Skin Blackening Research Articles

저온저장 전 온도순화처리가 추황배의 과피흑변 발생 및 생리화학적 특성에 미치는 영향

‘Chuhwang’ pear fruit was harvested at 187 days after full bloom and stored at 0°C for 70 d after gradual cooling (GC) treatment for 20 d. Direct cooling (DC) treatment was used as a control, and this involved direct storage at 0°C after harvest. Following GC treatment, a weight loss of 4.62% was recorded. In addition. after 30 d of storage at 0°C, the incidence of skin blackening was almost completed and incidence rate in GC treatment significantly decreased to 13.9% compared to 72.2% in DC treatment. Furthermore, in term of GC treatment, the total color differences (ΔE), hardness, and sucrose contents were somewhat lower, but the electrolyte leakage rate and respiration rate were slightly higher than those of DC treatment. Moreover, the contents of hexose, ascorbic acid, and total polyphenol and DPPH radical scavenger activity were slightly higher for the GC treated samples. The activities of polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were low following GC treatment, and no significant differences in the antioxidant enzyme activities were observed between treatment groups. Therefore, these results indicate that the GC treatment prior to cold storage appears to inhibit skin blackening in ‘Chuhwang’ pear fruit by decreasing the chilling sensitivity.

Effects of Pre-Drying, Delayed Cooling, and Carbon Dioxide on Skin Blackening Disorder in Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Chuhwangbae’

Effects of Pre-Drying, Delayed Cooling, and Carbon Dioxide on Skin Blackening Disorder in Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Chuhwangbae’

Effects of Pre-Drying, Delayed Cooling, and Carbon Dioxide on Skin Blackening Disorder in Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Chuhwangbae’

Effects of Pre-Drying, Delayed Cooling, and Carbon Dioxide on Skin Blackening Disorder in Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Chuhwangbae’

Outcome of Snodgrass Repair for Various Types of Hypospadias: Our Experience

Hypospadias is the most common congenital malformation, affecting 1 in 200–300 newborn males. No single procedure is standard for all types of hypospadias. Our objective is to assess our skill and report our experience in terms of feasibility and result of Snodgrass repair for various types of hypospadias. We analyzed 97 cases of hypospadias with or without chordee with adequate urethral plate who underwent Snodgrass repair from 2009 to 2014 by single surgeon. Age ranges at the time of surgery from 18 months to 28 years. Common site was distal penile in 42 cases (40.74%) followed by mid-penile in 32 cases (31.04%). Twenty-five patients had clinically notable chordee. Technique involved incision of urethral plate up to mid-glans and continuous uninterrupted subcuticular suture technique with PDS for urethroplasty with use of various second layers as per need and availability. Overall complication rate was 7.76%. Overall success rate was 92.24%. Complications include meatal stenosis, superficial skin blackening, complete dehiscence, and hematoma one each, and four cases had urethrocutaneous fistula. Patients were cosmetically and functionally normal with maximum follow-up of 5 years. TIP is a novel and an attractive single-stage technique due to its adaptability, relative ease, and low complication rate for anterior hypospadias. Its use can be extended in mid- and proximal hypospadias where degloving only is sufficient for orthoplasty.

Molecular Identification and Diversity of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ Associated with Red-leaf Disease ofSalvia miltiorrhizain China

Reddening disease has recently been threatening Salvia miltiorrhiza in China, ranging from 30 to 50%. The main symptoms observed, such as plant stunting, inflorescence malformation, leaf reddening, fibrous roots browning, skin blackening and eventually root rot, are typically associated with phytoplasma infection. The presence of phytoplasmas was demonstrated through phytoplasma-specific PCR, with the expected amplification (1.8 kb) from symptomatic S. miltiorrhiza plants from Shangluo, Shangzhou and Luonan fields in Shaanxi Province of China. The sequences of 16S rRNA, tuf, secY and vmp1 genes amplified from LN-1 phytoplasma shared the closest homologies of 99%, 100%, 99% and 98% with those of the reference strain Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (subgroup 16SrXII-A), respectively. The phylogenetic trees showed that LN-1 phytoplasma clustered with the members of 16SrXII-A group, including Ca. P. solani. Computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis further supported this classification. Diversity analysis showed that all ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains identified from the three different regions examined shared 100% identical 16S rRNA, tuf, secY and vmp1 nucleotide sequences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasma infecting the medicinal plant of S. miltiorrhiza. The results demonstrate that ‘Ca. P. solani’ is the presumptive aetiological agent of S. miltiorrhiza reddening disease in China.

