Skinfold Caliper Research Articles

Evaluation of Traditional Liposuction, VASER Liposuction, and VASER Liposuction Combined with J-plasma in Management of Gynecomastia.

Because gynecomastia is one of the most considerable aesthetic procedures for men, we are researching in our article recent management methods for high grades of gynecomastia. This prospective study included 45 individuals with gynecomastia, divided into 3 groups: group A (15 individuals) managed by traditional liposuction, group B (15 individuals) managed by vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER)-assisted lipoplasty, and group C (15 individuals) managed by VASER and J-plasma. Authors used a skin fold caliper for measurement of subareolar disk size and a Cutometer for assessment of skin pliability and firmness. The study was conducted at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Menoufia University Hospital, Egypt, and Reflect Center for Plastic Surgery in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Statistically significant differences were found among the groups in terms of reduction of subareolar disk size (assessed by skinfold caliper), skin redundancy (assessed by Cutometer), the need for a second stage of treatment, and patient satisfaction (by questionnaire). The combination of VASER and J-plasma is effective for managing grade 2 and 3 gynecomastia, resulting in significant reduction in subareolar disk size, minimal skin redundancy with enhanced skin firmness, reduced need for further procedures, and improved patient satisfaction compared with traditional methods.

Longitudinal trajectories of the overall and regional body composition between severe acute malnourished and well-nourished children of Rohingya refugee camps.

The present study aimed to observe how body composition differs between severe acute malnutrition (SAM) (treated with ready-to-use therapeutic food, RUTF) and well-nourished children. A longitudinal investigation was conducted among well-nourished and SAM children of 6-59 months in Rohingya refugee camps. These two groups (350 children in each group) of children were observed over 12 weeks and individual data were collected during admission, follow-up visits, and at the time of discharge. Anthropometric information was collected following standard procedures. The thicknesses of the biceps, triceps, subscapular, and supra iliac skinfolds were measured using a Herpenden-type skinfold caliper. Separate linear mixed models were conducted to assess associations of the independent variables (i.e., group and time) with each of the dependent variables (i.e., biceps, triceps, subscapular, supra-iliac skinfold thickness (ST), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM)). Both in well-nourished and SAM children, the mean biceps, triceps, subscapular, and supra-iliac ST, FM, and FFM increased over the 12 weeks. The increase in biceps ST was significantly faster in the SAM children compared to the well-nourished children (difference in slope = 0.366 mm every four weeks; p < 0.001). The increment rate in triceps ST was also faster in the SAM children compared to the well-nourished children (difference in slope = 0.430 mm every four weeks; p < 0.001). Moreover, the pace of increase in subscapular (difference in slope = 0.027 mm every four weeks; p < 0.001), and supra-iliac (difference in slope = 0.211 mm every four weeks, p < 0.001) ST was also significantly higher in the SAM group. Similarly, the change in FM (difference in slope = 0.065 kg every four weeks, p < 0.001) and FFM (difference in slope = 0.152 kg every four weeks, p = 0.023) was also significantly faster in SAM children compared to the well-nourished children over the treatment period. Furthermore, the girls gained significantly higher triceps ST, subscapular ST, FM, and FFM compared to the boys. The benefit of RUTF was evident from this longitudinal study in the recovery of FM and FFM contents among the SAM children of Rohingya refugee camps.

Do lifestyle and hormonal variables explain links between health and facial attractiveness?

Facial attractiveness has recently been considered an indicator of underlying immunocompetence. However, studies examining this relationship have yielded mixed findings. Previous research suggested that these discrepant findings could be due to the common influence of lifestyle factors upon both rated facial attractiveness and health. Young men (N = 162) provided standardized facial photos with a neutral expression subsequently rated by eight women for overall attractiveness. Saliva was assayed for immunoglobulin A, testosterone (T) and cortisol (C), and body fat was measured using a skinfold caliper. Self-reports of poor health, and lifestyle factors that could influence health status (age, sleep habits, smoking, drinking alcohol, family stress, and exercising) were collected. Results showed that symptoms of poor health and skinfold negatively predicted facial attractiveness. There was a modest but statistically non-significant T x C interaction where higher T lower C men trended toward having more attractive faces. A sequential mediation model examining the influence of lifestyle showed support for an indirect effect on facial attractiveness. Specifically, skinfold and poor health symptoms mediated the links between exercise, stress, and facial attractiveness. These findings suggest links between facial attractiveness and immunocompetence could be linked to some common lifestyle and hormonal variables, but that more comprehensive research involving lifestyle indicators (such as nutrition) are necessary.

