Skin Equivalent Research Articles

Unveiling the impact of hypodermis on gene expression for advancing bioprinted full-thickness 3D skin models.

3D skin models have been explored as an alternative method to the use of animals in research and development. Usually, human skin equivalents comprise only epidermis or epidermis/dermis layers. Herein, we leverage 3D bioprinting technology to fabricate a full-thickness human skin equivalent with hypodermis (HSEH). The collagen hydrogel-based structure provides a mimetic environment for skin cells to adhere, proliferate and differentiate. The effective incorporation of the hypodermis layer is evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The transcriptome results underscore the pivotal role of the hypodermis in orchestrating the genetic expression of a multitude of genes vital for skin functionality, including hydration, development and differentiation. Accordingly, we evidence the paramount significance of full-thickness human skin equivalents with hypodermis layer to provide an accurate in vitro platform for disease modeling and toxicology studies.

A photocurable and thermocurable composite hydrogel and the application in a contraction resistant full-thickness skin model.

Three-dimensional (3D) organotypic skin in vitro has attracted increasing attention for drug development, cosmetics evaluation, and even clinical applications. However, the severe contraction of these models restricts their application, especially in the analyses based on barrier functions such as percutaneous penetration. For the full-thickness skin equivalents, the mechanical properties of the dermis scaffold plays an important role in the contraction resistance. In this investigation, we optimized a hydrogel composed of gelatine methacrylamide (GelMA), hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), and type I collagen (Col I), adjusted the elastic moduli to 2.27±0.08 kPa to fit the skin cells growth and resist contraction as well. This optimized hydrogel exhibited a swelling ratio of 23.25 ± 0.94% and demonstrated satisfactory cell viability in fibroblasts cultures. Then, we mixed this hydrogel with fibroblasts of liquid-liquid culture to construct the dermis, on which seeded keratinocytes were seeded for another 14 days of air-liquid culture to form cornified epidermis, and a commercialized hydrogel Ava-FT-Skin was used as control. This optimized skin model could maintained its integrity for a prolonged period of 28 days. Differentiated epidermis presented basal, spinous, granular, and cornified layers, meanwhile, epidermis markers like keratin-10, keratin-14, involucrin, loricrin, filaggrin, and dermis markers vimentin were expressed distinctly in the right distribution. Furthermore, penetration of a 607 Da Cascade blue-labelled dextran was calculated and compared to the Avatarget skin model, both of which could prevent more than 99% of the fluorescent molecule. We consider that this full-thickness skin model could be widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, especially in penetration detection, contributing to the excellent contraction resistance.

Tailored 3D Agarose-Well Integrated with Human Skin Equivalents for Enhanced Skin Penetration Assessment

We developed a tailored 3D Agarose-well system integrated with reconstructed human skin equivalents to enhance skin penetration assessments. This system addresses common limitations in traditional trans-well reconstructions, such as dermal layer contraction and limited lateral diffusion, by entangling collagen fibrils within the Agarose-well. We evaluated the penetration behavior of three peptides, with and without skin-penetrating peptide (SPP) sequences, alongside adenosine, a known anti-wrinkle agent. Despite a SPP having a molecular weight approximately four times greater than that of adenosine, its kinetic constant was similar, with values of about 39 and 34, respectively. Moreover, this living skin equivalent system not only allowed for the evaluation of adenosine penetration, but also demonstrated its biological effects, with adenosine significantly enhancing procollagen synthesis by approximately 23% compared to the control. Overall, this novel strategy holds the potential for tailoring 3D Agarose-wells and advancing high-performance gel development, making it a promising approach for applications in tissue engineering, medical science, regenerative medicine, and cosmetics.

Characterization of macrophages associated with human skin models exposed to UV radiation.

Skin macrophages play important roles in the response to external stimuli. Human skin equivalents (HSEs) incorporating the human monocytic cell line THP-1 were fabricated to generate immunocompetent human skin models. These HSEs were used to investigate the influence of the skin microenvironment and ultraviolet A (UVA) on macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that THP-1 cells in HSEs were enriched in extracellular matrix interaction hallmark but downregulated in DNA replication hallmark. Upon UVA exposure, immunocompetent HSEs presented epidermal distortion and increased DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The genes associated with oxidative stress and the inflammatory response were significantly upregulated in THP-1 cells. When the photoprotective agent mycosporine-2-glycine from cyanobacteria was applied to HSEs, the incidence of UVA-induced DSBs was significantly lower, and inflammatory and UV response hallmarks were downregulated in THP-1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that immunocompetent HSEs can be used to investigate the responses of skin-resident macrophages to external stimuli.

