Skin Redraping Research Articles

Evolution of the Surgical Net.

The surgical net technique, originally conceptualized to mitigate postoperative hematomas, has evolved into a versatile tool, transcending its initial purpose, and signaling a new era of surgical innovation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the surgical net's journey from a targeted solution to a multifaceted surgical asset and explores its burgeoning applications, challenges, and future trajectories. Despite early reluctance due to anatomical concerns and unfamiliarity with the novel technique, the surgical net's consistent success in various surgical contexts from facial surgeries to gynecological applications has catalyzed its widespread global adoption. The technique's integration of the progressive tension method and enhanced skin redraping capabilities underscores its contribution to optimal aesthetic outcomes and improved surgical control. Noteworthy is its role in the innovative concept of gliding surgery, marked by procedures like the gliding brow lift and Glidelift, demonstrating the surgical net's adaptability and effectiveness in diverse surgical environments.Contributions from international surgeons have expanded its applications to areas like axillary space obliteration after breast implant, postmastectomy closure, and the management of postpartum hemorrhage, showcasing the surgical net's global impact and universal commitment to optimizing surgical outcomes. The article delves into the anatomical considerations essential for adapting the surgical net technique to various surgical contexts, emphasizing the need for continuous research, clinical trials, and multidisciplinary collaboration to navigate emerging challenges and ensure its sustained efficacy and safety.In conclusion, the article highlights the surgical net technique's unwavering potential for further advancements, greater procedural efficiency, and the continued elevation of patient care standards. The consistent evolution of its applications, paired with a dedicated approach to addressing emergent challenges, reinforces the surgical net's enduring contribution to surgical innovation and global patient welfare.

Medial Epicanthoplasty with the Skin Re-Draping Technique: Technical Refinements for Predictable outcomes.

The epicanthus is a common feature of the Asian eyes. A prominent medial epicanthal fold gives the impression of a blunted affect and the procedure for its removal, the medial epicanthoplasty, is a very commonly requested by Asian patients. This may be performed as an isolated procedure or more commonly in combination with the upper blepharoplasty. Many conventional medial epicanthoplasty techniques are based on skin flaps transposition and excisions, usually variations of the V-Y, W or Z-plasties (1-4). While these have been variably successful at correcting the epicanthal fold, the common problem is significant scarring in the medial canthal and lower eyelid regions (5-8). This is particularly problematic in Asian patients with greater tendencies for hypertrophic scarring and scar hypo or hyper-pigmentation (9). Recently, the skin re-draping method, designed with incisions limited within the margins of the medial canthus and precise and targeted disruption of the underlying fibromuscular tissues, has emerged as the preferred surgical technique for many Asian surgeons because of its effectiveness and superior aesthetic outcomes(6, 10-12). This technique delivers the most inconspicuous incisions and is advantageous because it is effective in eliminating epicanthal folds of various severities. Precise execution of this technique is difficult, given the complex 3-dimensional anatomy of the epicanthus. This paper presents a detailed explanation of surgical concepts of the skin re-draping epicanthoplasty and provide a step-by-step guide to performing this procedure in a safe and effective manner.

Expansion of Renuvion Application to Areas Beyond the Submental Region: Review and Experience.

Minimally invasive and consistent skin redraping following liposuction remains an elusive goal. With the application of Renuvion (Apyx Medical, Clearwater, FL), helium induced cold atmospheric plasma provides coagulation, collagen contraction, and subsequent skin tightening, making this elusive goal attainable. The objective of this study is to evaluate energy settings, and the safety profile of Renuvion in an effort to achieve optimal cosmesis through the improvement of skin laxity. A retrospective review at a single site evaluated cases of Renuvion between March 2020 and May 2022. Energy settings, use of concomitant VASER (Solta Medical, Bothwell, WA) liposuction frequency, and adverse events were analyzed. In total, 180 patients were evaluated, of whom 135 (75%) underwent concomitant VASER liposuction. Renuvion was used on the abdomen (47.8%), thighs (45.6%), arms (27.2%), submental region (25%), hip rolls (21.2%), and back (19.4%). Among the entire cohort, there were a total of 24 (13.3%) complications. The complications consisted of 3 (12.5%) hematomas, 1 (4.2%) burn, 6 (25%) persistent skin laxity with 2 returned operating room (OR) treatments, 4 (16.7%) seromas, 9 (37.5%) postoperative lymphedema that self-resolved, and 1 (4.2%) self-limited neuralgia. There were no complications that required an immediate return to the OR. Renuvion utilization with or without VASER has a relatively high complication rate-with minor complications as the most common-relatively safe barring proper patient selection, which can be mitigated with proper patient selection.

