Slight Changes In pH Research Articles

Corrosion behavior of Laves precipitates in FeCrAl-1Nb alloy at 290 °C and 7 MPa: The size effect and critical role of pH

The corrosion behavior of Laves precipitates in FeCrAl-1Nb alloy was investigated in four different deoxygenated solutions at 290 °C and 7 MPa. The Laves precipitates exhibit potential size effect during corrosion in a weak alkaline solution: the microscale precipitates undergo oxidation with amorphization and element dissolution, and these phenomena are not observed in nanoscale precipitates. The corrosion of nanoscale precipitates is less insensitive to slight changes in pH; however, micro-galvanic corrosion was observed between some nanoscale precipitates and the ferrite phase. Deuterium isotope labeling experiments observed hydrogen enrichment in some oxidized precipitates.

Effects of root-derived organic acids on sorption of pharmaceutically active compounds in sandy topsoil

The presence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in agricultural fields are rarely investigated. The present study highlights that root-derived low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) affect the mobility of PhACs in cultivated humic Arenosol. Sorption experiments are conducted using three PhACs characterised by different physicochemical properties: carbamazepine (CBZ), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and diclofenac-sodium (DFC). The results suggest that the adsorption of EE2 is more intense than the other two PhACs, whereas DFC and CBZ are primarily dominated by desorption. LMWOAs mainly provide additional low-energy adsorption sites for the PhACs, and slight pH changes do not significantly affect the sorption mechanism. During competitive adsorption, the high-energy sites of the adsorbents are initially occupied by EE2 owing to its high adsorption energy (∼15 kJ/mol). The new low-energy binding sites enhance the adsorption of DFC (from 8.5 % to 72.0 %) and CBZ (from 31.0 % to 70.0 %) during multicomponent adsorption. LMWOAs not only affect adsorption by modifying the pH but also provide additional binding sites that allow the PhACs to remain in the root environment for a longer period. As the concentration of LMWOAs temporarily changes, so does the availability of PhACs in the root zone. Environmental changes in the humic horizon enhance the mobility of the adsorbed PhACs, which renders them continuously available for uptake by plants, thus increasing the possibility of PhACs entering the human food chain.

Sequential intrapleural administration of fibrinolytic drugs and dornase alfa for empyema management. Treatment protocol based on its physicochemical stability

ObjectiveIntrapleural administration of fibrinolytics and dornase alfa has been shown in randomized studies to be able to reduce both the need for surgical debridement of empyema and the average hospital stay. However, its application in clinical practice is limited, probably due to the lack of protocols that simplify its administration. The present study aims to analyze the physicochemical stability of the simultaneous urokinase and dornase alfa administration for the subsequent development of a clinical practice use protocol. MethodIn vitro stability test of urokinase, dornase alfa and a combination of both. Its stability was evaluated as (i) absence of particles, (ii) color variation and (iii) pH changes at times 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 4 hours at 37 °C. Each sample was prepared and analyzed in triplicate. ResultsIndividual solutions of urokinase and dornase alfa showed slight changes in pH, finding no changes in either color or presence of suspended particles. The urokinase and dornase alfa combination was not stable after 2 hours, when turbidity emerged due to flocculation and phase separation. After 4 hours, precipitate formation was found. A protocol for clinical use was developed based on urokinase and dornase alfa sequential administration, since it was not possible to guarantee the physicochemical stability of the simultaneous administration of both drugs. ConclusionsThe physicochemical stability data obtained does not allow to ensure a simultaneous administration of both drugs in a safe and effective way, thus a sequential administration protocol is proposed.

