Skills Of Preschoolers Research Articles

The social skills of autistic boys in preschool: the contributions of their dyadic and triadic interactions with their parents.

The interactions of typically developing (TD) children within the family context are associated with their social skills in preschool, and the question guiding this study, which focused on boys, was whether the same would be true for autistic children. A specific focus was on the importance of the boys' engagement in triadic, mother-father-child interactions over and above their engagement in dyadic, parent-child interactions. The boys' social skills were assessed concurrently with their family interactions and one year later. Seventy-five autistic preschooler boys (Age in months: M = 49.45, SD = 11.03) and both of their parents were recruited through treatment centers and social media. The boys' dyadic engagement was assessed from observations of their interactions with their mothers and fathers (separately), and their triadic engagement from an observation of mother-father-child interactions. The boys' social skills in preschool were assessed using a Q-sort completed by observers and teachers and by the Social Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRS) completed by teachers. Controlling for the severity of the boys' symptoms and IQ, their dyadic engagement was associated with the concurrent observer Q-sort and teacher-reported SRS measures, and their triadic engagement did not explain additional variance in these measures. Predicting over one year, dyadic engagement was associated again with the observer Q-sort and teacher SRS measures, while the boys' triadic engagement accounted for additional variance in these measures as well as the teacher Q-sort. Finally, boys' dyadic engagement predicted gains in social skills on the observer Q-sort, and their triadic engagement was predictive of gains in the observer and teacher Q-sort. The engagement that autistic preschool-age boys displayed in the context of their dyadic and triadic interactions with their parents appears to be transferred to the preschool setting, and triadic interactions are of particular significance.

Training morphosyntactic skills in Dutch preschoolers with (presumed) Developmental Language Disorder: A novel group-based intervention.

Morphosyntactic problems are a core symptom of Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). In the Netherlands, children with (presumed) DLD can receive special care in language-focused treatment groups. The focus of these groups mainly lies in improving communicative intentions, vocabulary and phonology. Morphosyntactic skills receive less attention. The authors developed a scripted group-based intervention targeting morphosyntactic skills in young children with DLD. In this study, the effect of the intervention on the morphosyntactic skills of preschoolers with (presumed) DLD was tested and the usability for pedagogical practitioners (PPs) was evaluated. Twenty-seven preschoolers with DLD (aged 2;10-3;10 [years;months]) participated in an A-B group study in which the development of grammatical structures was monitored with a morphosyntactic task and language sample analyses (LSA). Progression during 8 weeks usual care (UC) and 8 weeks morphosyntactic intervention was examined using Bayesian mixed effects models. In LSA, structures that were targeted were compared to control structures. The intervention consisted of a weekly script-based group session in which morphosyntactic structures were targeted, and daily activities in which these target structures were repeated. The intervention was provided by trained PPs, who were coached by a speech-language therapist. An early indication of usability and feasibility was evaluated using an online questionnaire. The analyses show that morphosyntactic skills improved during the intervention period, with strong evidence for growth in the production of target structures on the morphosyntactic task and target and control structures in LSA, while barely any evidence was found for growth in the use of these structures in UC. However, target structures and control structures seem to develop at the same rate. General measures of morphosyntactic ability showed improvement both during UC and the intervention phase. Evaluation among practitioners suggested that the intervention is regarded as usable and feasible. Growth in morphosyntactic skills of children in the intervention period was demonstrated, but this could not be proven to be related to the intervention because both target and control structures improved during the intervention. This growth might be due to maturation instead of the intervention. Nevertheless, our study demonstrates that the morphosyntactic skills of preschoolers with DLD can show considerable improvement over a period of 8 weeks. Furthermore, our study underlines the importance of using LSA measures when monitoring the morphosyntactic development of children, as they might be more sensitive to change than standardised tests. What is already known on the subject Most children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) experience difficulties in their morphosyntactic development. In the Netherlands, preschoolers with DLD can receive special care in language-focused treatment groups. These groups mainly focus on stimulating communicative intentions, vocabulary and phonology, but less so on stimulating morphosyntactic skills. What this study adds We designed a new group-based intervention targeting the expressive morphosyntactic skills of children with DLD, examined the effect and investigated the usability and feasibility. Although there is strong evidence for growth in morphological skills, intervention effects could not be demonstrated. Evaluations among practitioners suggested that the intervention is regarded as usable and feasible. Furthermore, this study shows that children's morphosyntactic skills can improve over relatively short periods of time and language sample analyses seem to be sensitive to detect these changes. What are the clinical implications of this work? Currently, very few group-based morphosyntactic interventions exist (in the Netherlands). Since practitioners were generally positive about the intervention and its usability and feasibility, the proposed intervention might benefit the treatment of morphosyntactic problems in children with DLD.

