Skin Tests In Diagnosis Research Articles

Local anesthetics allergy in children: Evaluation of diagnostic tests with Real-Life data.

Local anesthetic (LA) drugs are commonly used in clinical practice to provide effective analgesia, including in dentistry and minor surgical procedures. The perception of a high risk of allergy in daily applications leads to the referral of atopic patients and those with other drug allergies to allergy clinics for the evaluation of allergic reactions to LA. The aim of this study was to determine who should be referred to the allergy clinic for LA allergy testing, assess the frequency of LA allergy in pediatric patients, and identify the negative predictive value of skin tests in diagnosis. January 2017-July 2023, the clinical and laboratory data, as well as the results of drug allergy tests, of patients referred to our pediatric allergy clinic by dentists and physicians performing minor surgical procedures with suspected LA allergy were retrospectively evaluated. Our study included a total of 153 patients, comprising 84 girls (54.9%) and 69 boys (45.1%), with a mean age of 8.9 (±3.3) years. The most common reason for referral was a history of non-LA drug allergies (n = 66, 43.2%), followed by asthma (n = 25, 16.3%). Hypersensitivity reactions (HRs) with LA were most commonly associated with articaine (n = 7, 4.8%), followed by lidocaine (n = 6, 4.1%). When intradermal tests were evaluated, 17 patients (11.1%) had a positive test result. The positivity for lidocaine was 70.6% (n = 12), and prilocaine was 29.4% (n = 5). Subcutaneous provocation was administered to 109 patients (71.2%), and one patient exhibited local erythema and swelling with prilocaine. Although LA allergy is a rare occurrence, consultations of this nature are frequently requested from allergy clinics in real life. Considering the negative predictive value of skin tests performed with LA drugs, the reaction rate appears to be low in patients with atopy or other drug allergies. It is crucial for all relevant healthcare professionals to be knowledgeable about the appropriate approach to suspected LA allergies to avoid unnecessary tests. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the most comprehensive work in the literature that evaluates the results of diagnostic tests in children referred with a suspicion of LA allergy.

Comparative Assessment of Platinum Salts and Taxane Group Hypersensitivity Reactions, The Role of Skin Tests in Diagnosis?

We aimed to investigate the role of skin tests (ST) in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) with platinum salts (PS) and taxane (TX) groups drugs and their reliability in patient management. Patients' data who developed immediate HSR with PS and TX were recorded and ST was performed. The gradual challenge was applied to all patients with ST negative and grade 1-2 with the suspect drug. In total, the data of 104 patients (74 with PS, 30 with TX) who developed HSR against PS and TX were shared. The gradual challenge was applied to 72 ST negative and grade 1-2 patients (46 PS group, 26 TX group). The gradual challenge was negative in 39 patients in the PS group and 23 patients in the Tx group. The negative predictive value (NPV) for PS was 83% and NPV for TX was 88%. We found significantly higher skin test positivity in patients with PS and TX and grade 3 HSR (p = 0.007, p = 0.001). A significant correlation was found between skin test positivity and early onset of symptoms (p = 0.001 for PS, p = 0.015 for TX). In terms of symptoms witnessed in HSR, we observed the itching, urticaria, hypotension, syncope, and abdominal pain symptoms significantly more in the group with a positive skin test (p < 0.024, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.002, and p < 0.025, respectively). We found very high NPV values for PS and TX. We found that the gradual challenge applied to patients with negative skin tests is reliable if Grade 3 HSR is not observed and with this approach, unnecessary desensitization processes and/or drug alterations can be avoided.

Comparison between Quanti-FERON-TB Gold In-Tube test and tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in children: A cross-section study

Objective: To compare Quanti-FERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT- GIT) test and tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 64 participants who were between 3 months and 14 years old and had close contact with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were included. Both QFT- GIT test and TST were done and the results were analyzed by SPSS software and Kappa test. Results: The distribution of gender and age according to QFT-GIT and TST results were matched (P>0.05). Overall agreement between QFT-GIT and TST for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children was 75%. In addition, the contingency coefficient was 0.257, and the Kappa measure of agreement was 0.246 (P=0.034). Conclusions: Compared to TST, QFT-GIT shows no apparent advantage for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children.

