Slotted Filter Research Articles

INCREASING THE PERFORMANCE OF CHRISTMAS TREES IN SANDY CONDITIONS

The key reason to make this research is to find solutions for mechanical impurities, or commonly sand clogging in christmas trees. As it’s known, christmas trees are equipment made for controlling flow of oil and gas, which consists of several gauges and valves for specific purposes. This equipment installed on wells are constantly clogged with various impurities. These mechanical consistency interrupt christmas tree’s work and cause wears and tears which leads to failure of system and overall oil production delay. Thus, frequent maintenance is required. There are two main ways to release the clogging in wells: mechanical and chemical. In this research, mechanical way is applied. To improve and increase the performance of christmas trees, various types of filters are considered with their advantages and disadvantages according to previous experiences. Studies show that, for different type of wells different type of filters, separators etc. are used. Filters used to prevent sand particles are gravel filter, slot filter, perforated filter, wire well filter, well mesh filter, frame-rod filter, slot filter, support element filters and other filters which are considered in this research. According to the mesh principle, the filters which are a component of the ESP - are intended to prevent sand particles from entering the production stream by holding big particles and filtering the resulting liquid. To choose a filter with the best permeation rate and to stop particles larger than a specific size from penetrating, the size of the channels must be calculated. Modification and other movable factors are used to separate each group of filters. Keywords: Christmas tree (oil and gas), mechanical impurities, sand, filter, oil well, separators.

Анализ технологий заканчивания скважин с установкой скользящих муфт на фильтр

Mechanical cleaning filters are used to purify water, aqueous solutions, liquid and gaseous substances, hy-drocarbons, air from solid suspended particles of various sizes. Filters used in the field are steel cylindrical apparatuses with a solid and detachable body, inside which slotted or mesh filter partitions are installed, contributing to the purification of water. The principle of operation of mechanical cleaning filters is that when the filtrated medium passes through the filter element, solid particles will be retained. The main feature of such filters is the frequency of action due to the need to clean the filter element manually or automatically using a reverse flow of clean water. With a decrease in productivity, namely, with an increase in the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet, as well as in the lower part of the device, manual or automatic cleaning of the filter element from accumulated contaminants will occur. The article highlights the principle of sliding couplings for filters for water purification, as well as their use in construction. The stages of cleaning and the materials from which sliding filters are made to prevent leakage are considered. Recommendations are given for careful monitoring and following proper procedures to prevent leaks and pressure losses, to ensure the structural integrity and stability of the well, as well as to exclude contamination of the surrounding groundwater. The use of a mechanical filter is proposed, the body of which is designed for heating or fixing thermal insulation and which can be used with small flows of viscous media for cleaning from impurities.

Increasing the operating time of electrical submersible pumps by using self-cleaning filters

Introduction. The article considers issues relating to electrical submersible pumps (ESP) work under complicated operating conditions caused by a high content of solids in the pumped borehole fluid. Factors that cause or exacerbate these complications are also studied. The article justifies the urgency of increasing the operating time of submersible equipment under complicated operating conditions. Methods of research includes analyzing engineering and process approaches to ESP protection from a detrimental effect of solid particles. Within these approaches, specific ways of protecting borehole equipment from hydroabrasive wear are considered. It is concluded that today, in terms of economic indicators and efficiency, borehole and intake filters, mainly slotted, are preferable for ESP protection. The main advantages and disadvantages of known mass-produced slotted filter designs are considered. Results. The process of production tubing deformation in the course of pumping with ESP is considered and mathematically described. An engineering solution is proposed for a selfcleaning borehole slotted filter which makes it possible to eliminate the main disadvantages of slotted filters, specifically low dirt capacity and the need for tripping operations aimed at restoring the filter’s permeability. The method is given for calculating the deformation of the filter element within the slotted filter as part of the ESP below ground. Conclusions. The use of the described self-cleaning filter will increase the ESP operating time in wells characterized by solids circulation. Reducing trippings, and therefore the downtime of wells, during the operation of ESP with slotted filters will significantly reduce the costs of oil producing enterprises and increase oil production profitability.