Skin Perfusion After Hemostatic Net: An Anatomic and Radiologic Study in a Cadaver Model.

The hemostatic net is a recent technique initially developed to reduce the occurrence of postoperative hematomas following facelift procedures. Its applications have expanded to include skin redraping, deep plane fixation, and other areas beyond the face. However, no experimental study has investigated its effect on skin blood supply. The aim of this study was to analyze facial skin vascularization after applying a hemostatic net to fresh cadavers. Fourteen hemifaces from fresh adult cadavers were examined. The study model involved a deep plane facelift procedure with the use of a hemostatic net. The first step, involving 4 hemifaces, included dissections and two-/three-dimensional angiographies by digital microangiography and computed tomography scan, respectively. The purpose was to evaluate the influence of the hemostatic net on vascular perfusion. The second step involved a sequential dye perfusion study performed on 10 other hemifaces that underwent facelift procedures with the hemostatic net to determine its impact on skin perfusion. The anatomic and radiologic techniques enabled visualization of skin, and showed the arterial system reaching the subdermal vascular plexus and branching between the vascular territories, without interference from the net. The sequential dye perfusion study showed staining after injection in each facelift flap, with comparable coloration distributions before and after the application of the net. The hemostatic net did not affect the skin blood supply, correlating with no clinical increases in ischemia and necrosis rates in the facelift flap. This study provides additional evidence supporting the safety of the hemostatic net in clinical practice.

Prise en charge chirurgicale de la pseudogynécomastie après perte de poids massive : technique de désépidermisation sur mesure assistée par lipoaspiration

After massive weight loss (MWL), the chest in men may show significant deformities. The surgical treatment of gynecomastia after MWL remains a difficult and partially misunderstood surgery due to 4 main factors: a complex excess of skin in height and width that sometimes continues in the axilla or dorsal region, a predominantly fatty rather than glandular component, the malposition of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) that is often enlarged and an inframammary fold (IMF) that is often marked. The techniques currently described are either insufficient or lead to frequent and/or significant complications. The authors describe a new approach that dissociates the treatment of the volume and the skin with a customized resection that is simple, reproducible and safe. Our goal is to improve patient satisfaction while reducing complication rates. Seventeen patients with adipomastia with excess skin after massive weight loss were operated on using liposuction and skin redraping technique. The authors describe the technique, indications and contraindications of the procedure and analyze the results. The average age of the patients was 39 years. The average body mass index (BMI) before weight loss is 42,7kg/m2, the average weight loss before body correction is 49kg, with an average delta of BMI loss of 15,34kg/m2. The average stay in hospital is 1,3 nights. No patient had major complications (hematoma, hemorrhage, necrosis, thrombophlebitis, immediate surgical revision to treat complications). Minor complications including scar dehiscence, infection, steatonecrosis, and distant scar correction were reported in 2 patients, i.e. 11%. Liposuction assisted and desepidermization torsoplasty is a new technique for correction of pseudogynecomastia in MWL patients. The results are reproductible and the complication rates are low. There is no dead space and therefore no drains are needed. There is little pain and a short hospital stay. This technique is simple, quick and easy to learn. However, it is only applicable in adipomastia. A different technique should be used in the presence of firm glandular tissue.