봉지종류와 수확시기가 ‘추황배’의 수상에서의 과피흑변과 과실품질에 미치는 영향

봉지종류와 수확시기가 ‘추황배’의 수상에서의 과피흑변과 과실품질에 미치는 영향

Sunlight Causes Skin Blackening in ‘Fuyu’ Persimmon Fruits during Storage

과피흑변은 '부유' 단감(Diospyros kaki, 'Fuyu') 과실의 저장 중에 발생하는 주요 생리적 장해의 하나이다. 부유 과실의 과피에서 페놀화합물의 함량, PPO와 POD의 활성, 지질 포화도를 분석하였다. 페놀화합물은 일광의 방향에 따라 과피에 불균등하게 분포하였는데, 일광 노출면에 축적량이 가장 많았고 그 반대면에서는 가장 적었다. 그러나 수관 내부의 음지 가지에서 수확한 과실의 경우 페놀화합물은 과피에 비교적 고르게 분포되어 있었다. PPO와 POD의 활성 또한 과피에서 고르지 않았으나, 이는 과피흑변이 발생한 과실에서만 그러하였으며, 흑변 부위는 PPO 활성은 가장 높고 POD 활성은 가장 낮았다. 수확 시에 일광면에 표식을 한 과실을 저온에 저장하였을 때, 저장 중 과피흑변의 증상인 운형 흑반은 정확히 표식 부위에 발생하였다. 게다가, 일광면은 높은 지질포화도를 보였는데, 이는 일광에 의해 야기된 고온에 대한 적응을 의미한다. 따라서 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 부유 과실의 과피흑변 장해는 일광에 노출된 과실의 고온 순화 과피 조직에서 나타나는 저온장해 증상의 일종인 것으로 간주할 수 있을 것이다. Skin blackening is a serious postharvest disorder occurring in 'Fuyu' persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki, 'Fuyu'). Phenolic content, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity, and lipid saturation were investigated in skin tissue of 'Fuyu' fruits. The phenolic compounds were accumulated unevenly on fruit skin depending on sunlight exposure, i.e., the most accumulation on sunny side and the least on the opposite, shaded side. The fruits harvested from shaded branches inside the canopy showed relatively even distribution of phenolic compounds in the skin. The activity distribution of PPO and POD were also uneven but only in fruits suffering f rom skin b lackening disorder, w ith the h ighest and the lowest a ctivity of PPO and P OD, respectively, in the blackened area of the fruit. When the sunny, southern sides of fruits were marked at harvesting time and fruits were stored at low temperature, a round black spot, as a symptom of skin blackening disorder, developed during storage exactly on the marked region. In addition, the sunny side of fruit showed higher lipid saturation, thus indicating adaptation to high temperature caused by the sunlight. These results suggest that the skin blackening disorder of 'Fuyu' fruits can be considered as a kind of chilling injury symptom that develops on the high-temperature-acclimated skin tissue of sunlight-exposed fruits when they are later exposed to low temperature.

Major Metabolites Involved in Skin Blackening of ‘Niitaka’ Pear Stored under Cold Temperature

본 연구는 신고 배 저온 저장 중 발생하는 과피 흑변에 관여하는 주요 대사체를 untargeted GC-MS 그리고 targeted HPLC로 알아보고자 하였다. GC-MS 분석 결과 아미노산, 유기산, 당 관련 총 40개의 대사체를 정성할 수 있었고 건전과는 과피흑변과에 비해서 전반적으로 높은 대사체 함량을 보였다. 특히 serine, malic acid, succinic acid가 건전과에서 높게 나타난 반면 과피 흑변과에서는 threonine, fumaric acid, gluconic acid 함량이 높았다. 개개의 phenolic compounds 분석 결과 건전과에서 높은 phenolic compounds 함량을 보였다. 또한 항산화 능력과 깊은 관련이 있는 ascorbic acid가 과피 흑변과에서 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 보아 세포 내 비정상적인 호흡 및 에너지 대사과정, 항산화 능력 결여가 신고 배 과피 흑변에 관여하는 주요 대사 과정임을 확인할 수 있었다. Oriental pear (Pyrus communis L. cv 'Niitaka') was stored at <TEX>$0^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 5 months and major metabolites involved in blackening of the peel were analyzed by untargeted GC-MS and targeted HPLC methods. In this study, peels of sound and skin-blackened pears were analyzed and compared. Skin-blackened fruit was clearly characterized by a distinctive pattern in changes which included a decrease of malic acid, succinic acid, and ascorbic acid, while an increase of fumaric acid, threonine, and gluconic acid, which indicated both reduced metabolic activity and anti-oxidative capacity of the cells. Chlorogenic acid was a major phenolic compound and the peel of sound fruit showed high levels of free phenolic compounds compared than the peel of skin-blackened fruit which are believed to be related to oxidation of phenolics in skin-blackened tissue. The changes or profiling of major metabolites by targeted or untargeted analysis method could become a useful tool for understanding physiology, disorder mechanism, and identifying metabolic networks connecting primary and secondary metabolism in postharvest research.