Impact Of Medicine Ball Training On Physical Fitness, Body Composition, And Batting Performance In Female Cricketers

Background: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of medicine ball training on body composition, physical fitness and batting performance of female cricketers in Bahawalpur City. Physical fitness and skill performance is crucial for cricketers, as it directly affects their gameplay. Medicine ball training, known for improving strength and power was utilized to explore its effects on the athletic performance of batswomen. Methodology: The study sample comprised 20 female cricketers (n=20) who were subjected to an 8-week medicine ball training program, conducted from Monday to Friday each week. Data collection tools included a stadiometer, weight machine, large and small sliding calipers, measuring tape, skinfold caliper, [1]dynamometer, sit and reach box, cricket ball, video camera and radar gun. Baseline data were recorded before the commencement of the training. Standardized tools and SPSS were used for data collection and analysis, with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: The results indicated a significant positive effect of medicine ball training on the physical fitness of the participants. Notable improvements were observed in speed, power, flexibility, and agility. The training significantly enhanced the participants’ ability to perform cricket-specific batting techniques, demonstrating improved execution of shots like the half volley lofted shot, pull shot and cover drive. Conclusion: Medicine ball training effectively enhanced both physical fitness and batting performance in female cricketers. The training regimen’s focus on core strength and explosive movements translates directly into on-field performance. Coaches and trainers should consider incorporating such exercises into cricket training programs for female athletes to optimize performance.

#360 Short-term treatment with medium cut-off dialyzers increases muscle mass with preserved fat tissue in maintenance HD patients

Abstract Background and Aims Protein-energy wasting is a significant complication of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients characterized by reduced fat or muscle mass and strength. The combination of non-modifiable general and disease-related factors, such as uremic toxin accumulation and systemic inflammation, is responsible for this condition. Medium cut-off (MCO) membranes are designed to provide clearance of large-middle molecular weight uremic toxins and inflammatory cytokines without causing loss of albumin. This study aimed to investigate the short-term effect of MCO dialyzers on fat tissues and muscle mass. Method We conducted a prospective, single-center cross-over study on maintenance HD patients treated with regular low-flux (LF) dialyzers. Fat tissues were measured with a skinfold caliper and mid-upper arm circumference. Muscle thickness and strength parameters from six different muscle groups were evaluated with ultrasound. The baseline (control) parameters were measured under LF dialyzers, and the measurements were repeated two weeks after switching to MCO dialyzers for the patients ordered by their clinicians according to the clinical indications. Results The median age was 69.5 (50.3,78.8) years, and 60% of the patients were female. Two weeks after switching to MCO, the Kt/Vs, urea reduction ratios, mean serum albumin, dry weight, and body mass index scores were similar. Mean skinfold thickness and mid-upper arm circumference were 15 mm (11,17) and 28mm (27,30) under LF and 16mm (14,19) and 28mm (27,30) under MCO dialyzers (p=0.82 and p=0.27). Rectus abdominis and external oblique muscle groups remained similar. Internal and external oblique muscle thickness were significantly increased (p=0.002 and p=0.001). Mean rectus femoris and gastrocnemius medialis (GKM) thicknesses were 1.19cm (0.99,1.33) and 1.16cm (0.9,1.4) under LF and 1.31cm (1.20, 1.40) and 1.24cm (0.95,1.40) under MCO dialyzers (p=0.002 and p=0.02). Mean GKM fibrile length and pennation angles were 2.4cm (2.2,2.8) and 20o (18,23) under LF and 2.7cm (2.4, 2.9) and 22o (19,24) under MCO dialyzers (p=0.007 and p=0.001). Conclusion Our study showed that MCO dialyzers increase muscle mass with preserved fat tissues in HD patients, short-term follow-up. This favorable effect might be due to the clearance of uremic toxins, which cannot be removed with conventional methods. If long-term studies support our findings, MCO dialyzers would be a milestone for the treatment of sarcopenia in HD patients.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND SOME RELATED FACTORS IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background: Today, the global challenge of malnutrition encompasses both undernutrition and overweight, particularly prevalent in low and middle-income nations. Excessive body fat accumulation poses health risks for overweight and obese individuals. Objectives: To assess nutritional status and identify related factors among Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy (CTUMP) medical students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 137 first-year medical students at CTUMP to evaluate their body fat percentage using the Harpenden Skinfold Caliper. Skinfold measurements were taken from the bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, and suprailiac sites. Furthermore, physical activity levels were classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) consisting of 16 questions on 4 domains. The research was carried out at CTUMP from December 2022 to June 2023. Results: Compared to urban areas, a higher percentage of male students engage in physical activity in rural areas; however, this trend is not observed among female students. Additionally, female students exhibited thicker skin folds in four areas (biceps, triceps, suprailiac, and subscapular) compared to male students. Conversely, the fold thickness in the suprailiac region was greater in female students. The mean body fat percentage was 20.40±4.61% in male students and 30.48±4.32% in female students. Non-obese students comprised the majority in this study, with 84.3% of male students being non-obese. Among female students, 53.7% were classified as obese and 46.3% as non-obese. There was insufficient evidence to indicate differences between residential student groups and physical activity levels. Conclusions: The study reveals that the majority of participating students are non-obese. Furthermore, the average body fat percentage among women is found to be higher compared to both men and the general population. However, there is inadequate evidence to show variances among student groups residing in diverse areas or partaking in varying levels of physical activity.

