profiles. The second phase is the exit from the multilineage-primed phase marked by a slow chromatin closure and a subsequent overall down-regulation of gene transcription. This process is selective and results in the emergence of coherent expression profiles corresponding to distinct cell subpopulations. The typical time scale of these events spans 48 to 72 h. These observations suggest that the nonspecificity of genome decompaction is the condition for the generation of a highly variable multilineage expression profile. The nonspecific phase is followed by specific regulatory actions that stabilize and maintain the activity of key genes, while the rest of the genome becomes repressed again by the chromatin recompaction. Thus, the initiation of differentiation is reminiscent of a constrained optimization process that associates the spontaneous generation of gene expression diversity to subsequent regulatory actions that maintain the activity of some genes, while the rest of the genome sinks back to the repressive closed chromatin state.

GM1 asymmetry in the membrane stabilizes pores

Cell membranes are highly asymmetric and their stability against poration is crucial for survival. We investigated the influence of membrane asymmetry on electroporation of giant unilamellar vesicles with membranes doped with GM1, a ganglioside asymmetrically enriched in the outer leaflet of neuronal cell membranes. Compared with symmetric membranes, the lifetimes of micronsized pores are about an order of magnitude longer suggesting that pores are stabilized by GM1. Internal membrane nanotubes caused by the GM1 asymmetry, obstruct and additionally slow down pore closure, effectively reducing pore edge tension and leading to leaky membranes. Our results point to the drastic effects this ganglioside can have on pore resealing in biotechnology applications based on poration as well as on membrane repair processes.

An Age-Old Question: Optical (A)llusions, (In)Decency, and (In)Justice in the Trial of Japanese War Criminals

Abstract Timing complicates all dimensions of post conflict redress. Moving too fast suggests prejudice. Going too slow delays accountability and closure. This paper challenges the temporal logic of international justice. The prosecution of aged defendants created aesthetical dilemmas for war crimes operations in post-World War ii Asia. The unsettling optical allusions of frail perpetrators in court — shadows of their former selves — left many observers conflicted: it looked indecent, it felt unjust and underwhelming. The unseemly punishment of weak defendants undercut prosecution attempts to brand perpetrators as monsters. Disappointed reporters and trial authorities fixated on the shabby dress, waning physique, and benign senescence of once-sinister villains. Few questioned the accused’s guilt. Many felt unnerved by the optics. Ultimately, this paper shows how the staging and performance of justice impacts a court’s effectiveness. Unrelenting accountability, bringing all war criminals to justice, feels right. Yet, the aesthetic complications of prosecuting aged accused may not be worth it.

Natural variation in stomatal dynamics drives divergence in heat stress tolerance and contributes to seasonal intrinsic water-use efficiency in Vitis vinifera (subsp. sativa and sylvestris).

Stomata control CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration, thus playing a key role in leaf thermoregulation, water-use efficiency (iWUE), and plant productivity. In this work, we investigated the relationship between several leaf traits and hypothesized that stomatal behavior to fast (i.e. minutes) environmental changes co-determines, along with steady-state traits, the physiological response of grapevine to the surrounding fluctuating environment over the growing season. No relationship between iWUE, heat stress tolerance, and stomatal traits was observed in field-grown grapevine, suggesting that other physiological mechanisms are involved in determining leaf evaporative cooling capacity and the seasonal ratio of CO2 uptake (A) to stomatal conductance (gs). Indeed, cultivars that in the field had an unexpected combination of high iWUE but low sensitivity to thermal stress displayed a quick stomatal closure to light, but a sluggish closure to increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD) levels. This strategy, aiming both at conserving water under a high to low light transition and in prioritizing evaporative cooling under a low to high VPD transition, was mainly observed in the cultivars Regina and Syrah. Moreover, cultivars with different known responses to soil moisture deficit or high air VPD (isohydric versus anisohydric) had opposite behavior under fluctuating environments, with the isohydric cultivar showing slow stomatal closure to reduced light intensity but quick temporal responses to VPD manipulation. We propose that stomatal behavior to fast environmental fluctuations can play a critical role in leaf thermoregulation and water conservation under natural field conditions in grapevine.

