Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome Patients Research Articles

#1543 Risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease

Abstract Background and Aims Both obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common disease. Patients with OSAHS were evidenced to have oxidative stress, increased albuminuria and renal injury. Previous reports show high prevalence of OSAHS among CKD patients, while its risk factors are hardly investigated. The objective of this study is to assess the risk factors of OSAHS in patients with CKD. Method We selected 181 patients with CKD who were hospitalized in department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital from September 2020 to February 2023. All participants underwent full-night standard nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) monitoring in the sleep center using Alice 4, 5 or 6 devices. An apnea hypopnea index (AHI)>5 events/h was consistent with the diagnosis of OSA. The 181 Patients are divided into three groups based on the level of AHI to studied the differences of clinical and biochemical characteristics. According to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) risk categories, all patients are divided into non very high risk and very high risk group, logistic regression is used for analyzing risk factors of OSAHS in patients with CKD. Results The prevalence of OSAHS was 86.7% (157 of 181), with 29.8% mild, 30.9% moderate and 25.9% severe respectively. The urea nitrogen (P=0.039) and cystatin C (P = 0.030) levels in patients of severe OSAHS group were significantly higher than those within non or mild OSAHS group. The eGFR in non or mild OSAHS group was significantly higher than moderate OSAHS group (P = 0.036). Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between AHI (p = 0.022), ODI (p = 0.033), and hypopnea index (p = 0.004) of sleep parameters and eGFR, while a significant positive correlation was found between LaSO2 (p = 0.005), MaSO2 (p = 0.030), and eGFR. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the hypopnea index was an independent risk factor for eGFR (p = 0.033, R2: 0.215), and CT90 was an independent risk factor for UACR (p < 0.001, R2: 0.105). Logistic regression analysis revealed that hypopnea index (OR = 1.058) was significantly correlated with very high risk in KDIGO risk categories (p < 0.05). Conclusion OSAHS is high prevalence in patients with CKD. Regression analysis shows that hypopnea index is not only an independent risk factor for eGFR but also a significant predictor associated with very high risk according to KDIGO risk category.

Ultrasonographic changes and impact factors of diaphragmatic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

Diaphragmatic impairment has been reported in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients. However, the risk factors of diaphragmatic dysfunction are unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate the diaphragmatic function and to investigate impact factors of ultrasonographic changes of the diaphragm in OSAHS patients. This cross-sectional study recruited 150 snoring patients. All patients were divided into the control group (AHI < 5/h, n = 20), the mild-to-moderate OSAHS group (5/h ≤ AHI ≤ 30/h, n = 61), and the severe OSAHS group (AHI > 30/h, n = 69). Diaphragmatic thickness at function residual capacity (TFRC) and total lung capacity (TTLC) were measured by two-dimensional ultrasound, and the diaphragmatic excursion during tidal and deep breath was measured by M-mode ultrasound. The diaphragmatic thickening fraction (TF) was calculated. Spearman analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis were conducted to analyze the impact factors of diaphragmatic function. TFRC in the control group, mild-to-moderate OSAHS group, and severe OSAHS group was 1.23 (1.10, 1.39) mm, 1.60 (1.43, 1.85) mm, and 1.90 (1.70, 2.25) mm; TTLC was 2.75 (2.53, 2.93) mm, 3.25 (2.90, 3.55) mm, and 3.60 (3.33, 3.90) mm, and TF was 119.23% (102.94, 155.97), 96.55% (74.34, 119.11), and 85.29% (60.68,101.22). There were across-group significant differences in TFRC, TTLC, and TF (P < 0.05). The oxygen desaturation index was the influencing factor of TFRC, TTLC, and TF (P < 0.05). The diaphragm is thickened and diaphragmatic contractility is decreased in OSAHS patients. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia is a risk factor for diaphragmatic hypertrophy and impaired diaphragmatic contractility.

Continuous positive airway pressure may improve hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress.