A new efficiency calibration methodology for different atmospheric filter geometries by using coaxial Ge detectors

The study of the different pollutants present in atmospheric aerosols such as trace elements and radionuclides is essential to assess the air quality. To analyze the particulate matter (PM), atmospheric filters with different dimensions and geometries (rectangular, circular, slotted, and square filters) are usually employed. Regarding the pollutants existing in atmospheric aerosols, radionuclides are usually analyzed due to their multiple applications such as either in the environmental radiological control or as tracers of atmospheric processes. Therefore, this study aims to develop a new and general methodology to calibrate in efficiency coaxial Ge detectors to properly determine radionuclides present in the PM by gamma-ray spectrometry for several filter types. For this, granular certified reference materials (CRM) containing only natural radionuclides (238U-series, 232Th-series, and 40 K) were selected. Several granular solid CRMs were chosen allowing us to reproduce the same PM deposition geometry and to assure the homogeneity of the added CRMs. These are the main advantages in relation to the typical methods that use liquid CRMs. Furthermore, for filters whose surfaces are relatively large, they were cut in several pieces and placed one on top of the other, achieving the same geometry than the PM deposited onto the filter. Then, the experimental full-energy peak efficiencies (FEPEs) were obtained for each energy of interest (Eγ) and they were fitted versus Eγ, finding a general FEPE function for each filter type. Finally, this methodology was validated for both natural and artificial radionuclides (from 46 to 1332 keV) by using different filter types employed in proficiency test exercises, obtaining |zscore|< 2 for all cases.

Improving the transmittance of the plasmonic slot filter by using a single reflector.

A scheme to improve the transmittance of the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic slot filter is proposed and numerically studied. Using this scheme, the transmittance of all channels in the MIM slot filter can be significantly improved by using only one reflector. The simulation results show that the transmittance of all channels with this scheme is almost 160% higher than without it. A single-channel filter at 980 nm and a three-channel filter are both demonstrated using this scheme. All the work above is completed by the finite-element analysis method. The model and characteristics of the structure with periodical stubs are also introduced and analyzed. For the first time, to our knowledge, the expressions of all four elements of the transfer matrix together with the reflectance of the periodical stubs are given. It is believed that our research will help to provide new ideas for improving transmittance and promote the application of plasmonic filters.

Performance evaluation of nanosilica derived from agro-waste as lost circulation agent in water-based mud

Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation. The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and all the factors influencing the mud to bridge through fractures or pore throat of exposed rocks. Loss circulation materials (LCMs) are commonly introduced into the drilling mud to prevent or minimize filtrate loss. This study investigates silica nanoparticle (SNP) derived from rice husk (RH) termed RH-SNP using the wet-milling method as an LCM in water-based mud (WBM). The impact of the RH-SNP in the enhancement of rheology and filtrate loss control properties of WBM was studied. Subsequently, the sealing integrity of the RH-SNP in a 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min was determined using a stainless-steel slotted filter disk. The performance of the developed RH-SNP was compared with the widely applied nutshell. The synthesized RH-SNP at amount of 2.0 wt% significantly enhanced the yield point and plastic viscosity of the WBM by 75% and 386%, respectively, and minimized the fluid loss of the WBM by 47% at 80 °F. The enhancement is due to the particles ability to spread and interact efficiently with the WBM. With the use of 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min, the mud loss volume of the base mud reduced by 50%, 66.7%, 86%, and 90% (for 1 mm) and 40%, 65.7%, 77.1%, and 80% (for 2 mm) with the inclusion of 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, and 2.0 wt% of RH-SNP, respectively. Overall, the results showed that RH-SNP enhanced the seal integrity of the drilling mud and was more resistant to deformation compared to the nutshell. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the application of RH-SNP as a loss circulation agent owing to its superior ability to seal fractured formation compared with the often used nutshell.

Efficiency of dusted gas cleaning using a slotted filter

The cleaning of industrial gases from dust is one of the most significant current environmental protection problems. The search for new, more advanced and effective ways to clean dust gases and dust collector designs is based on the diversity of technological conditions for dust formation, the physicochemical properties of gases and trapped particles, and an increase in technical and economic requirements for cleaning processes. When cleaning hot or chemically aggressive gases and capturing abrasive dust, the use of electrostatic precipitators, bag, fibrous and granular filters is often associated with difficulties in protecting the devices from harmful factors or ensuring sufficient cleaning efficiency. The design features of slotted filters permit their use in solving such problems. An engineering method for calculating slotted filters developed on the basis of theoretical ideas and experimental studies is used to model and design slotted filters with specified performance indicators to ensure high cleaning efficiency and low hydraulic resistance. This technique is based on theoretical patterns of filtration using basic dust particle deposition mechanisms on isolated cylinders in relation to the stationary stage of the filtration process. A computer program that simulates the process of cleaning dusty gases in slotted filters has been developed. This makes it possible to determine the optimal operating parameters, design dimensions and regeneration conditions of slotted filters based on a specified cleaning efficiency and hydraulic resistance, taking into account the properties of dust and gas during prolonged continuous operation of the filter.