Predictive value of adductor pollicis muscle thickness for ultrasound-based sarcopenia in older adults.

The adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) is least affected by subcutaneous adipose tissue and can be measured externally. The aim of this study is to identify the predictive value of APMT for the diagnosis of ultrasonography-based sarcopenia. A total of 245 outpatients who were aged ≥65 years (49 with sarcopenia and 196 without sarcopenia) were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients with knee or hip replacement, advanced dementia, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, or decompensated heart failure and those using drugs that affect muscle functions, such as steroids, were excluded. Comprehensive geriatric assessments and anthropometric measurements of the patients were performed. APMT was assessed with a skinfold caliper. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on a low Sonographic Thigh Adjustment Ratio (STAR)index (anterior thigh muscle thickness by ultrasonography/body mass index [BMI] ratio, cutoff points are <1.4 for men and <1.0 for women) and low handgrip strength. The predictive ability of APMT for ultrasound-based sarcopenia diagnosis was examined. There was no significant difference in terms of arm and calf circumference and BMI between the sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic groups. APMT, handgrip strength, anterior thigh muscle thickness, and gait speed were significantly lower in the patients with sarcopenia. The best cutoff points of APMT for sarcopenia were ≤16.5 for women and ≤21.5 for men with areas under the curve of 0.70 and 0.66, respectively, and negative predictive values of 91.2 and 94.3, respectively (P < 0.001). APMT can be a useful anthropometric marker for ultrasound-based sarcopenia diagnosis.

The predictive capacity of adductor pollicis muscle thickness for physical frailty in older adults.

There is a need for an easily measurable and reliable surrogate marker for physical frailty. This study aims to investigate the predictive capacity of adductor pollicis muscle thickness (AMPT), which can be easily measured externally and minimally influenced by subcutaneous adipose tissue, for physical frailty. A total of 589 patients (16.3% physically frail, 54.7% pre-frail, 29% robust) were included. Comprehensive geriatric assessments and anthropometric measurements of the patients were performed. APMT was assessed with a skinfold caliper. Physical frailty was diagnosed using the fried frailty phenotype. The predictive ability of APMT for the diagnosis of frailty was examined. Of all the participants, 64.3% were women, and the average age was 74 ± 5.9years. There was no significant difference in waist and hip circumference, or body mass index between the frail and non-frail groups. APMT, handgrip strength, gait speed, and calf circumference were significantly lower in frail patients than in non-frail ones (p < 0.01). The area under the curve (AUC) of APMT for physical frailty was determined to be 0.627 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-0.66; p < 0.001). The best cut-off value for APMT was ≤ 18.5mm for all individuals. Adductor pollicis muscle thickness can be a useful anthropometric marker for evaluating the risk of physical frailty.