The work was designed to investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We examined the effect of CPAP on blood pressure and biomarkers reflecting inflammation and oxidative stress, and investigated the correlation between changes in blood pressure and the biomarkers. CPAP significantly improved clinic, ambulatory and home blood pressure (p < 0.05). The hypotensive effect of CPAP was positively correlated with the decrease of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, NADPH oxidase and malonaldehyde. CPAP has a significant antihypertensive effect on OSAHS patients, especially nocturnal hypertension, possibly by counteracting inflammation and oxidative stress.

Hellenic registry of patients with home mechanical ventilation (HR-HMV): profiling sleep Apnea–Hypopnea syndrome patients across Greece

BackgroundChronic respiratory conditions are a prominent public health issue and thus, building a patient registry might facilitate both policy decision making and improvement of clinical management processes. Hellenic Registry of patients with Home Mechanical Ventilation (HR-HMV) was initiated in 2017 and a web-based platform is used to support patient data collection. Eighteen hospital departments (including sleep labs) across Greece participate in this initiative, focusing on recording data for both children and adult patients supported by mechanical ventilation at home, including patients with Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) under Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy.MethodsThe HR-HMV initiative ultimately aims to provide a database for evidence-based care and policy making in this specific domain. To this end, a web information system was developed and data were manually collected by clinics and hospital departments. Legal and privacy issues (such as General Data Protection Rule compliance and technical information security measures) have been considered while designing the web application. Based on the collected data, an exploratory statistical report of SAHS patients in Greece is presented.ResultsEleven out of the eighteen participating clinics and hospital departments have contributed with data by the time of the current study. More than 5000 adult and children patient records have been collected so far, the vast majority of which (i.e., 4900 patients) diagnosed with SAHS.ConclusionThe development and maintenance of patient registries is a valuable tool for policy decision making, observational/epidemiological research and beyond (e.g., health technology assessment procedures). However, as all data collection and processing approaches, registries are also related with potential biases. Along these lines, strengths and limitations must be considered when interpreting the collected data, and continuous validation of the collected clinical data per se should be emphasized. Especially for Greece, where the lack of national registries is eminent, we argue that HR-HMV could be a useful tool for the development and the update of related policies regarding the healthcare services for patients with home mechanical ventilation support and SAHS patients, which could be useful for related initiatives at a European level as well.

A retrospective controlled study on the treatment effect of distraction osteogenesis and maxillomandibular advancement for severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome patients

Objective: To compare the treatment effect of distraction osteogenesis (DO) and maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients and to guide clinical decisions about treatment of OSAHS. Methods: Thirty-seven OSAHS patients which accepted maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) or distraction osteogenesis (DO) in Stomatological Hospital of the Department of Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Forth Military Medical University from June 2017 to June 2019 were collected. Their preoperative and postoperative data of cephalometry, polysomnography (PSG), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores were collected and analyzed. With propensity score matching method, the treatment effect of MMA and DO was analyzed and compared. Results: According to the statistics of MMA group, only AHI was correlated with operative successful rate and cure rate. With the increase of AHI, the treatment effect of MMA on OSAHS patients gradually decreased. The cut-off point of AHI as a predictor of MMA treatment failure was 78.2 n/h. All the matched cases were severe OSAHS patients. Statistical analysis showed that the mandibular elongation of DO patients[(24.00±4.39) mm] was significantly more than that of MMA group [(11.20±1.37) mm] (t=-6.11, P<0.001), the improvement of PSG index [including lowest oxygen saturation (LSpO2), longest apnea (LA) and longest hypopnea (LH)] in DO group [LSpO2=(93.40±1.82)%; LA=(18.28±8.32) s; LH=(61.84±32.94) s] was significantly higher than that in the MMA group [LSpO2=(86.00±4.06)%, LA=(64.08±21.78) s, LH=(172.40±30.70) s](t=-3.72, P=0.005; t=4.39, P=0.003; t=5.49, P=0.004). The PSQI and the ESS scores of DO group (PSQI=4.20±0.83; ESS=3.40±1.52) were also significantly better than that of MMA group (PSQI=8.80±2.39, ESS=9.40±2.88)(t=4.07, P=0.001; t=4.12, P=0.002). Conclusions: For severe OSAHS patients, the objective and subjective indicators of DO treatment group showed a better therapeutic effect than that of MMA.