BEST (Bolster Equalization Suture Technique) Neck: Optimization of Skin Redraping Following Necklift Surgery.

Skin laxity of the neck is a primary concern of patients seeking facial rejuvenation. Traditional methods for redraping neck skin have well-described shortcomings. To optimize skin redraping after necklift surgery while reducing risk, the BEST (Bolster Equalization Suture Technique) was developed as described. At the conclusion of the facelift and necklift, 3 external quilting sutures are placed with protective bolsters. The first suture is placed at the midline, advancing the skin posteriorly toward the hyoid and anchoring the skin to the platysma. The second and third are placed in the cervicomandibular groove over the sternocleidomastoid muscle, advancing the skin posteriorly. Complications such as skin necrosis, skin ischemia, dimpling, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, and scarring were documented. A control group of 20 patients who underwent the same surgery without the BEST was compared to the next 20 patients using the technique. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were blindly reviewed by two plastic surgeons. The photographs were analyzed for residual central neck skin laxity and cervicomental angle improvement and surveyed using the pertinent sections of the FACE-Q. In necklift patients who received the BEST, cervicomental angle improvement and decreased central skin laxity were statistically significant. Patient perceived age on the visual analogue scale was 2.5 years younger in the BEST group. The BEST is a safe and efficient method which can be used to improve cervical skin redraping and contour. The BEST creates a more defined cervicomental angle while reducing central skin neck laxity with minimal complications.

Gynécomastie : actualisation des données diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. À propos de 148 patients

Gynecomastia is the most frequently breast lesion in males. 148 patients (mean age 24,7 years) operated in our department were reviewed with a mean follow-up of five years. Gynecomastia occurred most frequently during puberty (77,7%), was bilateral (86,5%) and idiopathic (89,9%). The size of the enlargement was evaluated according to Simon's-classification based on breast-volume and skin-redundancy. 17 (11,5%) stage 1, 77 (52%) stage 2A, 32 (21,6%) stage 2B, 22 (14,9%) stage 3. Clinical examination and mammography determined the consistency of gynecomastia: adipose or firm. 4 different surgical managements were used: 17 (11,5%) subcutaneous mastectomies, 4 (2,7%) liposuctions, 110 (74,3%) liposuctions associated with subcutaneous mastectomy, 17 (11,5%) total mastectomy. All techniques gave good morphologic results. Nonetheless, the authors recommend the combination «liposuction and subcutaneous mastectomy», as this technique presents many advantages: small intraoperative blood loss, good skin redraping, short hospital stay, complete histologic examination of the material removed.

Fine-Tuning of the Supratip in Rhinoplasty: An External Approach.

Supratip deformity, also known as the pollybeak deformity, accounts for one of the most common iatrogenic deformities requiring revision surgery in rhinoplasty. We aimed to present a novel technique to prevent supratip deformity and increase the tip definition, especially in patients with thick skin. A total of eighty-three patients were included in the study. In control group, thirty-three consecutive patients with thick skin underwent structured primary rhinoplasty without any additional maneuvers. In study group, thirty-one consecutive patients with thick skin underwent the same operation with an additional "External supratip suture (ESS)." Nineteen patients with moderate skin were also operated using the ESS to accentuate the supratip break and control the soft tissue response. Patients' supratip regions were analyzed with reference to a tangent line from the tip defining point to the nasion. Two independent blinded plastic surgeons rated the supratip aesthetics on a 5-point scale. The ESS maneuver had better results in the supratip region according to the two parameters which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). No ischemic complications were observed. This simple and reliable external approach is a powerful maneuver which can be an effective technique not only in patients with thick skin, but also in moderate skin patients who requires better supratip definition. It enables surgeon to reduce the nasal volume efficiently in patients with noncompliant skin by controlling skin redraping by adhering to Auersvald's hemostatic net principles. We believe that this approach will find a place in the armamentarium of rhinosurgeons. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Correction of pixie ear: infraauricular skin redraping method.