Comparison of Physiological Profiles among Collegiate Volleyball Players- With and Without Musculoskeletal Pain: A Case Controlled Study

Background: The success of athletes is greatly influenced by their morphological and anthropometric traits.Numerous studies have examined how often volleyball players experience musculoskeletal pain, which is typicallylocated in the upper and lower back. The present study was to compare the physiological profiles with or withoutmusculoskeletal pain in volleyball players.Purpose: To compare the difference in the physiological profiles of volleyball players with or withoutmusculoskeletal pain.Materials and methods: The subjects were collegiate volleyball players selected based on inclusion criteria. Theyexplained about the study. Volleyball players were allocated into two groups of total 83 containing group A(n=23) with musculoskeletal pain and group B without musculoskeletal pain. The pro agility shuttle, verticaljump, standing broad jump, 40-yard test, three cone drill were assessed and the body composition was assessedusing skinfold caliper. The entire process was performed from February 2023 to June 2023.Result: From the statistical analysis made with quantitative data revealed no statistical difference between groupA and group BConclusion: The present study shows there was no significant difference in the physiological profiles of volleyballplayers with or without musculoskeletal pain.

Effect of kettle bells and battle rope training on grip strength and body composition among university volleyball players

The current research is to examine the possible impacts of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) using battle ropes and kettlebells on body composition and grip strength. The aforementioned workout regimen's influence will be assessed by focusing on these two chosen variables, which are considered essential elements of interest. Existing research suggests that HIIT may have a beneficial effect on both body composition and grip strength, based on current hypotheses. The fundamental concept is that HIIT may induce favorable alterations in body composition, such as increases in lean muscle mass and reductions in body fat. This is due to its structure of brief intervals of very vigorous exercise followed by short periods of rest. HIIT has the ability to improve grip strength, which is an important measure of upper body strength and endurance. The experimental design facilitates the examination of many physical attributes by delivering pre- and post-tests to participants in both groups. The factors under investigation include grip strength (measured using handgrip dynamometers), and body composition (measured using skinfold callipers). The rationale behind our study involves the assessment of triceps strength as well as the strength of the left and right hand grips

Association of upper extremity anthropometry and subcutaneus adipose tissue with carpal tunnel syndrome

<p>Body mass index (BMI) is positively correlated with the frequency of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However, there are different types of obesity, and the localization of adipose tissue differs between the genders. In this study, we purposed to investigate whether there was an association between the amount of local adipose tissue thickness and anthropometry in upper extremity with the presence and/or electrophysiological severity of CTS on both genders.</p>. <p>Our study included 150 patients who were diagnosed with CTS clinically and electrophysiologically and 165 healthy controls. The biceps and triceps skinfold thickness, the diameters of the wrist and metacarpal joints, and the upper arm circumferences over the belly of the biceps muscle were measured by using skinfold caliper and measuring cylinder. All data were analyzed by using the Statistics Open For All package (SofaStats) programme. To detect the role of anthropometric indexes, we used multivariable multinomial logistic regression models.&nbsp;</p>. <p>We revealed that BMI, biceps and triceps adipose tissue thicknesses were higher in females and also in patients with CTS. There was a positive correlation between electrophysiological grades of CTS and BMI with logistic regression analyzes. The mean Wrist circumference/Metacarpo&shy;ph&shy;arengeal Circumference ratio and biceps circumference were higher in moderate CTS groups. Metacarpofarengeal circumference was smaller in mild and moderate CTS cases compared to healthy ones.</p>. <p>We suggest that the differen&shy;ces between the anatomical bone structure and local adiposity between the genders may play an important role in the occurrence of CTS. Moreover, the structures of proximal muscle groups and distal metacarpal joints may contribute both to the development and severity of CTS.</p>.

Subcutaneous Fat Thickness with HDL and LDL Levels in Overweight Female Student

Background: Indonesia is now facing overweight problem as one of the major nutritional problems. It occurs due to excessive fat in the body. The distribution of body fat from subcutaneous fat can increase health risks such as dyslipidemia, one of which is characterized by abnormal High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and HDL LDL levels in overweight students at Universitas Darussalam Gontor. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The research subjects were 50 overweight adult women aged 18-25 years using the Lemeshow formula selected using consecutive sampling while the data analysis using the Chi-Square test. Data taken includes body fat percentage from measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat folds using a skinfold caliper measuring instrument, and checking the lipid profile from HDL and LDL levels. Results: The average thickness of subcutaneous fat in overweight female students was 32% body fat with high category (64%). The average HDL level was classified as normal (70%), while the LDL level was classified as high (58%). The results of the analysis test on the relation between subcutaneous fat thickness and HDL levels showed no significant difference with HDL levels (p-value = 0.199 [&gt;0.05]). While there is a significant relationship between the subcutaneous fat thickness and LDL levels with a p-value of 0.042 (&lt;0.05). Conclusions: There is no significant relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and HDL level contrarily, there is a relationship between subcutaneous fat thickness and LDL levels. Monitoring the thickness of subcutaneous fat needs to be done as a form of controlling LDL levels.