Screen time and social-emotional skills in preschoolers with developmental, behavioural or emotional issues in Singapore.

This study aimed to determine patterns of screen viewing time (SVT) in preschool children with developmental, behavioural or emotional (DBE) issues, and to identify its relationship with social-emotional development. This cross-sectional study involved children aged 0-5 years who were referred to a developmental paediatric clinic for DBE issues. Parents completed a screen time questionnaire, and the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment-Clinical (DECA-C) question-naire which assessed the social-emotional competence of the children. Data were analysed using logistic regression, correlational analyses and tests of comparison. Among 225 children (mean age: 32.4 months), mean daily SVT was 138 minutes. More than half (51.1%) of the children had clinical features of language delay, while 26.6% had features suggestive of autism spectrum disorder. Screen time was first introduced at a mean age of 13.8 months, with 32.4% of children previously experiencing higher SVT. Compared to SVT introduction after 1 year of age, SVT in the first 12 months was primarily to facilitate feeding (P<0.05). Children with higher past SVT had poorer attention, more aggression, and increased behavioural concerns. Children with DBE issues have significantly more screen time than same-aged peers. Children with DBE issues are exposed to SVT at a very young age and have significantly more screen time than their peers. It is crucial to guide parents to reduce SVT in early childhood, particularly around mealtimes.

Intervention for early literacy success: Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive intervention program (including PA and RAN interventions) on improving early literacy skills in preschoolers from low socioeconomic backgrounds while exploring participant perspectives. The experimental group showed significant improvements in PA, RAN-object, and RAN-color performance compared to the control group. These improvements were observed immediately after the intervention and were maintained even after a 16-week follow-up period. The experimental group’s scores in PA, RAN-object, and RAN-color increased significantly from pretest to posttest and were further improved at the follow-up. These findings suggest that the interventions effectively enhanced participants’ performance in these areas and that the experimental group consistently outperformed the control group. The intervention had a significant positive impact on early literacy performance, with the experimental group outperforming the control group. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the program and its favorable reception among families, teachers, and children.

Phenotyping variability in early socio-communicative skills in young children with autism and its influence on later development.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face challenges in early social communication skills, prompting the need for a detailed exploration of specific behaviors and their impact on cognitive and adaptive functioning. This study aims to address this gap by examining the developmental trajectories of early social communication skills in preschoolers with ASD aged 18-60 months, comparing them to age-matched typically developing (TD) children. Utilizing the early social communication scales (ESCS), the research employs a longitudinal design to capture changes over time. We apply a principal component analysis (PCA) to ESCS variables to identify underlying components, and cluster analysis to identify subgroups based on preverbal communication profiles. The results reveal consistent differences in early social communication skills between ASD and TD children, with ASD children exhibiting reduced skills. PCA identifies two components, distinguishing objects-directed behaviors and social interaction-directed behaviors. Cluster analysis identifies three subgroups of autistic children, each displaying specific communication profiles associated with distinct cognitive and adaptive functioning trajectories. In conclusion, this study provides a nuanced understanding of early social communication development in ASD, emphasizing the importance of low-level behaviors. The identification of subgroups and their unique trajectories contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of ASD heterogeneity. These findings underscore the significance of early diagnosis, focusing on specific behaviors predicting cognitive and adaptive functioning outcomes. The study encourages further research to explore the sequential development of these skills, offering valuable insights for interventions and support strategies.