Patients with pixie ear have an attached, tapering, and low-set earlobe. Traditional methods usually describe excision of the caudal portion of the lobule and reattachment in a more superior position. The present report suggests a simplified skin redraping method for correction of pixie ear. The procedure provides easy method to design and perform, which only requires elevation and trimming of the skin. Other ancillary procedures, such as flap design, anchoring, plication, and subdermal fixation, are not required. This method produces satisfactory results. Postoperative scar is invisible because the incision is on the retroauricular region, and the corrected earlobe has a more natural appearance than the repositioned earlobe. Moreover, skin redraping avoids tension, which contributes to minimization of the postoperative scar.

Three-Dimensional Z-Epicanthoplasty Retains the Depth of the Medial Canthus With Scars That Are Less Visible.

Traditional coronal Z-epicanthoplasty usually generates visible scars, and V-Y advancement or skin redraping can damage the normal shape of the lower eyelid. In addition, these methods usually lead to loss of the medial canthus depth, which is important for the natural appearance of East Asians. This report aims to describe a 3-dimensional Z-epicanthoplasty that can maintain the depth of the medial canthus with fewer visible scars. Patients who underwent 3-dimensional Z-epicanthoplasty from January 2016 to December 2019 were included. In our method, excess skin in the horizontal direction was first rotated to the vertical position and then turned inward from a coronal to a sagittal orientation to supplement the skin deficiency of the medial canthus in the sagittal orientation. The skin flap turned in the sagittal orientation and maintained the depth of the medial canthus and the natural appearance of the eye. In total, 138 patients were included, and the follow-up interval ranged from 6 to 36 months. After the surgery, the epicanthi were removed, and the shapes of the patients' eyes were significantly improved and appeared natural. The surgical scars were hidden in the sagittal orientation rather than in the coronal orientation, which cannot be seen easily. The depth of the medial canthus was well preserved without any lower eyelid destruction. Patients were satisfied with the natural appearance of the medial canthus. This method could not only correct the epicanthal fold effectively with scars that are less visible but also maintain the depth of the medial canthus and make the appearance of the eye look more natural.

A Novel Application of the Hemostatic Net in Aesthetic Breast Surgery: A Preliminary Report.

Obtaining optimum breast aesthetics can be challenging in secondary aesthetic breast surgery, particularly with poor-quality skin, when downsizing implants, and in cases where patients will not accept additional mastopexy scars. Most techniques described in these cases rely on internal suturing and capsulorrhaphy, which can lack precision in tailoring the skin over the internal pocket. The aim of this study was to present the authors' experience with utilizing the hemostatic net to help address a range of challenging breast cases in their practices. A multicentre retrospective analysis of patients undergoing aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery between 2019 and 2021 was conducted. A database was established to record patient demographics, indications for surgery, surgical technique, and complications. Following capsulorrhaphy, the hemostatic net was applied in as many rows as required with monofilament sutures and removed 3 to 7 days postoperatively. Twenty-four women (aged 23-67 years) underwent aesthetic or reconstructive breast surgery with the hemostatic net. This approach optimized stabilization of the inframammary fold and redraping of lax skin or irregularities in the skin envelope. At follow-up review, only 1 instance of the net failing to successfully redrape the skin was seen. The application of the hemostatic net is an option for patients who might otherwise require mastopexy but refuse to accept the scars. The technique has now been extended to primary cases where implant malposition or skin tailoring issues are anticipated, thus securing its place as a part of the surgical armamentarium.

Medial Epicanthoplasty With the Classic and Modified Skin Redraping Method: A Retrospective Case Control Study.