Effect of Paper Bag Types on the Fruit Quality, Occurrence of Skin Blackening and Comstock Mealybug of ‘Chuhwangbae’ Pear Fruit

Effect of Paper Bag Types on the Fruit Quality, Occurrence of Skin Blackening and Comstock Mealybug of ‘Chuhwangbae’ Pear Fruit

Characterization and origination of the pigment that causes postharvest skin blackening in Fuyu persimmon fruit

The skin blackening of Fuyu persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. ‘Fuyu’) fruit significantly affects its postharvest quality. In this study, the pigment that causes this skin blackening was characterized, and its origin was identified. The pigment was mainly deposited either on the cell wall or in the intercellular spaces of cells around the sclerenchymal cells in skin tissue. A visible light absorption test showed the pigment to be similar to melanin. Washing of the blackened skin tissue with varied solvents revealed a black insoluble residue. When alkali fused, the residue produced benzoic and benzene acetic acid, which are minimal in the residue of normal skin tissue. It was hypothesized the black pigment that causes skin blackening in persimmon fruits to be a kind of allomelanin. Persimmon skin tissue contained a large amount of catechin and epicatechin. These phenolic compounds not only converted easily to black pigments by enzymatic oxidation in vitro, but their pigments also produced the same alkali fusion products as the pigment acquired from blackened skin tissue. It was concluded that the black allomelanin pigment deposited in skin tissue of persimmon fruits likely originates from either catechin or epicatechin and that benzoic acid and benzene acetic acid could be used as indices for the allomelanin.

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa

ObjectiveWe present a series of six cases of macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) and their outcome after debulking surgery. Material and methodsThe study was conducted from 2002 to 2005; the cases are selected from outpatients department of postgraduate institute of medical education and research. The patients were in the age group of 2–5 years of age with the complaints of progressive increase in size of the toe, difficulty in walking and recurrent injury to the foot. ResultsThere were no complication in three (50%) cases but two cases (33%) had skin blackening along the suture margins, One case (16%) was under corrected. And none of the cases had recurrence. ConclusionSimple debulking surgery is sufficient for MDL.

Effects of harvesting time on fruit quality and internal browning of ‘Wonhuwang’ pear during cold storage

Average fruit weight, seed browning, flesh firmness, total soluble solids, internal browning, and skin blackening were used to determine the optimum harvesting time of ‘Wonhuwang’ pear. Pears for storage were picked three times at 5-day intervals before, during, and after estimated optimum harvesting date. Average fruit weight and seed browning degree were calculated at each picking time. Quality changes, internal browning, and skin blackening were employed to estimate the optimum harvest date. It was found that fruit quality parameters both at harvest and after storage depended on the stage of ripeness at which the pears were picked. Pears harvested earliest (H1) had the highest firmness both before and after storage and lost less percentage of their firmness during storage. The latest picked pears (H3) showed higher total soluble solids value and serious internal browning and skin blackening due to their over ripeness. Pears picked on the 15th of August (H2) had higher firmness and total soluble solids, lower extent of internal browning, and no skin blackening. Based on the changes in fruit firmness and physiologic disorder during ripening and storage, the optimal harvesting time for ‘Wonhuwang’ pear in Shijiazhuang area is around the 15th of August.

Relación entre el color de epidermis y algunas características de calidad en frutos de aguacate 'Hass‘.

México es el principal exportador de aguacate 'Hass' en el mundo con más de 300,000 t anuales. Los principales importadores son Estados Unidos de América, Japón, la Unión Europea y Canadá. Recientemente, embarques de aguacate 'Hass' que contenían frutos con ennegrecimiento de la epidermis fueron rechazados por el mercado canadiense, ya que esta característica se asocia con baja firmeza de pulpa y corta vida de anaquel. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el color de la epidermis de frutos de aguacate 'Hass' con algunas características de calidad. En dos empacadoras de Michoacán, México, se tomaron muestras de frutos con diferentes porcentajes de color negro en la epidermis (de 0 a 100%; categorías 1 a 5). A cada fruto se le midió el color externo [luminosidad (L), 'a', 'b', croma y ángulo de tono], firmeza de pulpa,contenido de materia seca y el índice de maduración. Se empleó un diseño de parcelas divididas con cinco repeticiones. Se detectaron diferencias significativas entre empacadoras para peso, largo, color de cascara ('a', b', croma y hue) así como para firmeza de pulpa pero no para ancho, contenido de materia seca ni el índice de maduración. Se observó que conforme el color de categoría se incrementó hacia frutos más obscuros, los valores del índice de madurez se incrementaron, la firmeza disminuyó pero el contenido de materia seca no varió. Estos resultados proveen evidencia de que el obscurecimiento de la cascara no está asociado con la baja calidad de los frutos, aunque sí con la disminución de la firmeza de pulpa al momento del empacado.