Gas Dedusting by Slotted Filter

A new deduster is proposed, in which a slotted filter screen with perforated frame wire wound in several layers is used to collect dust, with specific sizes of slots between the coils and layers of wire. The filter is equipped with an efficient regeneration system and can be used to clean hot, aggressive gases, as well as abrasive dust. A stationary filtration method on various dusts with high (98–99% or more) or target cleaning efficiency and acceptable wall friction is developed and studied. The calculation method, which enables cleaning simulations and determination of optimal performance parameters and dimensions of the slotted filter structure, is presented.

Research of the resistance process of casing column filters at their contact with rock

The analysis of theoretical solutions and experimental data given in numerous literatures to justify the choice of the ratio of the size of gravel in relation to the size of formation sand showed that with the development of experimental methods and the accumulation of laboratory and field data, this ratio tends to decrease. When installing filters in an open hole, pressure losses at the interface between gravel and the formation play a significant role, and it should be noted that the greatest productivity and efficiency of the filter in an open hole is achieved when there is a packing around it, which can be created by crushing the sandy massif of the formation by cyclical changes debit. When choosing a filter design, along with the ability to provide them with a reliable hydraulic connection in the reservoir-filter system, the main task is also solved - to prevent sand flow into the well. The study of the conditions for the removal of sand particles through the flow sections in perforated, mesh and slotted filters during their operation both in homogeneous and in sands of different size, made it possible to recommend empirical dependences for determining the size of the holes. Keywords: porous medium; coarse fraction; sand; particle; well.

Water filter with central perforated pipe for livestock complexes

Improving the livestock sector is a priority for the development of agricultural production in the Russian Federation. The development of animal husbandry to a certain extent depends on the use of clean drinking water. The use of contaminated drinking water for animals and birds leads to the accumulation of harmful and toxic substances in meat, milk and eggs. The use of such products by people significantly affects their health, leads to various diseases and shortens life expectancy. To filter water from various impurities, slotted filters are used in livestock complexes that do not provide high-quality water purification. A prototype of a filter for water purification with a central perforated pipe with a productivity of 5 m3/h with an increased service life of the filter bag has been developed. The developed filter provides water purification from high concentration of salts of iron, manganese, chlorine, hardness salts, hydrogen sulfide, pesticides, and also various organic compounds. The purified water is clean and transparent, has a pleasant taste, contains the optimal chemical composition of various impurities, does not contain pathogens and helminth eggs, and therefore meets the high sanitary and hygienic requirements for the safe drinking water for farm animals in the water treatment line of the livestock complex. It can also be used in chemical water treatment units of thermal power plants and other organizations.

Design of Ku-band Size-reduced Waveguide Slot Filter Antenna Loaded with Metal Ridges

A filter antenna based on waveguide structure is proposed in this paper, which reduces the size of the resonator by loading a metal ridge in the rectangular waveguide resonator to produce a capacitive effect. The filter antenna integrates the waveguide filter and the waveguide slot antenna radiation array, and achieves a better matching of filtering characteristics and impedance. The simulation results show that the centre frequency of waveguide filter antenna is 15GHz and the relative bandwidth 2%; the return loss is more than 16.78dB; the peak gain of waveguide filter antenna reaches 12dBi.To summarize, the performance is excellent under the case of simple structure. The proposed filter antenna lays the foundation for the realization of integrated communication system and can be used in satellite and radar communication system.

Failure analysis of a lancing tool used in a bridge slot filter pipe machine

Failure of a lancing system was investigated. A local company produces bridge slot screen filter pipes. Specific cutting tools, part of the lancing system, brake down repeatedly. The parts were manufactured from AISI D2 steel. A systematic investigation consisting of on site inspection, visual examination, dimensional verification, hardness measurements and chemical analysis was carried out. Samples were selected and prepared for destructive testing. The fracture surfaces and the cross section of the tools were analyzed by light and SEM microscopy. The tools failed due to high shear stresses, unevenly developed on the surface of the parts. Their breakage is mainly attributed to poor design. The cutting-forming system should be redesigned and some aspects regarding the machine use and maintenance should be specified. Additionally, alternatives regarding the material selection of the tools are provided in order to ensure efficiency and to improve operational reliability.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОБЕСПЫЛИВАНИЯ В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ПОРТЛАНДЦЕМЕНТА

The analysis of the state of dust collection in the production of Portland cement is&#x0D; presented. A new scheme of purification of aspiration air from ball mills, when crushing clinker, using&#x0D; slotted filters and jet-filtration dust collector. The description and operating principle of recommended dust collectors are given. This scheme will improve the cleaning efficiency and reduce the hydraulic resistance during dust collection.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ РЕГЕНЕРАЦИИ ЩЕЛЕВОГО ФИЛЬТРА