The skin redraping method for medial epicanthoplasty is characterized by some shortcomings which warrants modification. In this study, clinical data of 193 patients who underwent medial epichanthoplasty by the modified skin redraping technique or the classic skin redraping technique were reviewed retrospectively. The patients underwent operation between May 2018 and June 2020 and were followed up for not less than 6 months. Interepicanthal distance, interpupillary distance, patient satisfaction, and postoperative complications were evaluated. In terms of interepicanthal distance/inter-pupillary distance ratio (P > 0.05) and satisfaction score (P = 0.759), the modified skin redraping technique and the classic skin redraping technique were similar. In the classic skin redraping group, there were 3 cases of visible scarring in the lower eyelid, corresponding to significantly more cases than in the modified skin redraping group (n = 0, P < 0.001). There were more out-fold cases in the modified skin redraping group (76/90) than in the classic skin redraping group (17/88) (P < 0.001). Utilizing the modified skin redraping medial epicanthoplasty can prevent medial hooding of the upper eyelid, reduce the probability of visible scarring, and produce more out-fold with concurrent double eyelidplasty compared with classic skin redraping epicanthoplasty. Level of evidence: IV.

Medial Epicanthoplasty With the Classic and Modified Skin Redraping Method: A Retrospective Case Control Study.

The skin redraping method for medial epicanthoplasty is characterized by some shortcomings which warrants modification. In this study, clinical data of 193 patients who underwent medial epichanthoplasty by the modified skin redraping technique or the classic skin redraping technique were reviewed retrospectively. The patients underwent operation between May 2018 and June 2020 and were followed up for not less than 6 months. Interepicanthal distance, interpupillary distance, patient satisfaction, and postoperative complications were evaluated. In terms of interepicanthal distance/inter-pupillary distance ratio ( P > 0.05) and satisfaction score ( P = 0.759), the modified skin redraping technique and the classic skin redraping technique were similar. In the classic skin redraping group, there were 3 cases of visible scarring in the lower eyelid, corresponding to significantly more cases than in the modified skin redraping group (n = 0, P < 0.001). There were more out-fold cases in the modified skin redraping group (76/90) than in the classic skin redraping group (17/88) ( P < 0.001). Utilizing the modified skin redraping medial epicanthoplasty can prevent medial hooding of the upper eyelid, reduce the probability of visible scarring, and produce more out-fold with concurrent double eyelidplasty compared with classic skin redraping epicanthoplasty. Level of evidence: IV.

Surgical Results and Patient Satisfaction After A New Surgical Technique for Asian Medial Epicanthoplasty: A Modified Skin Redraping Method Using a Horizontal Point Incision and Staged 'Y-Shaped' Dog Ear Correction.

The double eyelid operation is the most common cosmetic procedure conducted in Asians. However, the epicanthal fold presents a conundrum that limits the cosmetic results of double eyelid surgery. Despite not being a pathologic condition, numerous procedures have been developed and introduced to address this issue, but these techniques have potential disadvantages that include an unnatural ciliary position of the lower lids and prominent scarring. A total of 156 patients who underwent a double eyelid operation with medial epicanthoplasty using the modified skin redraping method using a horizontal point incision and staged dog ear correction between 2015 and 2019 at our medical center were enrolled in the study. A single senior plastic surgeon performed all surgical procedures. The Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROM) questionnaire was used to obtain objective satisfaction scores, and patient satisfaction scores were obtained using some criteria. Of 147 patients, 8 (0.05) complained of visible scarring at the medial epicanthal and upper fold line region; there were only 2 (0.01%) epicanthal fold recurrences and 1.36% wound-related complications. The PROM scores and patient satisfaction scores showed a strong positive linear correlation according to linear regression analysis (P < 0.001). We performed double eyelidplasty with epicanthoplasty by using "a modified skin redraping method using a horizontal point incision and a staged 'Y-shaped' dog ear correction." Few complications were encountered, and almost all patients were satisfied with their surgical outcome as determined by the PROM questionnaire.