Clinical case control study analysis of vestibular function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

To investigate the effects of hypoxia degree and sleep duration on vestibular function in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients. We made further study of the low oxygen levels of OSAHS and hypoxic duration on the impact of vestibular function, and further studied the OSAHS the longest apnea time and Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) abnormal rate and the relationship between the vestibular function of canal paralysis (CP). A total of 87 OSAHS patients and 47 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. There was no difference in gender, age and body mass index (BMI) values in matched experimental groups. Other diseases of other systems were excluded. All the participants completed sleepiness questionnaires (i.e., the Epworth sleepiness scale and the STOP-BANG questionnaire) and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). Additionally, a caloric test, positional test, electrocochleogram, and VEMP test were administered to evaluate the vestibular function of all the participants. A polysomnography (PSG) was also performed. The current investigation generated the following three major findings: (I) there was a significant correlation between body mass index and canal paresis [CP; P=0.014, odds ratio (OR) =1.791, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.125-2.851] and a significant positive correlation between the DHI score and VEMP results (P=0.0061, OR =3.667, 95% CI: 1.449-9.276); (II) the CP abnormality rate of the OSAHS group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); (III) there was a significant correlation between the longest apnea duration and the DHI score (r=-0.191, P<0.05). The abnormality rate of the vestibular function of OSAHS patients is higher than that of healthy people. OSAHS intermittent hypoxia can affect vestibular function in the inner ear, and the longer the duration of prolonged hypoxia, the more serious the vestibular function damage.

Effects of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome on cardiac function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COPD overlapping obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (overlap syndrome), and to study the relationship between overlap syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: A total of 126 stable COPD patients admitted to the Respiratory Department of Peking University Third Hospital from September 2016 to October 2018 were included in this study, including 112 males and 14 females, ranging in age from 48 to 89 years, with a median of 67 years. With apnea hypopnea index (AHI) 5 times/h for the cutoff value, we classified the patients into a simple COPD group (31 cases) and an overlap syndrome group (95 cases), and compared the patients' demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, lung function, the incidence of cardiovascular events and the cardiac function with echocardiography (E/e'), left atrium diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), by using independent-samples T test and chi-square test. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, cardiac function between COPD patients and overlap syndrome patients, but significant differences in blood oxygen level at night and left ventricular mass index(LVMI) between these groups (P=0.014,P<0.001,P<0.001,P<0.001, P=0.047, respectively) were observed. By comparing the severe sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (AHI≥30) with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome patients(AHI<30), there were statistically significant differences in echocardiographic indicators, among which there were statistically significant differences in E/e'(P=0.013), LAD(P=0.006), LVMI (P=0.051) and LVEF (P=0.030).There were also significant differences in the history of coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure between the two groups (P=0.025, P<0.001). After dividing the patients with overlap syndrome by mild, moderate and severe severity, E/e' and LAD were significantly correlated with severity (P=0.045, P=0.011). In terms of blood oxygen level at night, there was a significant correlation between average blood oxygen saturation at night and E/e', LAD, and LVMI (r=-0.195, P=0.033; r=-0.197, P=0.030; r=-0.195, P=0.044); moreover, there was also a significant correlation between the ratio of blood oxygen≤90% and LAD (r=0.209, P=0.021). In the multiple linear regression model, E/e' increased by 0.070 on average for each unit increase in AHI, and 0.084 on average for each unit increase in oxygen desaturation index (ODI). Conclusions: Patients with COPD overlapping severe sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome showed worse left diastolic function and higher risk of congestive heart failure and coronary heart disease compared with the patients with COPD alone. In addition, the degree of impairment of left heart diastolic function was associated with the severity of COPD overlapping sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. The higher the AHI and the ODI became, the more severe the left heart diastolic restriction and structures changed.