Comparison of an interferon-gamma release assay and the tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in homeless people in Iran: a cross-sectional study

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate of the concordance between the results of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and an interferon-γ release assay (QuantiFERON test, QFT-GIT) for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in homeless people in Tehran city, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2012. Homeless people were eligible to participate in the study if they were 18–60 years old. Results: Among 569 homeless people, 46.22% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 42.16–50.33%) and 20.39% (95% CI = 17.28–23.9%) were QFT-GIT and TST positive, respectively. Among these participants, the prevalence of LTBI with positivity of at least one of the tests was 52.2%. The overall agreement between QFT-GIT and TST was 62.21% (kappa = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.13–0.29, p < 0.001). Factors associated with positive results in QFT-GIT and TST were older age, being male, having a longer history of homelessness and having a history of incarceration in the last 10 years. Conclusions: A high prevalence of LTBI was seen among homeless people in this study. There was a poor concordance between QFT-GIT and TST among this group. To better assess the utility of QFT-GIT in detection of LTBI further studies with a low prevalence of LTBI in this group are recommended.

Effect of micronutrient deficiency on QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test and tuberculin skin test in diagnosis of childhood intrathoracic tuberculosis

Data on performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT) and tuberculin skin test (TST) in children with active tuberculosis from high burden countries in the context of micronutrient deficiency are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of micronutrient deficiency on the performance of TST and QFT in children with intrathoracic tuberculosis. Children with probable intrathoracic tuberculosis underwent TST, QFT, gastric lavages and induced sputum examination for AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) smear and culture. Zinc, copper, ferritin and vitamin D were measured on stored serum samples. The study used cross-sectional data at initiation of anti-tubercular therapy. Three hundred and sixty-two children (median age 115.5 months (interquartile range: 73, 144), 200 (55.3%) girls) were enrolled in the study. Microbiological confirmation of tuberculosis could be obtained in 128 patients. TST and QFT were positive in 337 (93%) and 297 (82%) children, respectively. Performance of both the tests was unaffected by weight-for-age and height-for-age 'z-scores' or by serum copper levels. TST was not affected by serum zinc and ferritin levels. Children with negative QFT results had lower mean serum zinc level (P=0.01) and higher ferritin levels (P=0.007) as compared to those with positive test. Higher proportion of children with positive TST were vitamin D deficient/insufficient (P=0.003). Micronutrient status, especially serum levels of zinc, may influence the performance of QFT in children with intrathoracic tuberculosis. Considering the high prevalence of zinc deficiency in developing countries, QFT should be used cautiously for diagnosing tuberculosis.

Comparative study between using QuantiFERON and tuberculin skin test in diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

AimStudy degree of sensitivity and specificity of IFN-γ as QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay in diagnosis of tuberculosis instead of tuberculin test. Subjects and methodsForty patients were included in this study subdivided into two groups. First included 20 patients with sputum positive for tuberculosis, while the second included 20 patients suspected to catch TB infection, guided by: clinical and radiological examinations with smear negative for TB. Control group included 10 clinical and radiological healthy controls previously vaccinated by BCG with positive tuberculin test. All subjects were submitted for full clinical history physical examination routine laboratory tests, plain chest X-ray, sputum study for acid fast Bacilli by Ziehl–Neelsen stain, tuberculin test using Mantoux technique, sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen Medium and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-Gold IT) assay. ResultsQFT-Gold IT test sensitivity=100% specificity=100% predictive value positive=100% which means that 100% of the disease positive patients gave positive QFT-Gold IT test and predictive value negative=100% which means that 100% of the disease negative patients gave negative QFT-Gold IT test. Agreement between tuberculin test and QFT-Gold IT test was good agreement where the ‘κ’ was 0.65 (CI=0.39–0.91). Study revealed positive correlation between QuantiFERON level and severity of infection in sputum, which was statistically significant, where ‘r’ was 0.92 and P-value was <0.05. ConclusionQFT-Gold IT, has excellent sensitivity and specificity unaffected by BCG vaccination. Tuberculin test specificity is high in non-BCG-vaccinated populations but low and variable in BCG vaccinated populations.

Hypersensitivity Reactions to Contrast Media: Prevalence, Risk Factors and the Role of Skin Tests in Diagnosis – A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Hypersensitivity to contrast media (CMs) may be common and serious. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of CM hypersensitivity, risk factors associated with it and the role of skin testing in its diagnosis. Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to patients who underwent computed tomography during a 1-year period. Skin tests with CMs, including skin prick tests (SPTs), intradermal tests (IDTs) and patch tests (PTs), were conducted on CM reactors (n = 24). Volunteers who tolerated CM exposure or had never been exposed to any CMs served as controls (n = 37). Results: A total of 1,131 patients (630 females and 501 males; mean age 55 ± 14.2 years) were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of historical and current CM reactors was 33/1,131 (2.92%) and 8/1,105 (0.72%), respectively. The skin was the most affected site, with mild to moderate reactions. Female gender, a history of doctor-diagnosed asthma, drug allergy, food allergy and psychiatric diseases were significant risk factors. The sensitivities of SPTs and early readings of IDTs in the diagnosis of immediate reactions were 0 and 20%, respectively, and the specificities were 94.6 and 91.4%, respectively. For early readings of IDTs, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 40 and 80%, respectively. For nonimmediate reactions, the sensitivities of delayed readings of IDTs and PTs were 14.3 and 25%, respectively; specificity was 100% for both tests. The PPV was 100% for both of these tests, and the NPVs were 85.4 and 82.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings are comparable with the incidence, profile and risk factors associated with CM hypersensitivity reported previously. Skin testing with CMs has a high specificity, but its role in diagnosis is limited due to low sensitivity.