The effect of cardio and tabata training methods in reducing body fat and increasing maximum aerobic capacity in obese students

This study aimed to determine the effect of cardio and tabata training on reducing body fat and increasing aerobic capacity. This research is an experimental research with a pre and post-control group design. The research sample was split into three groups, each with 9 participants: control group (K1), cardio group (K2), and Tabata group (K3), group division was carried out randomly on research subjects. K1 without any exercise, whereas K2 (cardio) is running and skipping at an intensity of 55% and 70% of one's maximum heart rate. K3 (Tabata) performs burpees and jogging with a 90% – 95% HR maximum intensity. A skinfold calliper was used to quantify body fat, and a 12-minute Cooper test was used to gauge aerobic capacity. The Manova test was employed for data analysis, and a significance threshold 0.05 was used. The result of this study is that K3 had significantly less body fat than K1 and K2, and K2 had significantly less body fat than K1 (p 0.05). Comparing K3 and K2 to K1, aerobic capacity was substantially improved (p 0.05). In conclusion, six weeks of cardio and Tabata training impacted lowering body fat and raising maximum aerobic capacity.

Profil Antropometri Atlet Elit Dayung Puteri Indonesia

Rowing athletes' anthropometry is one of the factors that influences performance in rowing. The aim of this research is to determine the anthropometric profile of Indonesian women's rowing athletes in the 2023 rowing numbers. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method. The instruments used are anthropometric tests using a height measuring device (microtoise), a weight measuring device (digital scales with an accuracy of 0.1 kg), and a skinfold caliper. The sample in this study was 4 Indonesian female rowing elite athletes in 2023. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The results of the research show that the average height of Indonesian elite female rowing athletes in 2023 in rowing is 171.8 cm, the average body weight is 63 kg, and the average body mass index is 21.32 kg/m2. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of Indonesia's elite female rowing athletes in 2023 rowing numbers are all in the normal category. The body fat percentage of one elite Indonesian female rowing athlete in 2023 rowing numbers is in the ideal category and three athletes are in the excessive category. It is hoped that the results of this research can be a reflection for both coaches and athletes in efforts to improve the performance of female rowing athletes in accordance with the expected targets.

294 KISS1 Knockout Boars Have Decreased Concentrations of Gonadotropins Leading to Smaller Testes and Reduced Skatole in Backfat

Abstract In swine production, boars are castrated to prevent boar taint from testicular androgens and skatole accumulation in fat. Kisspeptin (KISS1) regulates secretion of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids. We used boars from our line of KISS1-/-pigs (10.3389/fgene.2022.1078991) to understand how loss of KISS1 function affects compounds causing boar taint. Boars were fed ad libitum during development. Body weights and testicular volume (TV) were collected at weaning, 40, 70, 100, 130, 160, and 190 d of age using TV = 4/3*π *a*b2*2 and subtracting scrotal skin thickness measured by a Harpenden skinfold caliper. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated by subtracting the beginning from ending body weight at each age range and dividing by the number of days. At each age, a blood serum sample was collected by jugular venipuncture to quantify changes in hormones during development. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were quantified with radioimmunoassay and analyzed as repeated measures with genotype (KISS1+/+; KISS1+/-; KISS1-/-; n = 8 – 20 animals per genotype) and age as the fixed effects. Concentrations of androstenone and skatole in backfat (quantified using ELISA and HPLC, respectively) were log transformed and analyzed with ANOVA. Body weight did not differ among KISS1 genotypes but increased normally with age (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). During development, KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars grew at similar rates. Although the ADG of KISS1-/-boars was similar to other genotypes up to 160 d of age, ADG was reduced at 190 d of age (age x genotype; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Mean concentrations of LH and FSH in KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars were similar throughout development (LH, 1.16 ±0.11 and 1.34 ± 0.17 ng/mL; FSH, 0.88 ± 0.06 and 0.89 ± 0.05 ng/mL, respectively), and were greater than KISS1-/- boars (LH, 0.38 ± 0.23 ng/mL; FSH, 0.56 ± 0.07 ng/mL; P &amp;lt; 0.05). TV of KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars did not differ during development and was greater than KISS1-/- boars (P &amp;lt; 0.05), for which testes could not be palpated after 100 d of age. Testosterone concentrations in KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- increased 40-fold during development but were below detectable limits in KISS1-/- boars (age x genotype; P = 0.06). Androstenone and skatole in KISS1-/- boars (0.30 ± 1.24 µg/g and 12.6 ± 1.6 ng/g, respectively) at 190 d of age was less (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) than in KISS1+/+ and KISS1+/- boars (androstenone, 4.33 ± 1.16 µg/g; skatole, 69.2 ± 1.2 ng/g), which did not differ from one another. Thus, a single functional allele of KISS1 is sufficient to confer normal secretion of reproductive hormones, testicular growth, and skatole in boars. Moreover, knocking out the KISS1 gene will prevent boar taint, but might slightly reduce growth in later stages of development.