The signal axis GATA2-EDN1-AGT induced hypertension from obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome with the clinical and animal study

Hypertension occurred in 50% obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients meanwhile OSAHS occurred in 30% hypertension patients. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of GATA2-EDN1-AGT induced hypertension in the development of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. OSAHS patients (56 cases: 36 cases of male, 20 cases of female, 42~60 years old) were divided into two groups (case group: patients with hypertension monitored by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and polysomnography; control group: patients without hypertension). Wistar rats were used to establish the OSAHS model (narrow pharyngeal cavity). PaO2 and PaCO2 of patients and rats were measured by an automatic blood gas analyzer. The profile of total protein in the OSAHS group and normal group was evaluated. Protein-protein-interaction (PPI) was carried out to show all matter proteins related. The levels of EDN-1, AGTII and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in blood samples of patients and rats were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of GATA2, EDN1, endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE-1) and AGTⅡ was measured. The results showed that SaO2 and AHI were positively associated with systolic pressure (P&lt;0.05) in OSAHS patients. There was no correlation among other indexes (P&gt;0.05). It was also observed that GATA2 had a strong relationship with AGTⅡ and EDN1. The results of ELISA presented that the levels of EDN1, AGTⅡ and ANP in the OSAHS group of human and animal models were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05). The results of immunochemistry showed that the expression of GATA2 and AGTⅡ in the vascular of OSAHS group was upregulated manifestly (P&lt;0.05). It was concluded that OSAHS can induce AHI, which increases hypertension via the GATA2-EDN1-AGT Ⅱ axis.

Regional characterization of functional connectivity in patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome during sleep

Objective. Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) induces abnormalities in brain function. This study aims to find features that can characterize the impact of SAHS on the brain functional connectivity (FC) during sleep. Approach. Seventy-eight participants (39 SAHS patients and 39 age-matched healthy controls) were recruited and underwent a whole night of polysomnography. The improved weighted phase lag index algorithm was utilized to evaluate FC in δ, θ, α, β, and γ bands of six EEG channels. The regional FC features were further constructed to characterize the asymmetries of FC between the left and right hemispheres, the imbalances of FC between the inter- and intra-hemispheres, and those between the anterior and posterior cortex, respectively. Then, support vector machines and feature evaluation were used to verify the discriminative ability for the abnormal FC in SAHS patients of the above-mentioned features. Main results. The study observed abnormal FC changes in SAHS patients during sleep in multiple frequency bands. Moreover, regional FC features performed better in SAHS screening, and important features were mainly distributed in β and γ bands. Significance. Our research exhibited the abnormal regional FC in SAHS patients during sleep, which provided new insights and established indicators to investigate the changes of brain function in patients.

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This study characterized the differences in K-complex (KC) morphology features between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients and healthy controls and analyzed the effect of respiratory events on KC morphology. We enrolled 42 male subjects (21 OSAHS patients and 21 age-matched healthy controls) who underwent overnight polysomnography. KCs in stage N2 were manually identified. We found that KCs in healthy controls had larger negative and whole amplitudes, longer durations, and smoother positive waves than OSAHS patients but smaller positive amplitudes. Most features showed highly significant differences after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.001/3). After separating out the KCs associated with respiratory events in OSAHS patients, the differences between the groups remained but were relatively smaller. In OSAHS patients, compared with the spontaneous KCs not evoked by obvious factors, the KCs occurring after respiratory events had larger amplitudes, steeper slopes, larger negative wave amplitude and duration ratios. KCs occurring during respiratory events showed lower amplitudes and shorter durations. These results may reveal the impact of respiratory events on sleep and brain function.