Water Hammer Control Using Additional Branched HDPE Pipe

In pressurised pipeline systems, various water hammer events commonly occur. This phenomenon can cause extensive damage or even lead to a failure of the pumping system. The aim of this work is to experimentally re-examine the possibility of using an additional polymeric pipe, installed at the downstream end of the main pipeline, to control water hammer. A previous study on this topic investigated additional polymeric pipes connected to the hydraulic system with a short joint section of the same diameter as the main pipeline. In the current research, a different method of including an additional pipe was considered which involved connecting it with a pipe of a smaller diameter than the main pipeline. Three additional HDPE pipes, with different volumes, were investigated. The performance of the devices was studied for hydraulic transients induced by both rapid and slow, manual valve closures. Experimental results show that the additional polymeric pipe can provide significant pressure surge damping during rapid water hammer events. As the valve closing time lengthens, the influence of the additional pipe on the maximum pressure increase is reduced. The additional HDPE pipe does not provide notable protection against hydraulic transients induced by slow valve closure in terms of reducing the first pressure peak. No relationship between the volume of the additional pipe and the damping properties was noticed. The observed pressure oscillations were used to evaluate a one-dimensional numerical model, in which an additional pipe is described as a lumped parameter of the system. The viscoelastic properties of the device were included using the one element Kelvin–Voigt model. Transient flow equations were solved with the implicit method of characteristics. Calculation results demonstrate that this approach allows one to reasonably reproduce unsteady flow oscillations registered during experiments in terms of the maximum pressure increase and pressure wave oscillation period.

Stochastic rectification of fast oscillations on slow manifold closures

The problems of identifying the slow component (e.g., for weather forecast initialization) and of characterizing slow-fast interactions are central to geophysical fluid dynamics. In this study, the related rectification problem of slow manifold closures is addressed when breakdown of slow-to-fast scales deterministic parameterizations occurs due to explosive emergence of fast oscillations on the slow, geostrophic motion. For such regimes, it is shown on the Lorenz 80 model that if 1) the underlying manifold provides a good approximation of the optimal nonlinear parameterization that averages out the fast variables and 2) the residual dynamics off this manifold is mainly orthogonal to it, then no memory terms are required in the Mori-Zwanzig full closure. Instead, the noise term is key to resolve, and is shown to be, in this case, well modeled by a state-independent noise, obtained by means of networks of stochastic nonlinear oscillators. This stochastic parameterization allows, in turn, for rectifying the momentum-balanced slow manifold, and for accurate recovery of the multiscale dynamics. The approach is promising to be further applied to the closure of other more complex slow-fast systems, in strongly coupled regimes.

Driver Drowsiness Detection System

Drowsiness of drivers are among the critical reasons for accidents. This can be a relatively smaller number still, as among the multiple causes that can lead to an accident. Drowsiness, in general, is not easy to measure unlike drugs and alcohol, which have tests and indicators that are available easily. In this paper, we are presenting a module for Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) to reduce drowsiness related accidents. The system deals with automatic driver drowsiness detection based on visual information. We propose an algorithm to track, analyze and locate both the drivers eyes and face to measure PERCLOS, a scientifically supported measure of drowsiness asso- ciated with slow eye closure.

A rat model of polymicrobial infection in full-thickness excision wounds

AimA reproducible animal model is required to study the pathophysiology of wound infections and for development of effective therapeutic interventions. The objective of this study was to produce an infected skin wound model utilizing the cecal microbiota in non-immunocompromised rats. Materials and methodsAn excision wound was created on the dorsal surface of rats and inoculated with different concentration of cecal slurry (CS). Wound progression was investigated macroscopically by wound scoring and imaging. The rats were sacrificed on day 6 and microbial load, myeloperoxidase activity, histopathology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed in wound tissue. ResultsInoculation of CS into excision wounds caused significantly (p < 0.05) delayed wound healing in comparison to non-infected wounds as revealed by slow wound closure (9.1 to 12.83%). A significant (p < 0.05) difference in wound score was observed between the infected and non-infected wounds. A significantly (p < 0.05) high microbial load (~10 9 CFU/gm) was observed in infected wound which was supported by the presence of intensive bacterial colonization with sparse development of amorphous material on wound tissue during SEM analysis. A maximum increase of 1.76-fold in myeloperoxidase activity was observed in the infected wounds in comparison to non-infected wounds. Histopathology revealed increased amount of cellular infiltration, hematoma formation, and presence of bacterial aggregates in deep tissues. ConclusionThe study reports a reproducible and relevant clinical model of wound infection where cecal microbiota was used as a source of infection. This model can provide a suitable platform for evaluation of new therapeutic interventions.

Proton-dependent inhibition, inverted voltage activation, and slow gating of CLC-0 Chloride Channel.

CLC-0, a prototype Cl- channel in the CLC family, employs two gating mechanisms that control its ion-permeation pore: fast gating and slow gating. The negatively-charged sidechain of a pore glutamate residue, E166, is known to be the fast gate, and the swinging of this sidechain opens or closes the pore of CLC-0 on the millisecond time scale. The other gating mechanism, slow gating, operates with much slower kinetics in the range of seconds to tens or even hundreds of seconds, and it is thought to involve still-unknown conformational rearrangements. Here, we find that low intracellular pH (pHi) facilitates the closure of the CLC-0’s slow gate, thus generating current inhibition. The rate of low pHi-induced current inhibition increases with intracellular H+ concentration ([H+]i)—the time constants of current inhibition by low pHi = 4.5, 5.5 and 6 are roughly 0.1, 1 and 10 sec, respectively, at room temperature. In comparison, the time constant of the slow gate closure at pHi = 7.4 at room temperature is hundreds of seconds. The inhibition by low pHi is significantly less prominent in mutants favoring the slow-gate open state (such as C212S and Y512A), further supporting the fact that intracellular H+ enhances the slow-gate closure in CLC-0. A fast inhibition by low pHi causes an apparent inverted voltage-dependent activation in the wild-type CLC-0, a behavior similar to those in some channel mutants such as V490W in which only membrane hyperpolarization can open the channel. Interestingly, when V490W mutation is constructed in the background of C212S or Y512A mutation, the inverted voltage-dependent activation disappears. We propose that the slow kinetics of CLC-0’s slow-gate closure may be due to low [H+]i rather than due to the proposed large conformational change of the channel protein. Our results also suggest that the inverted voltage-dependent opening observed in some mutant channels may result from fast closure of the slow gate by the mutations.