Vδ1 T Cells Integrated in Full-Thickness Skin Equivalents: A Model for the Role of Human Skin–Resident γδT Cells

Vδ1 T cells are a subpopulation of γδT cells found in human dermis. In contrast to murine skin-resident γδT cells, much less is known regarding their role and function in skin health and disease. Here we report the successful integration of Vδ1 T cells into long-term fibroblast-derived matrix skin equivalents (SE). We isolated Vδ1 T cells from human blood, where they are rare, and established conditions for the integration and maintenance of the freshly isolated Vδ1 T cells in the SEs. Plated on top of the dermal equivalents (DEs), almost all Vδ1 T cells migrated into the dermal matrix where they exerted their influence on both the DE and the epithelium. Vδ1 T cells contributed to epidermal differentiation as indicated by histology, expression of epidermal differentiation markers and RNAseq expression profile. When complemented with the carcinoma-derived SCC13 cells instead of HaCaT, our data suggest a role for Vδ1 T cells in slowing growth of the tumor cells, as indicated by reduced stratification and changes in gene expression profiles. Together, we demonstrate the successful establishment of human Vδ1 T cell-competent skin and skin carcinoma equivalents (SE, SCE) and provide evidence for molecular and functional consequences of the Vδ1 T cells on their respective environment.

Trehalose Prevents IL-4/IL-13–Induced Skin Barrier Impairment by Suppressing IL-33 Expression and Increasing NRF2 Activation in Human Keratinocytes In Vitro

Skin barrier dysfunction initiates or deteriorates various cutaneous problems, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). At high concentrations, the nonreducing disaccharide α-d-glucopyranosyl α-d-glucopyranoside (trehalose) induces a transient senescence-like state in fibroblasts and promotes wound repair. Here, we investigated the effect of trehalose on normal human keratinocytes (KCs) and demonstrated its specific role in the skin barrier. RNA-seq analysis revealed that trehalose regulates the expression of many skin-barrier-associated genes. T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 were observed to downregulate several differentiation markers (FLG, LOR, K1, and K10) and epidermal antimicrobial proteins in monolayer-cultured KCs and living skin equivalents (LSE), and impaired skin barrier function in LSE, all of which were significantly upregulated or restored by trehalose. Trehalose inhibited IL-33 expression and reduced nuclear IL-33 levels by activating MEK5-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) and suppressing MEK1/2-ERK pathway. It also increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation to trigger antioxidant enzyme production via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), thus, neutralizing IL-4/IL-13-mediated oxidative stress. Trehalose prevented IL-4/IL-13-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3/STAT6 activation and restored IL-4/IL-13-suppressed skin barrier molecules via IL-33 downregulation and Nrf2 activation. This study demonstrated that trehalose may play a role in skin barrier repair in AD.

Role of skin enzymes in metabolism of topical drugs

Topical drugs have gained a lot of interest with their massive market growth and are available in various dosage forms. Prodrug compounds of transdermal delivery systems can be very different and designed to convert into the form of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through enzymatic action once they enter the body. The skin, as an interfacial barrier between the body and surroundings, has demonstrated critical roles in metabolizing, filtering, and detoxifying to minimize certain side effects and improve the medication benefits of topically administered products. It is well recognized that the drug pharmacokinetics can be altered by the presence of skin enzymes driven by biotransformation reactions. To evaluate the effectiveness of a topical generic drug product, its safety, and bioequivalence with the reference one, models assessing enzyme metabolic activity are highly required for testing the amount of drugs that are metabolized or can potentially be metabolized in both healthy and compromised skin. Thus, knowledge of skin composition and enzyme expression levels is of paramount importance in mapping the relevant metabolism that may have occurred. Regulatory authorities have also been making efforts to develop efficient and harmonizable protocols to evaluate the metabolism of transdermal products. This review is a compilation of reported skin metabolizing enzymes, including their role in both drug metabolism and homeostasis regulation, along with their localization and quantification in skin equivalents (and/or membrane layers). Various aspects that potentially affect the skin enzyme metabolism study were also discussed with respect to drug development considerations.

Quantum Sensing Unravels Antioxidant Efficacy Within PCL/Matrigel Skin Equivalents.