1-MCP reduces physiological storage disorders of ‘Hass’ avocados

Physiological disorders occur when ‘Hass’ avocados are stored for more than approximately 4–6 weeks. The major disorder is diffuse flesh discolouration (“flesh greying”, or “internal chilling injury”), but others include vascular browning, vascular leaching (browning of flesh around the vascular bundles), stringy vascular tissue (thickening and separation of the vascular strands), and outer flesh blackening (blackening of the outmost layer of the mesocarp). We have examined 1-MCP effects on ‘Hass’ avocados stored for 4 or 7 weeks at 5.5 °C following treatment with 50–1000 nl l−1 1-MCP for 6–24 h, at 6 or 15 °C. The effect of harvest date (fruit maturity) on responsiveness to 100 and 500 nl l−11-MCP was examined. 1-MCP treated fruit were firmer following storage, had reduced skin colouration (purpling) at removal from storage (4 or 7 weeks), increased time to softening, and reduced physiological disorders associated with long-term storage. Relatively little difference was observed between fruit treated at 15 and 6 °C, and thus a treatment temperature of 6 °C was used in the remaining experiments. For lower 1-MCP concentrations, short treatment durations influenced time to ripen, but not fruit quality. Treatment times of 12 and 24 h produced similar results. Harvest date (fruit maturity) influenced the levels of disorders in non-1-MCP treated fruit, but had little overall effect on 1-MCP efficacy. 1-MCP treatment was of little benefit for fruit stored for 4 weeks but, particularly if the 1-MCP concentration was high (250 nl l−1), excessively delayed the time to ripen. After 7 weeks storage 100 nl l−1 1-MCP almost completely eliminated some long-term storage disorders. A small trial showed that 500 nl l−1 1-MCP did not reduce external chilling injury (skin blackening) of ‘Hass’ avocados induced by 0 °C storage. Overall, 1-MCP shows promise as a tool for reducing internal physiological disorders due to long-term storage of ‘Hass’ avocados.

Regimes de atmosfera controlada para o armazenamento de caqui ‘Kyoto’

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de regimes de atmosfera controlada associados ou não com o uso de baixa umidade relativa e com a aplicação pós-colheita de fungicida sobre a conservação da qualidade de caqui ‘Kyoto’. Após o período de dois meses de armazenamento refrigerado a -0,5°C mais cinco dias a 20ºC, a firmeza de polpa manteve-se mais elevada nos frutos submetidos a 0,5kPa de O2 e 5kPa de CO2. A maior incidência de podridões ocorreu nos frutos armazenados a 2kPa de O2 + 10kPa de CO2. Baixa umidade relativa (90%) ou pressões parciais elevadas de CO2 (10 a 15kPa) aumentaram o escurecimento da epiderme.

FLOWERING OF AVOCADO (Persea Americana Mill.): II. MANIPULATION WITH GA3

The effects of GA3 (25 or 100 mg×liter-1) canopy sprays applied to Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees in a commercial orchard in the months preceding an “off” or “on” bloom year on inflorescence and vegetative shoot number and yield were quantified. GA3 (100 mg×liter-1) applied in September (early stage of inflorescence initiation) reduced inflorescences number both years, but not yield. GA3 (25 or 100 mg×liter-1) applied in November (early stage of inflorescence development) before the “on” bloom reduced inflorescence number with a concomitant increase in vegetative shoot number and a 47 % yield reduction. GA3 in January (initial development of the perianth of apical flowers) or March (cauliflower stage of inflorescence development) caused precocious development of the vegetative shoot apex of indeterminate inflorescences, but had no effect on inflorescence or shoot number either year. GA3 (25 mg×liter-1) applied in March of an “off” bloom year increased production (2-fold) of commercially valuable fruit (213-269 g per fruit) and delayed skin blackening. This paper provides basic information that can be used to develop strategies for manipulating yield and evening out alternate bearing in avocado.