Slow Blink Eye Closure in Shelter Cats is Related to Quicker Adoption.

Simple SummarySlow blinking is a type of interaction between humans and cats that involves a sequence of prolonged eye narrowing movements being given by both parties. This interspecific social behaviour has recently been studied empirically and appears to be a form of positive communication for cats, who are more likely to approach a previously unfamiliar human after such interactions. We investigated whether slow blinking can also affect human preferences for cats in a shelter environment. We measured whether cats’ readiness to respond to a human-initiated slow blink interaction was associated with rates of rehoming in the shelter. We also examined cats’ propensity to slow blink when they were anxious around humans or not. We demonstrated that cats that responded to human slow blinking by using eye closures themselves were rehomed quicker than cats that closed their eyes less. Cats that were initially identified as more nervous around humans also showed a trend towards giving longer total slow blink movements in response to human slow blinking. Our results suggest that the cat slow blink sequence is perceived as positive by humans and may have a dual function in cats, occurring in both affiliative and submissive situations.The process of domestication is likely to have led to the development of adaptive interspecific social abilities in animals. Such abilities are particularly interesting in less gregarious animals, such as cats. One notable social behaviour that cats exhibit in relation to humans is the slow blink sequence, which our previous research suggests can function as a form of positive communication between cats and humans. This behaviour involves the production of successive half blinks followed by either a prolonged narrowing of the eye or an eye closure. The present study investigates how cat (n = 18) slow blink sequences might affect human preferences during the adoption of shelter cats. Our study specifically tested (1) whether cats’ propensity to respond to human-initiated slow blinking was associated with their speed of rehoming from a shelter environment, and (2) whether cats’ anxiety around humans was related to their tendency to slow blink. Our experiments demonstrated that cats that showed an increased number of and longer eye closures in response to human slow blinks were rehomed faster, and that nervous cats, who had been identified as needing desensitisation to humans, tended to spend more time producing slow blink sequences in response to human slow blinks than a non-desensitisation group. Collectively, these results suggest that the cat slow blink sequence is perceived as positive by humans and may have a dual function—occurring in both affiliative and submissive contexts.

High Stomatal Conductance in the Tomato Flacca Mutant Allows for Faster Photosynthetic Induction.

Due to their slow movement and closure upon shade, partially closed stomata can be a substantial limitation to photosynthesis in variable light intensities. The abscisic acid deficient flacca mutant in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) displays very high stomatal conductance (gs). We aimed to determine to what extent this substantially increased gs affects the rate of photosynthetic induction. Steady-state and dynamic photosynthesis characteristics were measured in flacca and wildtype leaves, by the use of simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorometry. The steady-state response of photosynthesis to CO2, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), as well as mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion were not significantly different between genotypes, suggesting similar photosynthetic biochemistry, photoprotective capacity, and internal CO2 permeability. When leaves adapted to shade (50 µmol m−2 s−1) at 400 µbar CO2 partial pressure and high humidity (7 mbar leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit, VPD) were exposed to high irradiance (1500 µmol m−2 s−1), photosynthetic induction was faster in flacca compared to wildtype leaves, and this was attributable to high initial gs in flacca (~0.6 mol m−2 s−1): in flacca, the times to reach 50 (t50) and 90% (t90) of full photosynthetic induction were 91 and 46% of wildtype values, respectively. Low humidity (15 mbar VPD) reduced gs and slowed down photosynthetic induction in the wildtype, while no change was observed in flacca; under low humidity, t50 was 63% and t90 was 36% of wildtype levels in flacca. Photosynthetic induction in low CO2 partial pressure (200 µbar) increased gs in the wildtype (but not in flacca), and revealed no differences in the rate of photosynthetic induction between genotypes. Effects of higher gs in flacca were also visible in transients of photosystem II operating efficiency and non-photochemical quenching. Our results show that at ambient CO2 partial pressure, wildtype gs is a substantial limitation to the rate of photosynthetic induction, which flacca overcomes by keeping its stomata open at all times, and it does so at the cost of reduced water use efficiency.