Poor concordance between interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests in diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among HIV-infected individuals

BackgroundA new generation of diagnostic tests, the interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs), have been developed for the detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Limited data are available on their use in HIV-infected persons.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out at 2 HIV clinics in Atlanta to assess the utility of two IGRA tests (T-SPOT.TB [TSPOT] and QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube [QFT-3G]) compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST).Results336 HIV-infected persons were enrolled. Median CD4 count was 335 cells/μl and median HIV viral load was 400 copies/ml. Overall, 27 patients (8.0%) had at least 1 positive diagnostic test for LTBI: 7 (2.1%) had a positive TST; 9 (2.7%) a positive QFT-3G; and 14 (4.2%) a positive TSPOT. Agreement between the 3 diagnostic tests was poor: TST and TSPOT, [κ = 0.16, 95% CI (-0.06, 0.39)], TST and QFT-3G [κ = 0.23, 95% CI (-0.05, 0.51)], QFT-3G and TSPOT [κ = 0.06, 95% CI (-0.1, 0.2)]. An indeterminate test result occurred among 6 (1.8%) of QFT-3G and 47 (14%) of TSPOT tests. In multivariate analysis, patients with a CD4 ≤ 200 cells/μl were significantly more likely to have an indeterminate result [OR = 3.6, 95% CI (1.9, 6.8)].ConclusionWe found a low prevalence of LTBI and poor concordance between all 3 diagnostic tests. Indeterminate test results were more likely at CD4 counts ≤ 200 cells/μl. Additional studies among HIV-infected populations with a high prevalence of TB are needed to further assess the utility of IGRAs in this patient population.

Penicillin allergy: updating the role of skin testing in diagnosis

Studies of fatal anaphylaxis in the UK have shown that widely prescribed β-lactam antibiotics are responsible for 26% of fatal drug induced anaphylaxis and 11% of all cases of fatal...

The rational clinical examination. Is this patient allergic to penicillin? An evidence-based analysis of the likelihood of penicillin allergy.

Clinicians frequently withhold antibiotics that contain penicillin based on patients' self-reported clinical history of an adverse reaction to penicillin and the clinicians' own misunderstandings about the characteristics of a true penicillin allergy. To determine the likelihood of true penicillin allergy with consideration of clinical history and to evaluate the diagnostic value added by appropriate skin testing. MEDLINE was searched for relevant English-language articles dated 1966 to October 2000. Bibliographies were searched to identify additional articles. We included original studies describing the precision of skin testing in diagnosis of penicillin allergy. We excluded studies that did not use both minor and major determinants, provide an explicit definition of penicillin allergy, or list the specific criteria necessary for a positive skin test result. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Three authors independently reviewed and abstracted data from all articles and reached consensus about any discrepancies. Patients' self-reported history has low accuracy for diagnosis of true penicillin allergy. By evaluating studies comparing clinical history to the skin test for penicillin allergy among patients with and without a positive history for penicillin allergy, positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. History of penicillin allergy had a positive likelihood ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.5), while absence of history of penicillin allergy had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.5 (95% CI, 0.4-0.6). Only 10% to 20% of patients reporting a history of penicillin allergy are truly allergic when assessed by skin testing. Taking a detailed history of a patient's reaction to penicillin may allow clinicians to exclude true penicillin allergy, allowing these patients to receive penicillin. Patients with a concerning history of type I penicillin allergy who have a compelling need for a drug containing penicillin should undergo skin testing. Virtually all patients with a negative skin test result can take penicillin without serious sequelae.