Influence of body mass index and obesity upon the association between periodontitis and sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

We aimed to explore the association between periodontitis and sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and the possible influence of body mass index (BMI) and obesity upon this association. A case-control study was made involving 114 subjects (60 patients with SAHS and 54 controls). A thorough periodontal evaluation was carried out, and demographic and clinical data were collected. Periodontitis was more prevalent in SAHS (80%) than in the controls (48.1%). The recorded statistically significant association (OR = 4.31; p = 0.001) was seen to weaken in the multivariate model (OR = 2.03; p = 0.204), with BMI adopting a more influential role. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated to probing depth (PD) (r = 0.40; p = 0.002) and clinical attachment level (CAL) (r = 0.41; p = 0.001). The periodontal parameters were seen to be higher in obese SAHS patients (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2) than in non-obese SAHS patients (BMI < 30kg/m2). The greater prevalence and severity of periodontitis in patients with SAHS were fundamentally influenced by BMI. On the other hand, periodontitis was more severe in patients with severe SAHS. Patients with SAHS have a greater prevalence of periodontitis, fundamentally related to increased obesity. Therefore, obese subjects with SAHS should be screened for periodontal disease.

Central sleep apnea after acute coronary syndrome and association with ticagrelor use

Study objectivesBy modifying the apneic threshold, the antiplatelet agent ticagrelor could promote central sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (CSAHS). We aimed to assess the association between CSAHS and ticagrelor administration. MethodsPatients were prospectively included within 1 year after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), if they had no heart failure (and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45%) and no history of sleep apnea. After an overnight sleep study, patients were classified as “normal” with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) < 15, “CSAHS patients” with AHI ≥ 15 mostly with central sleep apneas, and “obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients” with AHI ≥ 15 mostly with obstructive sleep apneas. ResultsWe included 121 consecutive patients (mean age 56.8 ± 10.8, 88% men, mean body mass index 28.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2, left ventricular ejection fraction 56 ± 5%, at a mean of 67 ± 60 days (median 40 days, interquartile range: 30–80 days) after ACS. In total, 49 (45.3%) patients had AHI ≥ 15 (27 [22.3%] CSAHS %, 22 [18.2%] OSAHS).For 80 patients receiving ticagrelor, 24 (30%) had CSAHS with AHI ≥ 15, and for 41 patients not taking ticagrelor, only 3 (7.3%) had CSAHS with AHI ≥ 15 (chi-square = 8, p = 0.004). On multivariable analysis only age and ticagrelor administration were associated with the occurrence of CSAHS, (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0006). ConclusionCSA prevalence after ACS is high and seems promoted by ticagrelor administration. Results from monocentric study suggest a preliminary signal of safety. Clinical trials.gov idNCT03540459.

Consistency analysis and influencing factors of performing VOTE scores for drug-induced sleep endoscopy

Objective: To investigate the consistency of Velum, Oropharygneal, Tongue base, Epiglottis (VOTE) scores between two surgeons with similar clinical experience in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients with different degree of disease, and to analyze the influencing factors leading to the difference in score. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. 64 preoperative drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) videos of OSAHS patients during December 2014 to July 2018, from Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University were analyzed. The VOTE score was assessed single-blind by two similar experienced surgeons, and the Kappa value between the two scorers was calculated by the third researcher. According to the characteristics of the case, Fisher's exact test or chi-square test method was used to further explore the factors that influenced the consistency. Results: Sixty-four patients were divided into four groups according to the severity of the disease, including mild (7 cases), moderate (30 cases), severe(18 cases), and extremely severe (9 cases). The scores evaluated between two researchers were analysed for consistency. For mild patients, the two scorers were completely consistent in the configuration and degree of obstruction in the velum and epiglottis (Kappa=1). There was no agreement on whether obstruction or not, obstructed configuration, obstructed degree of the oropharynx and tongue base, and presence of velum and epiglottis obstruction. For moderate patients, the two scorers had a good consistency in the configuration and degree of the velum (0.61≤Kappa≤0.80), and there was no consistency in the evaluation of the degree of tongue base and epiglottis (P>0.05). The consistency of the remaining obstructed conditions in the four planes was generally or moderate (0.21≤Kappa≤0.60). For patients with severe OSAHS, the two raters were completely consistent in the evaluation of palatopharyngeal and epiglottic planes for the presence of obstruction, but there was no consistency in the degree of obstruction. Although the degree of obstruction in the oropharyngeal plane can be assessed with good consistency, the consistency of whether the plane was blocked or not was generally not high. In the assessment of other obstructive conditions in the four planes of severe patients, the agreement between the two scorers was moderate or generally. For extremely severe patients, the two scorers were completely consistent in the evaluation of the velum obstruction, but there was no consistency in the degree of obstruction of the oropharynx and tongue base, and the obstruction configuration and degree of the epiglottis. The evaluation of other obstructed conditions in the four planes is good or moderate. Among the patients with severe OSAHS, the difference in the assessment of obstruction of the oropharynx was associated with tonsil size (P<0.05). Conclusion: When physicians with similar clinical experience scored VOTE, the consistency of whether the velum and oropharyngeal planes are obstructed is related to the severity of the disease. Better consistency is observed among more severe OSAHS patients. The reason for the poor consistency of the oropharyngeal plane in severe OSAHS patients OSAHS is due to the difference of the tonsils size. For severe OSAHS patients with small tonsils, the assessment of whether the oropharynx is obstructed should be more cautious.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of high altitude patients with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome

The objective of the study was to observe brain function changes in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnoea Syndrome (OSAHS) patients at high altitude. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in patients with OSAHS was assessed using regional homogeneity (ReHo), amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and functional connectivity (FC). In this study, 36 male patients with OSAHS and 38 healthy male subjects were recruited from high-altitude areas, specifically, altitudes of 2,000–3,000 m. OSAHS was diagnosed by polysomnography (PSG). The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals of OSAHS patients and healthy controls in the resting state were obtained and compared using ReHo, ALFF and FC methods. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was selected as the seed region in the comparison of FC between the two groups. Compared with the healthy control group, multiple brain functions in the OSAHS patient group were different. There were correlations between the brain function values of some brain regions and demographic data. We also found that in contrast to earlier findings with individuals in plains areas, the brain function at the frontal lobe and the precuneus were higher in OSAHS patients, and the PCC showed higher FC with the left caudate, which may be due to the high-altitude hypoxic environment.

Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Polysomnography Indicators of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome Patients Based on Sleep Perception Types.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of different sleep perception types of obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients and to analyze the correlation between sleep perception and polysomnography (PSG) indicators in OSAHS patients.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 355 patients diagnosed with OSAHS by PSG at the Sleep Medicine Center of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. Patients saw a doctor due to snoring and daytime sleepiness from March 2017 to March 2018. We excluded the patients who are <18 years old, had a history of OSAHS treatment, had other sleep and psychiatric disorders, and could not provide complete data. According to the patients' explanation, medical history, PSG indicators, and morning questionnaire after PSG, the patients were divided into normal sleep perception (NSP), positive sleep perception abnormality (PSPA), and negative sleep perception abnormality (NSPA). We analyze the demographic characteristics and PSG of the three groups with ANOVA and non-parametric tests. In addition, we conducted correlation analysis between sleep perception and PSG indicators.Results: Of OSAHS patient, 55.5% had sleep perception abnormalities, of which 35.5% were positive-perception abnormalities and 20% were negative-perception abnormalities. From the analysis of PSG indicators, the sleep perception abnormality was related to the frequency of spontaneous arousal of the patient (P = 0.003) and was not related to the slight arousal caused by respiratory events, oxygen desaturations, and limb movement events. OSAHS patients with PSPA had a higher oxygen desaturation index (P = 0.046) but no significant difference in post hoc test. PSPA group had significantly lower rapid eye movement (REM) latency and sleep efficiency and more wake after sleep onset (WASO) than had the other sleep perception groups. Multivariate linear regression analyses after adjusting for age and sex revealed that sleep perception was related to lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2), TS90%, sleep efficiency, and WASO.Conclusion: Sleep perception abnormality is common in OSAHS patients. OSAHS patients with different sleep perception types have different PSG profiles. The OSAHS patients with PSPA have more severe hypoxia levels at night that require timely personalized treatment.