Collage Innovations Enhancing Preschool Fine Motor Skills Globally

This study aims to explore the efficacy of collage activities using paper clay media in enhancing fine motor skills among 4-5-year-old children at TK Aisyiyah 2 Porong. Employing a classroom action research (CAR) design, the study progresses through planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data collection involved observation, documentation, and interviews, analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The research found that fine motor skills significantly improved, with an average achievement in Cycle I at 70% and Cycle II at 83%. Teacher activity scores also increased from 2.3 to 3.8 between cycles. Results indicate the success of collage activities using paper clay in enhancing fine motor skills. The study underscores the importance of demonstration and practice methods in facilitating children's understanding and proficiency in fine motor activities. The findings offer implications for educators and curriculum developers seeking to enhance fine motor skills in early childhood education through innovative, hands-on approaches. Highlight: Improved skills: Collage boosts fine motor skills in preschoolers effectively. Engaging methods: Demonstrations enhance understanding and engagement in motor activities. Innovative media: Paper clay fosters creativity and fine motor development effectively. Keywoard: Motor Skills, Collage, Paper Clay, Preschool, Action Research

The Relationship Between Parenting Patterns and Toilet Training Skills in Pre-School Children at Paud Kober Al-Husa Tambak Kibin Serang

Background: Indonesia in 2017 is known that the number of children under five in 2016 amounted to 30%, out of 258,704,986 people in Indonesia there are 75 million people who fall into the category of pre-school age children. namely, children who experience conditions unable to control urination and defecation independently. This condition occurs because parents are unable to toilet train their children, therefore this happens because children do not understand the concept of toilet training which should be done independently. Indonesia also has 50% (52,226) cases of bedwetting problems that occur in children. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between parenting patterns and toilet training skills in preschool children.Methods: This type of research is correlative analytic research with Cross-Sectional design. The research sample using purposive sampling obtained a sample of 47 respondents. The research instruments used were the parenting questionnaire and the toilet training ability questionnaire. Univariate data were analyzed descriptively and bivariate data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: the results of the Chi-Square test obtained a P-Value of 0.01 is smaller than the significant value (a=0.05).Conclusion: The results showed that there is a relationship between parenting patterns and toilet training skills of preschool children

Enhancing handwashing skills in preschoolers through movement and puzzle games

Preschoolers are highly susceptible to illnesses due to their underdeveloped immune systems. The lack of understanding among preschoolers regarding the importance of proper hygiene practices makes them vulnerable to diseases such as respiratory infections, diarrhea, typhoid, and others. This community outreach initiative aimed to enhance preschoolers' knowledge and handwashing skills to prevent the spread of various diseases. The project employed educational sessions and hands-on training in handwashing techniques at TKIT Lukmanul Hakim. The outcomes demonstrated significant improvements: before the intervention, 18 children (54%) had adequate knowledge and 5 children (15.2%) had insufficient knowledge; after the intervention, 100% of the children exhibited good knowledge. Regarding handwashing skills, 20 children (60.6%) had poor skills before the training, while this improved to 69.7% with good skills after the training.

Longitudinal Associations of Body Fatness and Physical Fitness with Cognitive Skills in Preschoolers.

A good cognitive status predicts academic, professional, and health outcomes. However, longitudinal data regarding the associations of body fatness, physical fitness, and cognition are relatively scarce and mixed. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether body fatness, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) in preschool are associated with cognitive skills in the first grade of school. A total of 133 South Estonian children whose age was 6-7 years were recruited from 13 kindergartens and again at 7-8 years after they had entered school. Body fat percentage (BF%), CRF, MF as the mean of z-scores of relative upper-limb strength, standing long jump results, and cognitive skills (verbal, conceptual, and perceptual) were studied. There were no associations between BF% and CRF in preschool with perceptual, conceptual, or verbal skills in school in boys and girls. In boys, a higher MF in preschool was associated with higher verbal skills (β = 0.293, p = 0.021) in school after adjustment for confounders. Cognitive skills at baseline seemed to be frequently associated with cognitive performance in school. In conclusion, higher MF in preschool was associated with better verbal skills in the first grade of school in boys but not in girls. Body fatness and cardiorespiratory fitness in preschool were not associated with cognitive skills in school.