This aim of this research was to study the mechanism and efficiency of the regeneration of filtering walls by means of reverse jet blasting with a rotating nozzle during dusty gas treatment by a slotted filter. Within a series of experiments, the rotational speed of the blowing nozzle and its distance to the filtering wall, the number of wire layers and the gaps between them were varied. Air consumption for filtration and purging was measured along with the hydraulic resistance of a clean filtering wall, a wall with dust sedimentation and one following regeneration. The balance of the forces acting on the dust sediment during regeneration and the conditions for the separation of the sediment from the filtering wall were analysed, allowing the minimum velocity of the blowing jet to be mathematically defined. A dependency relation is proposed for calculating the effective working speed of the jet, which ensures efficient regeneration and minimum purging costs. The efficiency of regeneration is found to be exponentially related to the residual creep resistance index determined by the conditions of filtration and regeneration. A dependency relation is derived to calculate the regeneration coefficient, which can be recommended for determining the total hydraulic resistance of the slotted filter, taking into account the resistance of the clean filtering wall, the resistance of the dust sediment and the residual resistance of the filtering wall after regeneration.

A comparison of azimuthal and axial oscillation microfiltration using surface and matrix types of microfilters with a cake-slurry shear plane exhibiting non-Newtonian behaviour

The mode of application of oscillation, axial or azimuthal, did not influence filtration performance, when filtering a calcite mineral with a d32 value of 2.7µm. The equilibrium flux and deposit thickness correlated with shear stress, regardless of: filter type (metal slotted surface filter or homogeneous sintered filter); and mode of oscillation. Shear stress values up to 240Pa were used and the particle compact believed to be at, or near, the deposited solids showed non-Newtonian flow behaviour described by the Herschel-Bulkley equation. The shear was computed using Comsol® to model the shear at, and near, the oscillating surface. The peak shear (maximum value) was used in the correlation for flux, which appeared to fit the data well and provide a realistic prediction for sustainable flux using a force balance model.The existence of a yield stress in the compact appeared to limit the internal fouling of the matrix (homogeneous) type of filter, which had a membrane thickness of 8mm, but did not demonstrate significant internal fouling over time, nor between filtrations. Thus, the results were similar to those obtained for the surface filters, and the resistance to filtration was dominated by the deposit formed.

Filtering Elements of a New Design and Equipment for Their Manufacture

Existing designs and manufacturing techniques for filters with a slot-hole structure are analyzed. It is proposed that slotted filter tubes be made by the method of deformational cutting. The method has been realized by through wall slotting of longitudinally corrugated welded metal pipe. Options are discussed for the basic structure of complexes designed to make slot-hole filtering pipes.

Calculating the size and operating parameters of a slotted filter

The calculation method that yields rational ratios of the thickness of the filter layer and the rate and time of filtration of a slotted filter that provide the target cleaning efficiency of dusted gases in processes at a constant filtration rate has been proposed. The method is based on the concepts of stationary factor and residence time of dusted gas in the filter layer; it considers the efficiency decrease caused by the secondary dust entrainment. It helps to determine the necessary data for the design of a slotted filter that has any target capacity and cleaning efficiency.

Miniaturized Slotted Bandpass Filter Design Using a Ridged Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide

This letter demonstrates significant miniaturization of slotted half-mode substrate integrated waveguide filters by incorporating a capacitive ridge. Based on this concept, two-pole and four-pole slotted bandpass filters are designed, fabricated and measured. Simulations are carried out using HFSS, and the prototypes are fabricated using a multi-layer printed circuit board process. The filters operate at 5.1 and 5.5 GHz and have a total width as small as 5.2 mm. The measured S-parameters of the slotted filters illustrate insertion loss of 0.8 dB and stopbands larger than 8 GHz. Compared to previously reported slotted half-mode substrate integrated waveguide filters, the proposed structure has a smaller footprint, lower insertion loss, and a larger stopband all at once.

Effect of the slot filter structure on the hydraulic resistance

The flow hydrodynamics in a pure filtering membrane consisting of several wire layers in a slot filter are investigated. The dependences determining the structure characteristics of the slot layer are obtained and their influence on the hydraulic resistance and its dependence on the flow velocity is studied. The technique of calculating the hydraulic resistance of a pure slot membrane is developed.

Stationary and efficiency of gas cleaning from dust on slotted filter

Some results of studying the cleaning of dusted air on a slotted filter at a constant filtration velocity were given. The efficiency of cleaning was related to the stationary factor and the time of residence of the dusted flow in the filtration bed. The conditions of the highly efficient cleaning of dusted gases in the steadystate filtration period and the method of selecting necessary process parameters and principal filter dimensions were determined.