Skinfolds compressibility and digital caliper's time response in skinfold measurement in male and female young adults.

The skinfold caliper reading of the skinfold thickness depends on its dynamic compressibility. This has led to the fact that, while it is indicated that skinfold readings should be taken when the reading is stable, there is no consensus on at what second the reading should be taken after the application of the skinfold caliper. The new Lipowise PRO digital skinfold caliper was used to analyze the evolution of skinfold readings under skinfold caliper pressure. The aim of the present investigation were: a) to analyze the evolution of the reading time of individual skinfolds when subjected to skinfold caliper pressure and when the skinfold reading reaches stability; b) to describe the physical behavior of skinfold tissues' time response to skinfold caliper pressure, and to explore differences between sites and subjects' skinfolds compressibility; and c) to analyze the sex differences in both the reading and the evolution of the skinfold over time. A descriptive cross-sectional design was followed with a convenience sample of 165 healthy young adults (79 males and 86 females), with eight skinfolds measured using the Lipowise PRO skinfold caliper. The Lipowise PRO skinfold caliper uses a programmable reading time allowing for the measurement of the skinfold's thickness at a rate of 100 times per second, and monitoring skinfold behavior over the 3-second measurement period, thereby enabling the assessment of the tissue response to the constant force exerted by the skinfold caliper jaws. All skinfolds showed statistical differences in terms of compressibility characteristics (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between measurement time points for individual skinfolds and sum of skinfolds (p < 0.001-0.025). Stabilization being found depending on the skinfold measured from 1.5 seconds for biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, and thigh skinfolds; 2.0 seconds for ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds; and 2.5 seconds for triceps and calf skinfolds. It was observed an effect of sex on this issue (p < 0.001-0.030). More specifically, in the case of males, the supraspinale and abdominal skinfolds stabilized after 1.5 seconds; the calf skinfold and ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds stabilized after 2 seconds; while the rest of the skinfolds did not stabilize until 3 seconds. In the case of females, no stabilization of the triceps skinfold was found, while the rest of the individual skinfolds and the ∑6 and ∑8 skinfolds stabilized from 1.5 seconds. A regression analysis indicated that skinfold thickness could be predicted based on measurement time in 50-77% of the cases (p = 0.001). A skinfold caliper application, using the digital caliper Lipowise PRO, of three seconds may be sufficient for achieving stability in the measurement and for obtaining the minimum value for most individual and sum of skinfolds. However, there are certain skinfolds that may require more time when performed on certain individuals, which vary according to sex.

Correlation between Skinfold Thickness and Total Daily Dose of Insulin in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dr Soetomo General Hospital

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a non-communicable disease with a high prevalence in Indonesia. T2DM is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. One of the therapy for T2DM is insulin administration which is injected into the subcutaneous tissue. The absorption of insulin in the subcutaneous tissue is influenced by many factors, one of which is the thickness of subcutaneous fat. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the skinfold thickness of T2DM patients with the total daily dose of insulin needed every day. Methods: This was an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional design to analyze the correlation between subcutaneous fat thickness represented by skinfold thickness and the total daily dose of insulin of T2DM patients. Measurement of skinfold thickness was carried out on the triceps using a skinfold caliper. Data on the patient's total daily dose of insulin were obtained from medical records.Results: A total of 53 patients were included in this study. The patient's mean triceps skinfold thickness was 26.29±8.72 mm. The mean total daily dose of insulin was 40.96±18.01 IU. The results of the Spearman Rank correlation test showed a significant correlation between skinfold thickness on the triceps and the patient's total daily dose of insulin (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The higher the skinfold thickness, the greater the dose of insulin needed by the patient.