Peripheral Dopamine 2-Receptor Antagonist Reverses Hypertension in a Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Rat Model.

The sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) involves periods of intermittent hypoxia, experimentally reproduced by exposing animal models to oscillatory PO2 patterns. In both situations, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure produces carotid body (CB) hyperactivation generating an increased input to the brainstem which originates sympathetic hyperactivity, followed by hypertension that is abolished by CB denervation. CB has dopamine (DA) receptors in chemoreceptor cells acting as DA-2 autoreceptors. The aim was to check if blocking DA-2 receptors could decrease the CB hypersensitivity produced by CIH, minimizing CIH-related effects. Domperidone (DOM), a selective peripheral DA-2 receptor antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, was used to examine its effect on CIH (30 days) exposed rats. Arterial pressure, CB secretory activity and whole-body plethysmography were measured. DOM, acute or chronically administered during the last 15 days of CIH, reversed the hypertension produced by CIH, an analogous effect to that obtained with CB denervation. DOM marginally decreased blood pressure in control animals and did not affect hypoxic ventilatory response in control or CIH animals. No adverse effects were observed. DOM, used as gastrokinetic and antiemetic drug, could be a therapeutic opportunity for hypertension in SAHS patients’ resistant to standard treatments.

Effect of mandibular advancement device on the stomatognathic system in patients with mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the changes of temporomandibular joints (TMJs) through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and the electrical changes in mandibular movement and masticatory muscle surface of mild‐to‐moderate obstructive sleep apnoea‐hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) patients before and after treatment with mandibular advancement device (MAD).MethodsThis was a single‐centre, prospective study recruiting OSAHS patients undergoing treatment with MAD in Department of Stomatology, Yannan Hospital, Kunming, China. Patients were recruited from February 2015 to October 2015, and TMJ changes were observed in MRI scanning before and after 18 months of treatment with MAD in cohort 1. The second cohort of the patients were recruited from January 2014 to September 2015 and electrical changes in mandibular movement and masticatory muscle surface of patients before and after 6 months of treatment with MAD.ResultsIn the cohort 1, TMJ changes analysed through MRI scanning, before and after 18‐month treatment with MAD, there was no significant deviation in the angle of joint disc position. A minor change in the position relationship between condylar process, articular disc and articular fossa but not significant was observed. There was no significant difference in the shape and magnitude of mandibular incision edge movement, percussion movement, masticatory movement and condylar central trajectory among the recruited OSAHS patients, before and after 6 months of MAD treatment as analysed through electromyography.ConclusionIn this study, from the results it was evident that the effect of MAD on the stomatognathic system of OSAHS patients is minimal.

Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in the Chinese population.

Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome are often accompanied by symptoms such as decreased cognitive function and daytime sleepiness, while cognitive function is often associated with biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this study aims to explore the level of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in the plasma of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome patients as well as the relationship between cognitive function and daytime sleepiness. Between May and July 2019, 35 patients requiring hospitalization for severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and 16 normal control patients were selected from West China Hospital. Alzheimer's disease biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau) in plasma were detected by ELISA in all 51 subjects. The differences in Alzheimer's disease biomarkers between the two groups were compared. In addition, a correlation analysis of disease-related indicators and univariate analysis of the risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome was conducted using the logistic regression model. The plasma levels of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers (Aβ40, t-tau, p-tau) in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome were significantly higher than those in the control group (29.24 ± 32.52, 13.18 ± 10.78, p = 0.049; 11.88 ± 7.05, 7.64 ± 4.17, p = 0.037; 26.31 ± 14.41, 17.34 ± 9.12, p = 0.027). Aβ42, Aβ40, t-tau, and p-tau were significantly negatively correlated with mean oxygen saturation, low oxygen saturation and Mini-Mental State examination scale scores, and positively correlated with oxygen desaturation index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores. T-tau and p-tau can be used as new risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in the plasma of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome patients are higher than those in the control group, and the mechanism of action may be related to sleep disorders and night hypoxia. The Alzheimer's disease biomarkers deposited in plasma may also cause the decline of patients' cognitive function, increased daytime sleepiness and accelerate the progression of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

Change in Quality of Life of OSAHS Patients with Minimally Invasive Surgery or CPAP Therapy: A 2-year Retrospective, Single-center Parallel-group Study.