Evaluation of sonography and skin test in diagnosis of clonorchiasis at the Hyongsan-gang (river) area

This study was performed to evaluate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of sonography on clonorchiasis. During the 9 months from March to November 1994, sonography, skin test, stool examination, and medical examination were performed to 609 volunteers of Pohang which is located along the Hyongsan-gang (River) and is one of well-known endemic areas of clonorchiasis. The sensitivity of sonography was either 21% if the intrahepatic ducts dilatation was assumed to be the only positive finding or 52% if the periductal echogenicity was also included as one of positive findings. The sensitivity of skin test was 62%. The sensitivity was 46% if the diagnostic criteria were arbitrarily assumed as being positive in skin test and having either sonographic findings. The sonographic finding of fusiform, non-shadowing, weakly echogenic foci in gallbladder or in biliary tree indicating the flukes or aggregates of flukes was not obvious in this study. The specificity of sonography was either 95% if the intrahepatic ducts dilatation was assumed to be the only positive finding or 82% if the periductal echogenicity was also included as one of positive findings. The specificity of skin test was 52%. The specificity was 90% if the diagnostic criteria was arbitrarily assumed as being positive in skin test and having either sonographic findings.

Skin Test in Diagnosis of Food Allergy

Skin tests have for many years been widely used in the diagnosis of allergic diseases. Standardized allergic tests are commonly available for the diagnosis of inhalant allergy. However food allergens have been studied and no standardized preparations are available. Methods for skin testing vary between regions. In North America, the intradermal skin-test method dominates. On the other hand, pediatricians and Europeans favor the use of skin-prick test, as it is less painful and gives the same information as the intradermal method. Methods for interpretation also vary between regions and groups of doctors. Furthermore, criteria for disease (i.e., presence of food allergy) also varies. Because of the lack of standardized allergen techniques and method, there are difficulties in understanding and using the new data presented in scientific journals. In this article I discuss these difficulties and propose how to handle these problems, concentrating on the skin-prick test method.

3. Skin tests for diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy

3. Skin tests for diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy

Adverse reactions to suxamethonium and other muscle relaxants under general anestesia

The mechanisms of anaphylactic reactions to muscle relaxants under general anesthesia are not completely understood. Extending an earlier study, we report 41 cases of anaphylactic shock investigated by intradermal skin tests with muscle relaxants (suxamethonium, pancuronium, gallamine, nortoxiferine), in vitro leukocyte histamine release, and Prausnitz-Küstner tests. Intradermal tests were significantly positive at concentrations ranging from 10 to 10 5 times less than those in controls. Reproducibility tested for suxamethonium at a 1-year interval in five patients was good. Histamine release induced by muscle relaxants in Tris-albumin- Ca ++-Mg ++ buffer showed positive results in 8 25 instances and was inhibited by antigen excess in seven cases. Addition of 50% deuterium oxide (D 20) caused significant increase of histamine release in positive cases and induced release in all five negative cases studied. Muscle relaxant-induced histamine release was inhibited by in vitro anti-IgE leukocyte desensitization. The mean maximal histamine release dropped from 58.2% ± 9.7 to 5.8% ± 2 (p < 0.01). Similarly, leukocyte desensitization also inhibited histamine release induced by anti-IgE but not by formyl- l-methionyl- l-leucyl- l-phenylalanine or poly- l-arginine. Prausnitz-Küstner tests were positive in five out of 21 cases studied and became negative after heat inactivation. These results confirm the usefulness of lntradermal skin tests in diagnosis of patients' reaction to muscle relaxants and suggest an IgE-mediated rather than an idiosyncratic mechanism.

Allergy and Immunology: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature

Allergy and Immunology: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature

Immunity to Parasitic Animals, Volume Two

The first book to deal with immunity to animal parasites was prepared by Dr. W. H. Taliaferro and published in 1929. The approach was novel for the period, because it focused on the interchanges between parasites and their hosts and recognized the role of both nonspecific and specific responses of the host in its defenses against infection. Cellular, humoral, inflammatory, and even hypersensitivity, responses were considered, and, of course, the practical importance of serology and skin tests in diagnosis was included. This book proved to be a classic one, and stimulated both basic and applied research in the field. Therefore, it is gratifying to the reviewer that the two volumes of Immunity to Parasitic Animals were dedicated to Dr. Taliaferro and also that he prepared the Foreword.The second book on this topic, by Dr. J. T. Culbertson, was published in 1941. It added impetus to the growing interest in this field.

Cerebral schistosomiasis: report of case with medical management.