Sugarcane Bagasse Is an Effective Soilless Substrate Amendment in Quick-turn Osteospermum Production

Many greenhouse growers rely on peat-based soilless substrates to produce salable crops in a relatively short period of time. Peat-based substrate suppliers often incorporate additional organic materials such as wood fiber to extend peat supplies. Given the relative success of wood-based substrates, growing interest in other fiber materials such as sugarcane bagasse may provide similar benefits for substrate processers. The objective of this research was to evaluate substrate properties and the productivity of a short-term floriculture crop, Osteospermum ‘Bright Lights Purple’, in a commercially available peat-based substrate (PL) that has been amended with either commercially available wood fiber [Hydrafiber (HF)] or an aged sugarcane bagasse fiber (SCB). Thus, substrates consisting of PL amended with 15% or 30% HF or SCB were developed. Plants were fertigated weekly at rates of 100, 200, or 300 ppm N, respectively. Crop growth and fertility dynamics were assessed. Substrate shrinkage was greatest in the 30% bagasse blend but had minimal impact given the 2-month crop cycle. The incorporation of 15% and 30% SCB and HF produced slight changes in pH over a 9-week growth period, with HF generally raising pH and SCB generally lowering pH compared with the 100% PL, showing promise for bagasse in managing substrate pH where irrigation water has high pH and/or alkalinity. Substrate EC was initially reduced by blending SCB and, to a lesser extent, HF, but differences ceased to exist by the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll and blooms were abundant in all substrates and fertigation rates. Regardless of fertigation rate, 30% HF had the lowest growth index and shoot dry mass, and 30% SCB had the lowest root dry mass, although differences were not visually apparent. Foliar N concentrations were greatest in plants grown in the PL and SCB substrates and lowest in HF blends. Overall, growth and dry mass differences were minimal across substrate treatment and fertigation rate, and all plants were marketable with statistically similar shelf life. In conclusion, this research indicates the potential of using SCB as a substrate amendment for short-term crop systems in a similar manner as wood fiber.

Principal antifungal factors and underlying mechanisms of dielectric barrier discharge plasma against Penicillium expansum spores as well as its application in kiwi-fruit juice

The objective of this work was to investigate the main antifungal factors and mechanisms of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma against Penicillium expansum spores. The application in kiwi-fruit juice was also studied. The results showed that 240 s was adequate for an about 6.0 log10 reduction of survival spores in kiwi-fruit juice after plasma treatment at 18 kV. DBD plasma treatment resulted in slight changes in pH, total phenolics, and color parameters of kiwi-fruit juice, but did not affect the total soluble solid and vitamin C contents. Among the longer-lived species generated by DBD plasma, NO2− was demonstrated to be related with the inactivation of P. expansum spores, but not considered as the important agent. Additionally, short-lived species (such as ∙OH, O2∙−, and 1O2) were confirmed to exist in the plasma-water system by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Thereinto, O2∙− and 1O2 contributed the most to the inactivation. Both species caused the morphologic alteration, membrane disruption, intracellular substance leakage, and DNA damage of spores. In conclusion, DBD plasma can effectively inactivate P. expansum spores in kiwi-fruit juice, which is mainly due to the disruption of cell membrane and DNA damage induced by O2∙− and 1O2 derived from DBD plasma.

Manganese potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune responses and septic shock

Divalent metal ions such as magnesium (Mg2+), manganese (Mn2+), and zinc (Zn2+) play important roles in regulating innate immune responses. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation led to increased intracellular Mn and Zn in macrophages. However, the effect of those metal ions in regulating lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune responses remains unclear. Here, we uncovered that both Mn2+ and Zn2+ have immunostimulatory effects, which could potentiate the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), cytokines and pro-inflammatory genes in a dose-dependent manner. Enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune gene expression by Mn2+ varies between 10 % and 900 %. Conversely, the chelating of Mn2+ almost totally diminished Mn2+-enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression. In addition, Mn2+ exerted its ability to potentiate LPS-induced innate immune gene expression regardless of slight pH changes. Importantly, we found that Mn2+ potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses independent of TLR4 but partially relies on cGAS-STING pathway. Further in vivo study showed that colloidal Mn2+ salt (Mn jelly [MnJ]) pretreatment exacerbated lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock and mice death. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Mn2+ plays an essential role in boosting lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune responses. These findings greatly expand the current understanding of the immunomodulatory potential of divalent metal Mn2+ and may provide a potential therapeutic target to prevent excessive immune responses.

Quantifying pH in Malaria Using pHluorin and Flow Cytometry.