Using Empirical Information to Prioritize Early Literacy Assessment and Instruction in Preschool and Kindergarten

Early literacy skill development predicts later reading success, and development of skills in specific domains during the preschool years has been established as both a prerequisite and precursory for reading. Early literacy assessments typically include measures of separate skills across domains, and results can assist with determining where instructions may be most needed. When multiple areas of need are identified, understanding which skills to prioritize can be a challenge. Therefore, empirically identifying the relative contribution of each skill measured in preschool to subsequent reading success can promote more efficient systems of assessment. This study, conducted in the United States, examined the predictive validity of early literacy skills measured in preschool compared to skills measured in kindergarten, with a specific practical focus on identifying the most efficient predictive model for understanding reading readiness. Participants were 119 preschoolers (mean age = 66 months) who mostly spoke English as their primary language (79%). Results indicated early literacy and language skills in preschool are highly predictive of early reading in kindergarten, accounting for 59% of the variance in a reading composite score. The most parsimonious model indicated that first sounds, letter sounds, early comprehension, and expressive vocabulary measures adequately explained 52% of the variance in children’s kindergarten reading performance.

Meta-thematic synthesis of research on early childhood coding education: A comprehensive review

AbstractThe growing significance of coding in 21st-century early childhood education extends beyond technical proficiency, encompassing cognitive development, problem-solving, and creativity. Coding is being integrated globally into educational curricula to prepare students for the digital era. This research examines coding’s potential impact on cognitive and socio-emotional development and emphasizes the need for evidence-based analysis. A meta-thematic analysis synthesizes qualitative data from various studies in a study on coding’s effects on preschool children’s cognitive and socio-emotional development. It focuses on two themes: cognitive contributions and socio-emotional contributions. Thirteen suitable studies were identified from 942 visualized using the PRISMA flow diagram. Coding education enhances cognitive and socio-emotional skills in preschoolers, with implications for curriculum integration. In summary, coding’s holistic benefits in early childhood education are explored, and a meta-thematic analysis investigates its influence on cognitive and socio-emotional domains in preschoolers, emphasizing the need for rigorous evidence-based research.

Development of communication skills of older preschoolers in the conditions of updated educational content

Relevance. The relevance of the research in this article is conditioned upon the problem of developing communication skills in the conditions of the new format of the education programme of Kazakhstan, which implies that children learn three languages already at the stage of preschool education. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop a model for organising the expansion of communication skills with the study of three languages in the framework of preschool education, considering the psychophysiological development of children. Methodology. The leading method for the study of this problem is a diagnostic drawing method for determining the emotional background of a child, pedagogical observation for influencing factors on the expansion of the sphere of communication while maintaining a health-preserving atmosphere by educators during training and stay of children in preschool institutions. Results. The article presents a model for organising the expansion of communication skills in preschoolers based on methods that take into account their psychophysiological development, enabling them to arouse interest and develop motivation to learn languages in a health-preserving environment, considering age-related features such as musical and literary evenings, puppet theatre, dance and musical evenings, learning songs, etiquette, watching movies and small interviews, playing "Around the World", virtual excursions to museum complexes, holidays and fairs of different countries with the preparation of crafts for them. Conclusions. The formed model of organising the development of communication skills in preschoolers contributes to the development of their communication skills in different languages, considering the preservation of their harmonious development and health, as well as with the establishmentment of a model of their creative, cultural behaviour within social life, which is of practical importance for the education system and the well-being of society. Keywords: language learning; pedagogical diagnostics; emotional background; motivation; age characteristics

Improving the social communication skills of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder: robot-based intervention on Picture Exchange Communication System use