Skin equivalents (SE) that recapitulate biological and mechanical characteristics of the native tissue are promising platforms for assessing cosmetics and studying fundamental biological processes. Methods to achieve SEs with well-organized structure, and ideal biological and mechanical properties are limited. Here, the combination of melt electrowritten PCL scaffolds and cell-laden Matrigel to fabricate SE is described. The PCL scaffold provides ideal structural and mechanical properties, preventing deformation of the model. The model consists of a top layer for seeding keratinocytes to mimic the epidermis, and a bottom layer of Matrigel-based dermal compartment with fibroblasts. The compressive modulus and the biological properties after 3-day coculture indicate a close resemblance with the native skin. Using the SE, a testing system to study the damage caused by UVA irradiation and evaluate antioxidant efficacy is established. The effectiveness of Tea polyphenols (TPs) and L-ascorbic acid (Laa) is compared based on free radical generation. TPs are demonstrated to be more effective in downregulating free radical generation. Further, T1 relaxometry is used to detect the generation of free radicals at a single-cell level, which allows tracking of the same cell before and after UVA treatment.

Dihydroavenanthramide D Enhances Skin Barrier Function through Upregulation of Epidermal Tight Junction Expression.

Skin barrier dysfunction and thin epidermis are hallmarks of sensitive skin and contribute to premature aging. Avenanthramides are the primary bioactive components of colloidal oatmeal, a commonly used treatment to enhance skin barrier function. This study investigated the relationship between skin barrier function and epidermal characteristics and explored the potential of dihydroavenanthramide D (dhAvD), a synthetic avenanthramide, to improve the skin barrier. We observed a significant correlation between impaired skin barrier function and decreased epidermal thickness, suggesting that a weakened barrier contributes to increased sensitivity. Our in vitro results in HaCaT cells demonstrated that dhAvD enhances keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and tight junction protein expression, thereby strengthening the skin barrier. To mimic skin barrier dysfunction, we treated keratinocytes and full-thickness skin equivalents with IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines that are implicated in atopic dermatitis, and confirmed the downregulation of tight junction and differentiation markers. Furthermore, dhAvD treatment restored the barrier function and normalized the expression of key epidermal components, such as tight junction proteins and natural moisturizing factors, in keratinocytes treated with inflammatory cytokines. In the reconstructed human skin model, dhAvD promoted both epidermal and dermal restoration. These findings suggest that dhAvD has the potential to alleviate skin sensitivity and improve skin barrier function.

Isolation and culture of feline keratinocytes and fibroblasts for the generation of artificial skin equivalent

Isolation and culture of feline keratinocytes and fibroblasts for the generation of artificial skin equivalent

Exploring the Surface: Sampling of Potential Skin Cancer Biomarkers Kynurenine and Tryptophan, Studied on 3D Melanocyte and Melanoma Models.

Early detection of cancer via biomarkers is vital for improving patient survival rates. In the case of skin cancers, low-molecular-weight biomarkers can penetrate the skin barrier, enabling non-invasive sampling at an early stage. This study focuses on detecting tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn) on the surface of reconstructed 3D melanoma and melanocyte models. This is examined in connection with IDO-1 and IL-6 expression in response to IFN-γ or UVB stimulation, both crucial factors of the melanoma tumor microenvironment (TME). Using a polystyrene scaffold, full-thickness human skin equivalents containing fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanocytes or melanoma cells were developed. The samples were stimulated with IFN-γ or UVB, and Trp and Kyn secretion was measured using HPLC-PDA and HPLC-MS. The expression of IDO-1 and IL-6 was measured using RT-qPCR. Increased Trp catabolism to Kyn was observed in IFN-γ-stimulated melanoma and melanocyte models, along with higher IDO-1 expression. UVB exposure led to significant changes in Kyn levels but only in the melanoma model. This study demonstrates the potential of skin surface Trp and Kyn monitoring to capture TME metabolic changes. It also lays the groundwork for future in vivo studies, aiding in understanding and monitoring skin cancer progression.