Profil Somatotipe Atlet Bola Voli Pekalongan

The aim of this research was to present a description of the somatotipes of volleyball players in Pekalongan Regency. This research was a descriptive study using a one shoot model approach. Data collection techniques used anthropometric tests and measurements. There were 10 components measured, namely weight measured using a digital scale, height measured using a stadiometer, thickness of fat on the triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and calves measured using a skinfold caliper, width of the femur and humerus bones measured using a sliding caliper, circumference forearms and calves as measured using the medline. The sample in this study were 24 volleyball athletes in Pekalongan Regency, with details of 12 male players and 12 female players who were active and recorded in the Pekalongan Regency PBVSI management. The data analysis technique was in the form of descriptive analysis techniques with percentage presentation. The results in this study showed that seven athletes (29.2%) had an endomorphic mesomorph body, seven athletes (29.2%) had a mesomorphic-endomorph body type, four athletes (16.7%) had a mesomorph-endomorph body type, two athletes (8.3%) had central body type, and the other types had similar percentage (4.2%). It can be concluded that most male athletes have an endomorphic-ectomorph body type, while most female athletes have a mesomorphic-endomorph body type. The diversity of somatotipe characteristics of ball athletes were be influenced by several factors such as genetic factors, nutrition intake, environment and ethnic background.

The examination of the relationship between body composition and acceleration

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of body composition on acceleration. A total of 63 men, who are recreationally active and part of different sports branches (soccer, judo, basketball, tennis, taekwondo, and athletics), participated in the research voluntarily. Some of the participants’ characteristics were measured respectively including mean age (20.52±1.635 years), mean body height (179.25±7.121 cm), mean body weight (72.44±10.066 kg), and mean sports age (6.90±3.125 years). Data were collected through using a 3-door photocell, a measuring tape, and a Skinfold caliper. When the results were examined, mean body mass index (BMI=22.498±2.217 kg/m2), mean skinfold measurements (SM=8.34±2.975 mm), mean body circumference measurements (BCM=71.76±4.581 cm), mean body fat % (19.277±4.731), mean 10 m acceleration (1.74±0.096 sec) and mean 15 m acceleration (2.40±0.171 sec). It was concluded that one unit change in body fat percentage (BF%) affects 10 m acceleration performance at the rate of 0.006, while one unit change in BF% affects 15 m acceleration performance at the rate of 0.01. It was observed that the SM affected the acceleration performance of 10 m at the rate of 0.008, while it affected the acceleration performance of 15 m at the rate of 0.017. Additionally, it was determined that BMI affects 15 m acceleration performance at the rate of 0.19. In addition, the body fat percentage explains the 10 m acceleration performance by 9.4% (p

Testing the concurrent validity and reliability of a lipowise digital skinfold caliper to assess muscle mass in healthy young adults

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a novel tool to assess skinfolds and to compare the muscle mass measured through dual-x-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) and estimated using the Lee equation from the values of the skinfolds and girths in a healthy young adult population. Methods: The present study followed a cross-sectional design, including 38 participants, with 27 males (22.04 ± 5.20 years) and 11 females (21.55 ± 2.39 years). The measurement protocol included a DXA evaluation, basic measurements of body mass and stature, eight skinfolds with two skinfold calipers of different brands (Harpenden and Lipowise), and three girths. The order in which the skinfold calipers were used was randomized. The muscle mass was then calculated using the formula established by Lee et al. Results: No significant differences were found between the two skinfold calipers considering all the outcomes (p > 0.05). The correlation coefficients were between 0.724 and 0.991, which suggest very-large to nearly perfect correlations. The correlations performed revealed that muscle mass estimated from DXA is nearly perfectly correlated with both muscle mass estimated from the data obtained with the Harpenden skinfold caliper (r = 0.955) and muscle mass estimated from the data obtained with the Lipowise skinfold caliper (r = 0.954). From the results, we conclude that Lipowise caliper is an accurate skinfold caliper and it can be an alternative tool for the technician that need to assess body fat or muscle mass in precise, valid and time efficient evaluation. It should be noted that the caution to use skinfold calipers interchangeable with each other when evaluating skinfolds remains a necessity and is advisable to perform the measurements with the same brand and model of skinfold caliper when the purpose is to perform follow-up assessments.