Objectives Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit challenges in social communication. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is effective in enhancing the social skills of children with ASD, and interventions using social robots are potentially beneficial training tools. However, it is uncertain whether robots can facilitate more effective training for children with ASD compared to human therapists. Methods In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of robot-based and human-based interventions on enhancing the social communication behaviors in young children diagnosed with ASD. The feasibility and efficacy of integrating the PECS in robotic systems were evaluated using a single-case design. Eight children with ASD were randomly assigned to either a robot-based group (N = 4) or a human-based group (N = 4). Participants in the two groups underwent phases I–III of the PECS protocol facilitated by either a human therapist or a robot therapist. Changes in social communication behaviors were assessed in each child after intervention using a single-case design. Results Half of the participants in the robot-based intervention group showed significant improvement in both verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors after a two-month PECS intervention. A higher proportion of children in the robot-based intervention group showed significantly enhanced social communication skills encompassing both verbal and nonverbal behaviors than in the human-based intervention group. Conclusions This study demonstrates the effectiveness of robot-based PECS intervention in enhancing verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors in young children with ASD. These findings present novel intervention tools for early intervention educators engaged in supporting children with ASD.

Модель методического сопровождения педагогов при проектировании образовательного процесса

Introduction. In the modern educational situation, it becomes relevant to search for and implement effective practices that can become an alternative to traditional methods of transmitting knowledge and forming the skills of preschoolers. These include design that motivates the cognitive activity of children and increases the educational potential of the pedagogical process. In this regard, the expediency of providing methodological assistance to educators in overcoming the deficit of competencies in the design of educational practices is substantiated. Theoretical analysis. When substantiating the model of methodological support, an analysis of theoretical approaches to this problem was undertaken, which made it possible to identify priority forms of cooperation between the methodologist-mentor and teachers: mentoring, tutoring, and coaching. The results obtained give grounds to conclude that it is necessary to create conditions for teachers to master the practices of designing the educational process. Conclusion. In order to build an effective system of support for creative endeavors, both for an individual teacher and for the entire teaching staff, it is important to take into account their readiness to participate in transformations; possess the ability to react quickly and rebuild models of methodological support depending on current conditions. Consideration of the problem made it possible to prove the relevance of the proposed model of methodological support for the design of educational practices in achieving qualitative transformations of pedagogical activity.

Efficacy of the Teaching Early Literacy and Language Curriculum With Preschoolers From Low-Income Families.

The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of the Teaching Early Literacy and Language (TELL) curriculum package for improving the early literacy and oral language skills of preschoolers from low-income families. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), TELL was implemented in 30 TELL and 28 business-as-usual classrooms. TELL is a Tier 1 whole-class curriculum package that includes a scope and sequence of instruction, lesson plans and materials, high-quality books, curriculum-based measures (CBMs), and professional development training and coaching. Implementation fidelity was high; however, due to COVID-19 school closures, we did not collect end-of-year data for our third cohort of teachers. Results indicated significant TELL effects on all code-related CBMs and two code-related distal measures as well as receptive and expressive vocabulary CBMs. No significant differences were found on distal measures of oral language/vocabulary or listening comprehension. Results of the present study, paired with findings from an earlier TELL RCT with children with developmental speech and/or language impairments, suggest that children enrolled in TELL classrooms achieve higher outcomes on a variety of code-related and vocabulary measures by the end of their final preschool year. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25345708.

Effects of Brief Parent Coaching on the Communication Skills of Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Limited Verbal Ability

The publicly funded early intervention program for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Nova Scotia, Canada, uses the pivotal response treatment (PRT) model. Parents are coached in use of PRT strategies during their children’s first week of treatment. We explored whether parents of older preschoolers with limited verbal ability learned to implement PRT strategies with fidelity after brief coaching and whether PRT strategy use was associated with gains in children’s communication skills. We coded precoaching and postcoaching parent–child play episodes of 39 children (4.4–5.5 years) with limited verbal skills for parents’ PRT fidelity and children’s correct responding to language opportunities and frequency of initiations. Parents’ use of PRT strategies significantly improved, as did children’s responsiveness to parent-provided language opportunities. This study provides evidence for the utility of brief parent coaching in PRT for older preschoolers with ASD whose verbal skills are limited.