Intracellular pH (pHi) plays a critical role in the regulation of numerous biological functions where specific pH ranges are required for optimal operation within cells. Slight pH changes can impact the regulation of diverse molecular processes, including enzymatic activities, ion channels, and transporters, which all play a role in cell functions. Methods for quantifying pHi continue to evolve and include various optical methods using fluorescent pH indicators. Here, we provide a protocol to measure pHi in the cytosol of Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites by means of flow cytometry and using pHluorin2, a pH-sensitive fluorescent protein that has been introduced into the genome of the parasite.

A Highly Accurate pH Detection Method for Sweat Analysis using a Printed 96‐Microwell Colorimetric Sensor Array

AbstractThis work reports on a facile 96‐microwell paper‐based colorimetric sensor array device (PCSAD) for highly accurate pH detection toward sweat analysis. Although a pH test strip has been widely used to easily visualize pH conditions with naked eyes, its accuracy to guarantee below the decimal point in pH changes has still been a concern. In contrast, the PCSAD could detect slight pH changes because of abundant chemical information by the array design. The color gradients on the PCSAD upon changing pH conditions can be rapidly recorded by a flatbed scanner. The captured digital images of the PCSAD were treated with imaging analysis, followed by extraction of color intensities for inset data. By employing the partially overlapped detectable pH ranges of pH indicators, seamless inset data was obtained. Therefore, the PCSAD successfully discriminated against slight changes in pH conditions in human sweat with high accuracy by pattern recognition methods.

Tumor acidic environment directs nanoparticle impacts on cancer cells

Despite impressive progress in nanotechnology-based cancer therapy being made by in vitro research, few nanoparticles (NPs) have been translated into clinical trials. The wide gap between in vitro results and nanomedicine’s clinical translation might be partly due to acidic microenvironment of cancer cells being ignored in in vitro studies. To check this hypothesis, we studied the biological impacts of two different structures of NPs on cancer cells (MDA-MB 231) at acidic (pH: 6.5) low (pH: 7) and physiological pH (pH: 7.4). We uncovered that a slight change in the pH of the cancer cell microenvironment affects the cellular uptake efficacy and toxicity mechanism of nanographene sheets and SPION@silica nanospheres. Both nanostructures exerted more substantial toxic impacts (e. g. apoptosis, necrosis, membrane disruption, and oxidative stress induction) against cancer cells at physiological pH compared to acidic niche. They also differently slowed or arrested phases of the cell cycle at different pH (S and G2/M at normal pH while G0/G1 at acidic/low pH). More specifically, cancer cells expressed higher levels of interleukins involved in cancer cell resistance at acidic pH than those incubated at physiological pH. This study revealed that a slight change in extracellular pH of cancer cells could strongly affect the therapeutic/toxic impact of nanomaterials and therefore, it should be considered in the future cancer nanomedicine research.

Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in liquid micellar casein concentrates induced by high-pressure treatments

Microfiltration and diafiltration were conducted to obtain 3 distinct levels of liquid micellar casein concentrates from raw skim milk: 8, 10 and 11.5 g casein/100 g. All the concentrates were subjected to 300, 450 and 600 MPa for 5 min. The physicochemical and microbiological changes in the matrix were studied and compared with their untreated counterparts on the day of production and after storing the samples for 7 d at 10 °C. Slight changes in pH were correlated with pressurization; the higher the pressure the greater the decrease in pH. For the least concentrated sample, changes were more noticeable. Furthermore, changes in particle size mainly occurred as a consequence of pressurization but also depended on casein concentration: aggregation and disruption phenomena were observed in the most concentrated samples. In terms of microbial quality, 600 MPa was the only treatment capable of achieving effective microbial control.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Availability in Three Compost Derivatives from the Wine Industry and Two Fertilizers