Assessment of Skin Redraping After Liposuction In Treatment of Gynecomastia Grade III Simon`s Classification

Background: Gynecomastia is the most common breast disorder in men. The usual treatment of grade III is surgical excision of the excess skin which may cause embarrassment and dissatisfying results Objective: To evaluate skin redraping after traditional liposuction in management of grade III gynecomastia Simon`s classification. Patients and methods: 20 patients with grade III gynecomastia with age group between 18 and 40 years old with mean 28.25 ± 4.18. It was a prospective observational cohort study. 11 cases underwent surgical gland excision through a semicircular infraareolar incision while 9 cases didn’t need to. The study was conducted at Alazhar university hospitals Results: The subjective results for all patients at 3 months assessment point. Four patients were very satisfied, eight satisfied, four neither satisfied nor dissatisfied while three patients dissatisfied. only one was very dissatisfied. The average sternal notch to nipple length pre and 3 months postoperative were respectively 27cm, 22cm. Our overall success rate is easily explained by several factors. The selection of young nonsmoker patient with no comorbid diseases or defective elasticity (varicosities or hernias), and the proper choice of the corset size and fiber as well as wearing it for the whole time of the study (3 months). The semicircular periareolar incision scars are not well defined as it become camouflaged by the color change between normal skin areola Conclusion: Conventional liposuction alone could be a reliable method to treat grade III gynecomastia in young patient with a good skin quality and helps in avoidance of undesirable scars.

Skin redraping for correction of lower eyelid epiblepharon combined with medial epicanthal fold: a retrospective analysis of 286 Asian children.

This study was performed to evaluate the clinical effect of skin redraping on lower eyelid epiblepharon accompanied by a medial epicanthal fold. This retrospective case series involved 572 eyes of 286 patients who underwent skin redraping surgery to treat lower eyelid epiblepharon accompanied by a medial epicanthal fold from January 2015 to May 2019. The postoperative surgical results were classified as "good", "fair" and "poor". The incision scars were assessed using the Vancouver scar scale. The patients' subjective satisfaction and incidence of complications were also documented. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 6.9 ± 3.6 years (3-12 years), and the mean follow-up time was 32.6 ± 13.5 months (6-58 months). The clinical symptoms and severity of keratopathy were improved postoperatively. "Good" surgical outcomes were obtained in all patients, the mean Vancouver scar scale score was 1.1 ± 0.3, and hypertrophic scar formation did not occur. A total of 272 patients and their guardians were "very satisfied" with the cosmetic outcomes. Skin redraping was effective and endurable in the treatment of lower eyelid epiblepharon accompanied by a medial epicanthal fold. The postoperative scars were slight and nearly invisible, and no cases of recurrence were observed in this study.

Surgical correction of recurrent epiblepharon in Chinese children using modified skin re-draping epicanthoplasty.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the modified skin re-draping epicanthoplasty procedure for correction of recurrent lower lid epiblepharon in Chinese children. From 2016 to 2018, 18 children (10 males and 8 females, average age 6.2±1.7y; 30 eyes) with recurrent epiblepharon who attended Beijing Children's Hospital were included in the study. All the children had undergone lower eyelid surgery for epiblepharon. Surgical design included using an additional incision along the upper palpebral margin, to avoid vertical scarring on the upper lid. The re-draping method was used to correct recurrent epiblepharon. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 24mo. Postoperative surgical outcomes, complications, and subjective satisfaction were evaluated. Complete correction of cilia touching the cornea was observed in all patients during an average follow-up of 7.1mo. No "dog ears" or obvious scars were formed after surgery. All parents were satisfied with the cosmetic results and none complained. Mean astigmatism decreased from 2.39±0.79 diopter (D) preoperatively to 2.19±0.79 D at 6mo after surgery; however, the difference was not significant. Best-corrected visual acuity improved, although the change in mean visual acuity was not significant. No recurrence occurred during the follow-up period. This surgical modified skin re-draping technique is effective and highly satisfactory for correction of recurrent epiblepharon. The approach is characterized by a simple design, a straightforward procedure, inconspicuous scarring, and good postoperative appearance.

Long V-Y advancement technique for large nipple reconstruction in Asian women.