By including untreated obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients as the control group, this study explores the influence of minimally invasive surgical treatment and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on OSAHS patients, with the subjective and objective performance. The study also discusses their relationship, determines the effect factor, and provides a simple and practical method for evaluation of clinical efficacy. A total of 90 OSAHS patients, who were diagnosed in the Sleep Disorders Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Sichuan Province from May 2014 to May 2016, were selected for the present study. These patients were divided into three groups: surgery group, CPAP group, and untreated group. These patients were followed up at six months, one year, and two years, respectively. The physiological indicators, clinical symptoms, degree of daytime sleepiness and quality of life were compared among these three groups. The daytime sleepiness and the quality of life before and after minimally invasive surgery and CPAP treatment were evaluated, and the subjective and objective efficacy of surgery and CPAP treatment was explored. Among these 90 patients, 11 (12.2%) patients had hypertension, while two (2.2%) patients had diabetes. The average AHI score was 50.53±23.39 per hour, and the mean minimum oxygen saturation and mean oxygen saturation was 71.25±14.16% and 90.13±5.90%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in mouth breathing, morning sore throat and daytime sleepiness in the group having received surgery at 0.5 year and one year. In the CPAP group, there were statistically significant differences in mouth breathing, morning sore throat and daytime sleepiness at 0.5 year, one year and two years. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences in memory loss at one year and two years, and there were statistically significant differences in frequent nocturia at one year. The ESS value in the surgery group decreased at 0.5 year and one year, but increased at two years. The situation was the same in terms of the total points and in each dimension of the SF-36 paramter. The delta values of ESS among the three groups had statistical significance at 0.5 year, one year and two years, in which the CPAP group experienced the most changes, followed by the surgery group and the group received health education. For minimally invasive surgery, CPAP therapy and health education can improve daytime sleepiness and quality of life. CPAP therapy was found to be the most effective, followed by minimally invasive surgery and provision of health education. However, the treatment of OSAHS should be comprehensive.

Application of preoperative hierarchical psychological nursing combined with postoperative motion rehabilitation training in OSAHS patients with soft palate plication

Objective To explore the effects of preoperative hierarchical psychological nursing combined with postoperative motion rehabilitation training on sleep quality, life quality and nursing satisfaction in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients with soft palate plication. Methods From January 2015 to January 2019, this study selected 80 OSAHS patients with soft palate plication at the Chengdu Third People's Hospital as subjects by purposive sampling. All of patients were randomly divided into two groups with the method of computer random number table, 40 cases in each group. Control group carried out perioperative routine nursing. On the basis of that, experimental group implemented preoperative hierarchical psychological nursing combined with postoperative motion rehabilitation training. The intervention effects were assessed with the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) , Nursing Satisfaction Questionnaire and Galgary Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Survey Scale (SAQLI) . Results After intervention, the score of PSQI of patients in experimental group was (8.01±1.14) lower than that (14.37±2.22) in control group with a statistical difference (P<0.05) ; the nursing satisfaction of experimental group was 95.00% (38/40) higher than that 75.00% (30/40) in control group with a statistical difference (P<0.05) ; the score of SAQLI of patients in experimental group was (4.87±0.34) higher than that (4.23±0.25) in control group also with a statistical difference (P<0.05) . Conclusions The preoperative hierarchical psychological nursing combined with postoperative motion rehabilitation training help OSAHS patients with soft palate plication to improve their sleep quality, nursing satisfaction and quality of life. Key words: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; Preoperative hierarchical psychological nursing; Postoperative motion rehabilitation training; Sleep quality; Nursing satisfaction