Organic production worldwide shows ongoing advances in agronomic management. Compost is mainly used for nutritional management and its benefits in biological activity and soil construction are well known; however, there are questions regarding nutrient supply. The present experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) delivery along with the real N supply of three composts made from residues of the wine industry and two fertilizers (organic fertilizer and conventional liquid fertilizer) in two soils with contrasting characteristics (clay loam and sandy loam). There were five incubation times (0, 7, 28, 56, and 112 d), five treatments for each soil with rate of 100 mg kg−1 of total N, including a control, three composts, and one fertilizer with three replicates and a split-plot experimental design. Results indicated that the composts generated P and K contributions, whose amounts were different in both soils; however, there was no net N contribution as available N. Both the organic and conventional fertilizers provided important N contributions, which differed in magnitude depending on the characteristics of each fertilizer and each soil. In addition, the three composts generated slight changes in pH and electrical conductivity (EC). The organic and liquid fertilizers produced moderate (36.1%) and high (65.2%) net N availability values for clay loam soil and sandy loam soil, respectively. For agronomic management decisions involving the use of these composts as a nutritional source, it is suggested that the present study be complemented with field experiments.

Abundance and Niche Differentiation of Comammox in the Sludges of Wastewater Treatment Plants That Use the Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic Process.

Complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox), which directly oxidize ammonia to nitrate, were recently identified and found to be ubiquitous in artificial systems. Research on the abundance and niche differentiation of comammox in the sludges of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) would be useful for improving the nitrogen removal efficiency of WWTPs. Here, we investigated the relative abundance and diversity of comammox in fifteen sludges of five WWTPs that use the anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process in Jinan, China, via quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ammonia monooxygenase gene. In the activated sludges in the WWTPs, comammox clade A.1 was widely distributed and mostly comprised Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa-like comammox (>98% of all comammox). The proportion of this clade was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with the dissolved oxygen (DO) level (1.7–8 mg/L), and slight pH changes (7.20–7.70) affected the structure of the comammox populations. Nitrospira lineage I frequently coexisted with Nitrosomonas, which generally had a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) with the DO level. Our study provided an insight into the structure of comammox and other nitrifier populations in WWTPs that use the anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process, broadening the knowledge about the effects of DO on comammox and other nitrifiers.

Formulation and Characterization of Stimuli-Responsive Lecithin-Based Liposome Complexes with Poly(acrylic acid)/Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and Pluronic® Copolymers for Controlled Drug Delivery.

Polymer–liposome complexes (PLCs) can be efficiently applied for the treatment and/or diagnosis of several types of diseases, such as cancerous, dermatological, neurological, ophthalmic and orthopedic. In this work, temperature-/pH-sensitive PLC-based systems for controlled release were developed and characterized. The selected hydrophilic polymeric setup consists of copolymers of Pluronic®-poly(acrylic acid) (PLU-PAA) and Pluronic®-poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PLU-PD) synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The copolymers were incorporated into liposomes formulated from soybean lecithin, with different copolymer/phospholipid ratios (2.5, 5 and 10%). PLCs were characterized by evaluating their particle size, polydispersity, surface charge, capacity of release and encapsulation efficiency. Their cytotoxic potential was assessed by determining the viability of human epithelial cells exposed to them. The results showed that the incorporation of the synthesized copolymers positively contributed to the stabilization of the liposomes. The main accomplishments of this work were the innovative synthesis of PLU-PD and PLU-PAA by ATRP, and the liposome stabilization by their incorporation. The formulated PLCs exhibited relevant characteristics, notably stimuli-responsive attributes upon slight changes in pH and/or temperature, with proven absence of cellular toxicity, which could be of interest for the treatment or diagnosis of all diseases that cause some particular pH/temperature change in the target area.

Formulation and Characterization of Fast Dissolving films of Etoricoxib

Etoricoxib belongs to a class of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Etoricoxib acts by reducing the pain and swelling (inflammation) in the joints and muscles of people older than 16 years of age and older patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and gout. The present study was aimed to formulate fast dissolving oral films to enhance bioavailability, avoid presystemic metabolism and fast onset of action. The Preformulation studies such as Micromeritics, melting point, partition coefficients, UV spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, loss on drying were carried out. The fast dissolving oral film was successfully fabricated by solvent casting method. Oral film was fabricated using PVA and PVP polymer. The prepared films were evaluated for Organoleptic evaluations, film weight, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug content uniformity of films, surface pH, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies and SEM study. The formulation F8 has shown disintegration time of 22±1 seconds and is more promising, showed drug release in phosphate buffer 6.8 pH 86.33% in 10 min. Hence formulation F8 was selected as best formulation. In the stability testing all films stored at elevated temperature showed slight change in pH, other parameters were found to be unchanged.