Previously reported nipple-areolar complex reconstruction (NAR) methods involve multiple incisions and wide skin redraping, which increase retraction forces and heighten the risk of nipple-areolar complex (NAC) flattening. We introduce a NAR method using the long V-Y advancement technique that can overcome these disadvantages. A V-shaped flap is designed with the width of the flap base 4–5 mm larger than the diameter of the normal nipple. The flap length is designed to be at least 2.5 times its width. Dissection is performed to the top of the artificial dermal matrix or muscle layer. The nipple is constructed with the same projection as the contralateral side by folding the elevated flap. The tip of the elevated flap is apposed in the middle of the donor defect to minimize the deformity during donor site closure. A 3-point skin suture is applied to the upper third of the folded flap to mold its shape. Using this long V-Y advancement technique, we successfully decreased skin tension in NAC flaps and improved the maintenance of reconstructed nipple projection. The long V-Y advancement technique provides an easy, simple NAR method, effectively maintaining longer nipple projections and reducing breast deformities, especially in Asian women with relatively large nipples.

A Six-Year Review of the Latest Oculoplastic Surgical Development.

The aim of this study was to summarize the literature from 2012 to 2018 on 4 common cosmetic periocular operative procedures including epicanthoplasty, lateral canthoplasty, and upper and lower blepharoplasty. Systematic review of epicanthoplasty, lateral canthoplasty, upper and lower blepharoplasty in the period of 6 years. A systematic MEDLINE search by 2 independent reviewers was performed on PubMed using the search terms (blepharoplasty) OR double eyelid) OR lateral canthopexy) OR fat repositioning) OR epicanthoplasty) OR love band) AND (From January 2012 to January 2018). After screening 1456 abstracts from search results, 1377 were eliminated due to irrelevant content. Full text of the remaining 79 articles and relevant cross-references were reviewed and summarized. Studies on cosmetic epicanthoplasty reported Z-plasty or modifications (n=8), advancement flap (n=4) or skin redraping procedures (n=1), removal or release of the orbicularis muscle (n = 14), with (n = 6) or without (n = 11) tightening medial canthal tendon. In lateral canthoplasty, approaches to preserve continuity of eyelid margin prevent lateral canthal deformity with inconspicuous incision via gray line (n = 2) or upper eyelid (n = 2) were described. Techniques of upper blepharoplasties described included open incision method (n = 9) with (n = 5) or without (n = 3) orbicularis resection, subbrow approach (n = 1), nonincisional suture blepharoplasty (n = 2), or partial incision blepharoplasty (n = 1). For lower blepharoplasties, techniques described included blepharoplasty with fat transposition (n = 7), transconjunctival blepharoplasty (n = 3), transcutaneous blepharoplasty and canthopexy (n = 1) or orbicularis flap (n = 2), minimally invasive or laser-assisted blepharoplasty (n = 2). The recent trend of periocular surgical rejuvenation focuses on preserving soft tissue volume, avoiding skin or use hidden incision, taking the eyebrow and midface position into account, and measures to minimize iatrogenic eyelid malposition.

Ten Tips Based on Anatomy and Design to Refine Face and Neck Lift Surgery.

Background:Any face/neck lift operation has a natural flow of slower and speedier portions; slower when dissecting under the superficial musculoaponeurotic system and around nerves while faster during opening, undermining, defatting, and closing. Surgeons can maximize efficiency with these simple maneuvers.Methods:We introduce and demonstrate ten reproducible surgical techniques based on anatomy, which span aspects of the entire face and neck lift procedure including markings, skin flap elevation, sub-superficial musculoaponeurotic system manipulation, preplatysmal fat management, skin re-draping, and post-operative dressings.Results:As examples, altered scissors facilitate “push” undermining, scoops reduce time for fat removal in the neck, a non-inset method for lobule creation, and digital measurements for certain technical maneuvers are discussed. Moreover, a block and tackle method of facial nerve blocks is reviewed which permits local-only face and neck lifting as well as hematoma drainage without patient intolerance.Conclusions:Implementation of these surgical techniques in face and neck lift procedures allows the surgeon to potentially decrease operative time and work towards minimizing post-operative edema while attaining aesthetic and natural results.