Evaluation of Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Garlic Extracts in 3D Bioprinted Skin Equivalents

Evaluation of Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Garlic Extracts in 3D Bioprinted Skin Equivalents

Two Coffee Diterpenes, Kahweol and Cafestol, Inhibit Extracellular Melanogenesis: An In Vitro Pilot Study

Hyperpigmentation skin disorders are marked by an abnormal accumulation or export of melanin pigment synthesized within melanocytes and pose a significant aesthetic concern. The search for novel natural compounds that exhibit pharmacological potential for treating pigmentation disorders is growing. In this study, kahweol (KW) and cafestol (CFS), two structural analogs of coffee diterpenes, were evaluated and compared for their effects on melanogenesis using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and primary human melanocytes derived from Asian and African American skin. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of the effects of KW and CFS on melanogenesis yet. We first screened nontoxic concentrations of both compounds using an MTS assay after 72 h incubations and subsequently tested their effects on melanin synthesis and export. Cellular tyrosinase activity and cell-free mushroom tyrosinase activity were assayed to study the mechanisms of melanogenesis suppression. Human melanocytes from a moderately pigmented donor (HEMn-MP cells) and from a darkly pigmented donor (HEMn-DP cells) were next examined, and effects on cellular viability, melanin content, cellular tyrosinase activity, and melanin export (quantitated via dendricity) were similarly examined for both compounds. Our results show that KW and CFS did not significantly affect intracellular melanin content but suppressed extracellular melanin in B16F10 cells and dendritic parameters in human melanocytes, indicating their unique capacity to target extracellular melanogenesis and melanin export. Although KW showed a greater extracellular melanogenesis inhibitory capacity in B16F10 cells, in both primary melanocyte cells, CFS emerged as a potent inhibitor of melanin export compared to KW. Together, these results reveal novel modes of action of both compounds and indicate a promise to use CFS as a novel candidate for treating hyperpigmentation disorders of the human skin for clinical and cosmetic use. Additional research is necessary to shed light on the molecular pathways and the efficacy of melanogenesis inhibition by CFS in 3D human skin equivalents and in vivo studies.

Development of 3D skin equivalents for application in photodynamic biostimulation therapy assays using curcumin nanocapsules

For decades, animal models have been the standard approach in drug research and development, as they are required by regulations in the transition from preclinical to clinical trials. However, there is growing ethical and scientific concern regarding these trials, as 80 % of the therapeutic potential observed in pre-clinical studies are often unable to be replicated, despite demonstrating efficacy and safety. In response to this, Tissue Engineering has emerged as a promising alternative that enables the treatment of various diseases through the production of biological models for advanced biological assays or through the direct development of tissue repairs or replacements. One of the promising applications of Tissue Engineering is the development of three-dimensional (3D) models for in vitro tests, replacing the need for in vivo animal models. In this study, 3D skin equivalents (TSE) were produced and used as an in vitro model to test photobiostimulation using curcumin-loaded nanocapsules. Photodynamic biostimulation therapy uses photodynamic processes to generate small amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can activate important biological effects such as cell differentiation, modulation of inflammatory processes and contribution to cell regeneration. The PLGA nanocapsules (NC) used in the study were synthesized through a preformed polymer deposition method, exhibiting particle size <200 nm, Zeta potential >|30| and polydispersity index between 0.5 and 0.3. Atomic force microscopy analyzes confirmed that the particle size was <200 nm, with a spherical morphology and a predominantly smooth and uniform surface. The NC biocompatibility assay did not demonstrate cytotoxicity for the concentrations tested (2.5–25 μg mL−1).The in vitro release assay showed a slow and sustained release characteristic of the nanocapsules, and cellular uptake assays indicated a significant increase in cellular internalization of the curcumin-loaded nanostructure. Monolayer photobiostimulation studies revealed an increase in cell viability of the HDFn cell line (viability 134 %–228 %) for all LED fluences employed at λ = 450 nm (150, 300, and 450 mJ cm−2). Additionally, the scratch assays, monitoring in vitro scar injury, demonstrated more effective effects on cell proliferation with the fluence of 300 mJ cm−2. Staining of TSE with hematoxylin and eosin showed the presence of cells with different morphologies, confirming the presence of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Immunohistochemistry using KI-67 revealed the presence of proliferating cells in TSE after irradiation with LED λ = 450 nm (150, 300, and 450 mJ cm−2).

Characterization of Skin Interfollicular Stem Cells and Early Transit Amplifying Cells during the Transition from Infants to Young Children.