A MOF-Shell-Confined I-Motif-Based pH Probe (MOFC-i) Strategy for Sensitive and Dynamic Imaging of Cell Surface pH

Dynamic imaging of cell surface pH is extremely challenging due to the slight changes in pH and the fast diffusion of secreted acid to the extracellular environment. In this work, we construct a novel metal-organic framework (MOF)-shell-confined i-motif-based pH probe (MOFC-i) strategy that enables sensitive and dynamic imaging of cell surface pH. The CY3- and CY5-labeled i-motif, which is hybridized via its short complementary chain with two-base mismatches, is optimized for sensing at physiological pH. After efficiently anchoring the optimized pH probes onto the cell membrane with the aid of cholesterol groups, a biocompatible microporous MOF shell is then formed around the cell by cross-linking ZIF-8 nanoparticles via tannic acid. The microporous MOF shell can confine secreted acid without inhibiting the normal physiological activities of cells; thus, the MOFC-i strategy can be used to monitor dynamic changes in the cell surface pH of living cells. Furthermore, this method can not only clearly distinguish the different metabolic behaviors of cancer cells and normal cells but also reveal drug effects on the cell surface pH or metabolism, providing promising prospects in pH-related diagnostics and drug screening.

A computational study of mercaptopurine and thioguanine binding to gold clusters Aun (n = 3, 4)

The density functional theory calculations are employed to elucidate the adsorption/desorption behaviours of mercaptopurine (MP) and thioguanine (TG) drugs on the gold surfaces, using Au3 and Au4 clusters as model reactants. The PBE functional in combination with the effective core potential cc-pVTZ-PP basis set for gold atoms and cc-pVTZ basis set for nonmetals have been used to investigated geometric structures, thermodynamic parameters and electronic properties of the obtained complexes. The IEF-PCM model with water solvent was used to include the effect of biological environment on the interactions. The computed results show that the binding is dominated by a covelant bond Au−S and by electrostatic effects, namely a hydrogen bond contribution NH∙∙∙Au. In addition, the drug binding to gold clusters is a reversible process and a drug release mechanism was also clarified. Accordingly, the drugs are willing to separate from the gold surface due to either a slight change of pH in tumor cells or the presence of cysteine residues in protein matrices.

Data Processing Optimization in Untargeted Metabolomics of Urine Using Voigt Lineshape Model Non-Linear Regression Analysis.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is well-established to address questions in large-scale untargeted metabolomics. Although several approaches in data processing and analysis are available, significant issues remain. NMR spectroscopy of urine generates information-rich but complex spectra in which signals often overlap. Furthermore, slight changes in pH and salt concentrations cause peak shifting, which introduces, in combination with baseline irregularities, un-informative noise in statistical analysis. Within this work, a straight-forward data processing tool addresses these problems by applying a non-linear curve fitting model based on Voigt function line shape and integration of the underlying peak areas. This method allows a rapid untargeted analysis of urine metabolomics datasets without relying on time-consuming 2D-spectra based deconvolution or information from spectral libraries. The approach is validated with spiking experiments and tested on a human urine 1H dataset compared to conventionally used methods and aims to facilitate metabolomics data analysis.