MARKETING OF CUSTARD APPLE IN AUSTRALIA: FROM GROWER TO CONSUMER

The Australian custard apple industry, based on Annona spp., has existed in Australia for approximately 70 years, with rapid expansion occurring over the last 20 years. Annual production has been valued at $11M, and production is forecast to double during the next five years from increased plantings. However, exports markets have failed to increase (for a number of reasons not pertinent here), and current domestic consumption is now either static or declining. Substantial over-supply in domestic markets is a real possibility. To better understand static domestic sales and to predict future trends, a wide-ranging industry survey of growers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers, was initiated to determine basic market information and consumer preferences in five major cities (Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth) and selected provincial areas. Key results only of the survey are presented. Growers indicated market prices were static or declining, there were problems with inconsistent fruit quality, and increasing buyer preference for the less widely planted cultivar Pinks Mammoth (which includes its bud sport: Hillary White). Market agents also indicated a preference for Pinks Mammoth, but consumers were largely unaware of varietal differences. The more common and less expensive cultivar African Pride was seen by agents as having a number of problems, including internal woodiness and skin blackening. Wholesalers, retailers, and consumers all indicated a desire for fruit with minimum seeds, no woodiness, more consistent flavour, better external shape and appearance, and no skin blackening. Breeding better varieties and improving supply chain practices and management will help eliminate these problems. All industry sectors agreed, that the custard apple needs to be vigorously promoted.

A high temperature/low oxygen pulse improves cold storage disinfestation

Short periods of elevated temperature under controlled atmospheres (CA) effectively control insect pests. Cold treatment is also an effective non-chemical disinfestation process. If synergistic effects can be found by combining treatments, these may provide opportunities for cost reduction. Tests were performed to evaluate the tolerance of Packham's Triumph pears (Pyrus communis L.) to a range of temperatures (30–40 °C) combined with low oxygen (O2 < 1 kPa). Treatment duration was 16–48 h and was followed by 1 month storage at 0 °C under air. When held at 30 °C, pears withstood up to 30 h of hypoxia. After cold storage, pears ripened slightly faster than controls but were undamaged. A temperature of 35 °C induced slight skin browning, and 40 °C resulted in substantial skin blackening. Some treatments were also tested on survival of lightbrown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). All developmental stages were subjected to either 16 h at 30 °C, or 16 h under hypoxia, or 1 month at 0 °C, or a combination of the three treatments. With all treatments combined, all eggs, larvae and adults were killed. Only 4% of the pupae produced adults and combined treatments led to an increase in pupa mortality of 38%. A combined treatment (tolerated by pears) consisting of 30 h at 30 °C under low O2 plus 1 month cold storage under air, killed 100% of LBAM pupae, and 100% of 5th instar larvae of both codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). Implementation of such treatments would not require substantial investments for fruit industries equipped with CA storage facilities.

Prostaglandin gel ripens cervix : O'Herlihy C, MacDonald H. Influence of pre-induction prostaglandin E 2 vaginal gel on cervical ripening and labor. Obstet Gynecol 54:709, 1979

Avocados are a subtropical climacteric fruit that is generally oblong in shape and green skinned, although ‘Hass’, the dominant commercial cultivar, ripens to purple-black. They are one of the few fruits that contain significant amounts of oils (fatty acids). The high concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and other phytochemicals make avocado a very healthy and nutritious fruit. Avocados do not ripen unless removed from the tree, meaning fruit can be mature but ‘tree stored’ for as long as 12 months. Increased commercial maturity is associated with increased fruit size, oil and dry matter content, and decreased ripening times. Avocados have a relatively short storage life, limited primarily by the expression of internal chilling injury (CI) symptoms, but rots are a limitation for fruit grown in many countries. Optimum storage temperature is generally around 6 °C, and temperatures below 3 to 4 °C (depending on cultivar and time in the season) lead to external CI (skin blackening). Controlled atmosphere storage and 1-MCP (SmartFreshSM) are effective commercial tools for improving storage life. Since avocado cannot be consumed unripe, an increasingly important commercial tool is the use of ethylene to hasten and synchronize ripening. New processing options, such as cold-pressed oil extraction and high-pressure processing, are receiving increasing attention.

Skin blackening during the cooking of spent laying fowls

1. Blackening of the skin in factory processed cooked hens has been associated with elevated copper levels. 2. The degree of blackening was not directly related to copper content although the latter level was always higher than in control hens. 3. Simulated factory procedures, using scald water at 53 °C or 60 °C containing 50 mg Cu2+/1 and 50 mg C12/1, produced blackened skins of varying intensity on cooking. 4. It is suggested that the problem arose from a malfunction of the chlorination plant which produced excessive levels of chlorine and low pH, followed by erosion of copper from water pipes and subsequent interaction of copper and chlorine with the chicken skin.