In the interfollicular epidermis, keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) generate a short-lived population of transit amplifying (TA) cells that undergo terminal differentiation after several cell divisions. Recently, we isolated and characterized a highly proliferative keratinocyte cell population, named "early" TA (ETA) cell, representing the first KSC progenitor with exclusive features. This work aims to evaluate epidermis, with a focus on KSC and ETA cells, during transition from infancy to childhood. Reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) generated from infant keratinocytes is more damaged by UV irradiation, as compared to RHE from young children. Moreover, the expression of several differentiation and barrier genes increases with age, while the expression of genes related to stemness is reduced from infancy to childhood. The proliferation rate of KSC and ETA cells is higher in cells derived from infants' skin samples than of those derived from young children, as well as the capacity of forming colonies is more pronounced in KSC derived from infants than from young children's skin samples. Finally, infants-KSC show the greatest regenerative capacity in skin equivalents, while young children ETA cells express higher levels of differentiation markers, as compared to infants-ETA. KSC and ETA cells undergo substantial changes during transition from infancy to childhood. The study presents a novel insight into pediatric skin, and sheds light on the correlation between age and structural maturation of the skin.

O17 Highly efficient base editing of homozygous and heterozygous COL7A1 variants in fibroblasts from patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa using adenine base editor 8e mRNA system delivered via novel lipid nanoparticle formulations

Abstract Introduction and aims Adenine base editors (ABEs) present an attractive approach to gene editing in the inherited blistering disease recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which Results from pathogenic variants in COL7A1. We previously showed that ABE8e, a new ABE variant, confers remarkable efficiency (94.6%) and a favourable safety profile in correcting variants and restoring collagen 7 (C7) expression when electroporated into RDEB fibroblasts. With a goal to develop topical base editing creams, we now explore use of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated ABE8e mRNA system to edit two distinct variants in RDEB fibroblasts. Methods Primary patient fibroblasts harbouring a homozygous G&amp;gt;A mutation (exon 42) or a heterozygous C&amp;gt;T mutation (exon 54) were gene edited using ABE8e mRNA, delivered via lipofectamine or six different LNPs. To assess the gene editing efficiency, Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing were employed. Cell viability was evaluated via a lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay, while functional restoration of C7 expression was assessed via Western blotting of cell lysate and supernatant. Finally, topical delivery was tested on normal human skin equivalents (HSEs). Results We identified an optimal ratio of 1 : 7 for sgRNA : ABE8e, at which editing efficiency increases with ABE8e dosage, with 400 ng being sufficient for 90% biallelic editing. Formulations containing DTDTMA (C14) and DHDTMA (C16) LNPs demonstrated approximately 90% and approximately 80% editing (with and without the peptide, respectively), in addition to reduced cytotoxicity compared with lipofectamine. Depending on the nature of the mutation, the edit corresponded to an increase in C7 expression in supernatant only or cell lysate as well, whereby C14 LNPs enabled twofold C7 restoration. Finally, our HSEs demonstrated viability of topical delivery of lipofectamine-encapsulated green fluorescent protein mRNA. Conclusions We demonstrated the potential value of base editing as a gene therapy for RDEB in addition to the potential of these LNPs for clinical translation of the therapy. Nonetheless, further safety and functionality tests still need to be conducted.

P11 A role for keratinocyte arginase in skin wound healing and barrier function

Abstract Introduction and aims Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a major problem that can result in social isolation and significant morbidity including amputation. There are many changes in cellular function in a chronic wound. Notably, the enzyme arginase (ARG)1 is markedly changed in wound healing. We have identified a role for ARG1 in keratinocyte re-epithelialization during wound closure, but the underlying mechanism driving re-epithelialization was not known. We aimed to determine the role of ARG1 in keratinocyte migration, differentiation and barrier formation. Methods Two-dimensional scratch and differentiation assays using immortalized keratinocytes (NTERT cells) treated with the ARG1 inhibitor, nor-NOHA, and short hairpin RNA-based knockdown cells were assessed. Gene and protein expression changes were highlighted. Expression of proteins was further validated using immunohistochemical profiling of human skin equivalents and human wound lesions by spatial transcriptomics. Results ARG1 was strongly expressed both 2–4h postscratching and at late stages of keratinocyte differentiation. Dysregulation of ARG1 expression was spatially highlighted in chronic lesions, further suggesting an involvement in keratinocyte migration and differentiation. ARG1 inhibition led to a significant delay in postscratch keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, upon ARG1 inhibition, a significant decrease was seen in the expression of late differentiation markers involucrin and filaggrin. ARG1 inhibition significantly decreased the expression of host defence genes β-defensin 3, lipocalin 2 and kallikrein 6. ARG1 triggers production of multiple downstream products and we confirmed a role for the pathway involving production of putrescine and urea, as the addition of these metabolites led to the rescue of these phenotypes. Conclusions ARG1 and its downstream metabolites play a major role in keratinocyte migration, differentiation, and barrier formation, which are vital functions for re-epithelialization and wound closure. Therefore, manipulation of the ARG1 pathway may be crucial in the management of chronic lesions.