Case Reports1 January 1951CEREBRAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS: REPORT OF CASE WITH MEDICAL MANAGEMENTHERBERT SALIS, M.D., WAYNE C. SMITH, M.D.HERBERT SALIS, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, WAYNE C. SMITH, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-34-1-238 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptCerebral schistosomiasis is a rare complication of schistosomiasis japonica. In the past three years, however, there has been an increase in reported cases of this complication, primarily because of the exposure of American troops to the cercaria-infested waters of the island of Leyte. A comprehensive survey of many of these, as well as of previous cases, has been made recently by Kane and Most.1In many of these reports, the correct diagnosis was established only after operative intervention for a space-occupying lesion in the cerebrum. Moreover, craniotomy with operative removal of the mass, followed by a course of antimony, has...Bibliography1. KaneMost CAH: Schistosomiasis of the central nervous system. Experiences in World War II and a review of the literature, Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat. 59: 141-183 (Feb.) 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. GreenfieldPritchard JGB: Cerebral infection with Schistosoma japonicum , Brain 60: 361-372 (Sept.) 1937. (One case previously reported by Edgar.4b) CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. ChangSmithRiesenmanAlston TGWFREF: Cerebral granuloma due to schistosomiasis, J. A. M. A. 136: 230-238 (Jan. 24) 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Shimidzu K (a) : Ein Operationsfall von Schistosomiasis cerebri, Arch. f. klin. Chir. 182: 401-407, 1935; cited by Spiegel.4d (b) Edgar, W. H.: Report on case of epilepsy due to infection by Schistosomum japonicum, J. Roy. Nav. M. Serv. 22: 150-153 (April) 1936. (c) Swanson, H. S.: Cerebral granuloma due to schistosomiasis japonica, a case report, J. Neurosurg. 3: 538-542 (Nov.) 1946. (d) Spiegel, I. J.: Cerebral schistosomiasis: report of a case with surgical removal of an intracerebral mass of Schistosoma ova, J. Neurosurg. 4: 72-79 (Jan.) 1947. (e) Watson, C. W., Murphy, F., and Little, S. C.: Schistosomiasis of the brain due to Schistosoma japonica. Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat. 57: 199-211 (Feb.) 1947. (f) Chasnoff, J.: Personal communication to Watson, Murphy and Little.4e (g) Maltby, G. L., and Smith, J. R.: Schistosomiasis of the cerebrum simulating brain tumor, to be published; cited by Watson, Murphy and Little.4e (h) Reeves, D. L., and Kerr, R. W.: Schistosomiasis japonica with intracerebral granuloma: operative removal with recovery, Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat. 58: 207-220 (Aug.) 1947. (i) Hunt, W. E., Abramson, E., and Weaver, T. A.: Cerebral schistosomiasis, J. A. M. A. 136: 686-689 (March 6) 1948. (j) Saunders, G. M.: Personal communication to Chang.3 Google Scholar5. TsunodaSchimamura TS (a) : Pathology of Katayama disease: supplementary report on the cause of Jacksonian epilepsy and emboli of the cerebral artery, Kyoto Igakkwai Zasshi 2, No. 3, 1905; cited by Carroll, D. G.: Cerebral involvement in schistosomiasis japonica, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 78: 219-234, 1946. (b) Yamagiwa, K.: Contribution to the etiology of Jacksonian epilepsy. The pathological changes of the cerebral cortex caused by Distoma eggs, J. Tokyo M. A. 1889, III (No. 18); cited by Carroll.5a (c) Africa, C. M., and Santa Cruz, J.: Eggs of Schistosoma japonicum in the human heart, in Volumin Jubilare pro Sadao Yoshida, Osaka, Japan 2: 113-117, 1939; cited by Chang et al.3 (d) Vitug, W., Cruz, J. R., and Bautista, L. D.: Schistosomiasis involving the brain: two cases, J. Philippine M. A. 21: 291-298 (June) 1941. Google Scholar6. Nieva DE: Epileptiform convulsions probably due to schistosomiasis, Bull. San Juan de Dios Hosp. 9: 234-237 (July) 1935. Google Scholar7. KatzinMost BH: Cercarial antigen (S. Mansoni) skin test in diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis japonica, Bull. U. S. Army M. Dept. 6: 613-616, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar8. AlvesBlair WDM: Schistosomiasis; intensive treatment with antimony, Lancet 1: 9 (Jan. 5) 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *Received for publication February 12, 1949.From the Medical Service, Crile Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.Published with permission of the Chief Medical Director, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration, who assumes no responsibility for the opinions expressed or conclusions drawn by the authors.The authors are indebted to Dr. Joseph M. Hayman, Jr. and Dr. Norman P. Shumway for their encouragement, aid and advice in the management of this case. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPseudotumoral Form of Cerebral Schistosomiasis MansoniDie tierischen Parasiten und Pilzinfektionen im zentralen Nervensystem 1 January 1951Volume 34, Issue 1Page: 238-243KeywordsAntimonyLesionsMedical servicesSchistosomiasisSurgery Issue Published: 1 January 1951 PDF downloadLoading ...

A Skin Test for Diagnosis of Gonococcus Infections

A Skin Test for Diagnosis of Gonococcus Infections