Structural Characterization and Binding Studies of the Ectodomain G Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Reveal the Crucial Role of pH with Possible Implications in Host–Pathogen Interactions

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading viral pathogen causing acute lower respiratory tract infection in children. The G protein of RSV is involved in attachment with the host cell. It is a neutralizing antigen and thus a vaccine candidate. Heparan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present on the host cell membrane that is involved in attachment with the G protein of RSV. We describe a novel approach for efficient expression and purification of the ectodomain G protein in the prokaryotic system and its biophysical characterization. The native ectodomain G protein was purified using a two-step process by Ni-NTA and DEAE weak anion-exchange chromatography through the supernatant obtained after cell lysis. In addition, the denatured form of the protein was also purified from the solubilized inclusion bodies (IBs) by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with a higher yield. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was performed to confirm the homogeneity of the purified protein. The effect of pH on the stability and structure of the purified protein was studied by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and absorbance spectroscopy techniques. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) were exploited to demonstrate the interaction of heparan sulfate with the ectodomain G protein. The dynamic light scattering results showed that the purified protein was homogenic and had a well-folded native conformation. Biophysical characterization of the protein revealed that it was stable and had intact secondary and tertiary structures at pH 7.5. CD analysis revealed that the protein showed a loss in the secondary structure at pH values 5.5 and 3.5, while absorbance spectroscopy suggested a stable tertiary structure at pH values 7.5 and 5.5 with a probable aggregation pattern at pH 3.5. This loss in the structure of the ectodomain G protein at low pH can be correlated with its physiological activity. A slight change in pH might play a crucial role in host–pathogen interactions. The fluorescence intensity of the protein decreased on moving toward a lower pH with no spectral shift in emission maxima. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry and microscale thermophoresis results showed strong binding affinity of the ectodomain G protein with heparan sulfate. The binding of heparan sulfate with protein was probably due to the electrostatic interaction of positively charged amino acid residues of the heparin-binding domain of the protein and the negatively charged group of GAGs. Future studies may involve the development of possible therapeutic agents interacting with the G protein and affecting the overall charge and pH that might hinder the host–pathogen interaction.

Treatment of Iraqi Municipal Wastewater by up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor UASB

In this work, the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket “UASB” reactor treated effluent wastewater to investigate the process performance on a pilot plant scale. Municipal wastewater at high and medium strength with different organic load rate OLR (0.6-9) kg COD m-3day-1 with the flow of 20 l/h, up-flow velocity 0.4 m/h, hydraulic retention time HRT 9 h at a temperature of (20-30 ºC) was evaluated. The wastewater concentration, including TSS, COD was measured, and the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid TSS were calculated and summarized as 45-85% and 70-75%, respectively, depending on organic load rate OLR. Effluent volatile fatty acids VFA was measured, and the results were in the range between 12-90 mg/L depending on OLR with a slight change in pH (8.3-8.4), which means the conversion of COD to methane and increase ammonia concentration.

Effect of Bunium persicum essential oil, NaCl, Bile Salts, and their combinations on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in probiotic yogurt

The probiotic yogurt, with additional essential oil researches, has increased recently. Bunium persicum Boiss is a critical medicinal wild growing plant in Iran dry areas. In this study, Lactobacillus acidophilus was exposed to stress with B. persicum essential oil (BEO), NaCl, bile salts, and their combinations by 50 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and then inoculated to the yogurt samples, which were stored at 4°C for 28 days. Indepen-dent parameters in this article are BEO 500 and 1000 ppm that the physicochemical, sensory properties, and L. acidophilus of viability in yogurt samples were assessed within the time. A steady increase in syneresis percent-age and acidity was observed, while pH values were reduced in all samples. The L. acidophilus survival decreased during storage time in all treatments. In addition, sensory scores showed a reduction trend in the samples. The survival rate of probiotic bacteria is also impacted by redox potential. Increasing the oxidation and resuscitation potential and increasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration due to the bacteria metabolic activity are among the factors that reduce the probiotic bacteria population in yogurt during storage. The most viability of L. acidophilus under stress with BEO compared with other stress treatments may be due to slight changes in pH during this period than in the stress treatments. Generally, it can be argued that the usage of BEO, NaCl, and bile salts at a MIC of 50% in yogurt stored in the refrigerator for 21 days provided a suitable environment for the storage and transmission of L. acidophilus, as recommended to the consumer and, therefore, the current results confirmed that the addition of probiotic and these materials improved the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yogurt.