P10 Janus kinase inhibitors to restore skin barrier function in a mouse model of Harlequin ichthyosis

Abstract Introduction and aims The autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs) are a group of chronic conditions where there is unmet therapeutic need. Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is the most severe form of ARCI with aberrant differentiation of the epidermis leading to a severe barrier defect. It is caused by mutations in ABCA12, a lipid transporter involved in transport of glucosylceramides from the lamellar body to the lipid lamellae. Several Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors inhibiting the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway are now licensed for atopic dermatitis. Previous work from our group in an HI in vitro model showed that tofacitinib, a pan-JAK inhibitor, had a restorative effect on the lipid barrier. Methods Further selective JAKis were tested in three dimensional skin equivalents using ABCA12 CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and wildtype keratinocytes to identify the most promising JAKi for use in an HI murine model (ABCA12tm1c: Het Cre+). JAKi-A (5 mg kg−1) and vehicle (10% dimethylsulfoxide in corn oil) were tested on male and female HI-inducible and wildtype mice (N = 4). All mice were initially treated with 4-OH-Tamoxifen to induce the HI phenotype and after 1 day JAKi-A was administered via oral gavage for 9 days. All mice were killed, and skin was collected and processed for haematoxylin and eosin, Nile Red, ABCA12, glucosylceramide and immune cell marker staining. Results JAKi-A had a positive effect on HI epidermal morphology, showing a significantly reduced epidermal thickness in treated HI mice compared with controls. JAKi-A also had a positive effect on the epidermal barrier, restoring neutral and polar lipids compared with vehicle-treated mice as observed using Nile Red and glucosylceramide staining. Further analysis on immune cell infiltrates is in progress. Conclusions These Results suggest that JAKi-A restores the skin barrier in vivo and may be a promising treatment for severe ichthyosis.

Evaluation of Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Garlic Extracts in 3D Bioprinted Skin Equivalents

Ongoing obstacles in preclinical drug testing have raised significant concerns within the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, utilizing the potential of three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a solution for creating tissue models for screening of the effectiveness and safety of new drugs. In this study, the anti‐inflammatory potential of garlic extracts is assessed, specifically N‐Benzyl‐N‐methyl‐dodecan‐1‐amine (BMDA), using a 3D bioprinted artificial skin model. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization and immunocytochemical analysis demonstrate that the 3D bioprinted skin model exhibits structures and functions resembling human skin. BMDA treatment in a prepared skin model reveals its capacity to mitigate H2O2‐induced oxidative stress and trigger anti‐inflammatory responses. Notably, BMDA reduces the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by downregulating NF‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase inflammatory signaling pathways. In summary, our findings highlight the potential of an artificial skin model as a robust platform for the development of new drugs.

Bioinspired and Photo-Clickable Thiol-Ene Bioinks for the Extrusion Bioprinting of Mechanically Tunable 3D Skin Models.

Bioinks play a fundamental role in skin bioprinting, dictating the printing fidelity, cell response, and function of bioprinted 3D constructs. However, the range of bioinks that support skin cells' function and aid in the bioprinting of 3D skin equivalents with tailorable properties and customized shapes is still limited. In this study, we describe a bioinspired design strategy for bioengineering double crosslinked pectin-based bioinks that recapitulate the mechanical properties and the presentation of cell-adhesive ligands and protease-sensitive domains of the dermal extracellular matrix, supporting the bioprinting of bilayer 3D skin models. Methacrylate-modified pectin was used as a base biomaterial enabling hydrogel formation via either chain-growth or step-growth photopolymerization and providing independent control over bioink rheology, as well as the mechanical and biochemical cues of cell environment. By tuning the concentrations of crosslinker and polymer in bioink formulation, dermal constructs were bioprinted with a physiologically relevant range of stiffnesses that resulted in strikingly site-specific differences in the morphology and spreading of dermal fibroblasts. We also demonstrated that the developed thiol-ene photo-clickable bioinks allow for the bioprinting of skin models of varying shapes that support dermis and epidermis reconstruction. Overall, the engineered bioinks expand the range of printable biomaterials for the extrusion bioprinting of 3D cell-laden hydrogels and provide a versatile platform to study the impact of material cues on cell fate, offering potential for in vitro skin modeling.