The relationship between jump and sprint performance in preschool children.

Physical activity may help prevent the development of adverse health disorders in children. Thus, it is fundamental to assess key physical skills, such as jumping and running, from an early age. Several studies proposed test batteries to evaluate these motor skills in preschoolers, but no research studied their association. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between jump performance, including force production parameters, and sprint performance in preschool children. Twenty-nine preschoolers, aged 4 to 5, underwent assessments, including countermovement jumps (CMJ) and standing long jumps (SLJ) on a force plate. Then they performed a 10-meter linear sprint assessed using photocells. Regression models revealed that SLJ distance emerged as a significant predictor (R2=49.3%, P<0.001) of sprint horizontal velocity, while, for sprint momentum (R2=34.3%), both SLJ distance (P=0.004) and SLJ vertical peak force (P=0.036) were found to be significant predictors. The findings showed that short-distance (i.e., 10 m) linear sprint performance, both velocity and momentum, in preschoolers may be predicted mainly using SLJ assessment. These findings underscore the importance of early motor skill development in shaping physical abilities and their potential relationship in preschool children.

Links between Behavioural Self-Regulation, Gross Motor Coordination and Social-Emotional Skills in Preschoolers

Recent studies have emphasized the importance of children’s ability to control their behaviours, thoughts, and emotions. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between behavioural self-regulation, motor coordination and social-emotional competencies in Romanian preschool children. We assessed 120 preschoolers using measures of behavioural self-regulation, gross motor coordination, and social-emotional competencies. Results revealed that there are no significant relations between behavioural self-regulation and gross motor coordination, nor between behavioural self-regulation and social-emotional skills. Interestingly, no gender differences emerged in terms of behavioural self-regulation, gross motor coordination, and social competencies. The only gender-related difference was found concerning emotional competencies, with girls outperforming boys. Further studies should investigate longitudinally the relations among these constructs, and also in relations with other factors, such as the preschool setting, the socio-economic status, and children’s academic achievement.

Feasibility and potential efficacy of a family-based intervention on promoting physical activity levels and fundamental movement skills in preschoolers: A cluster randomised controlled trial.

Physical activity (PA) is crucial for preschool-aged children's health and development. However, limited evidence exists regarding the feasibility of implementing home-based interventions and how program components influence parent cognitions and practices and child PA. This study evaluated the feasibility and potential efficacy of a family-based PA intervention on objectively measured PA, fundamental movement skills (FMS), parental efficacy, support, goal setting and parent-child co-activity. Guided by social cognitive theory, an 8-week cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in Hong Kong. The trial included parental workshops, FMS training, PA homework, social media activity sharing and exercise equipment provision. Data were collected at baseline (Time 1; April 2019) and at the end of the intervention period (Time 2; approximately 2months later) from 108 parent-child pairs in five preschools. The intervention led to increased moderate-to-vigorous PA and FMS in children, along with improved parental self-efficacy, goal setting, supportiveness and co-participation. However, parental PA did not show significant changes. Parents expressed high satisfaction, supporting the need for tailoring interventions to address the unique needs and preferences of young children and their parents. Reinforcing the parental role and providing informative materials and training can promote healthy lifestyles in early childhood.

Narrative Intervention for Preschoolers Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Using Listening and Spoken Language: A Pilot Study.

This pilot study aimed to examine the effects of a caregiver-supported, narrative-based intervention program on the story retelling skills of a group of preschoolers who are deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH) using listening and spoken language (LSL). A concurrent multiple baseline design across participants was used to determine the effect of a narrative intervention on the story retelling skills of three preschool-age participants who demonstrated complex language delays. Their primary caregivers also functioned as participants. The 6-week narrative intervention program was implemented using a caregiver coaching model during individual therapy sessions. The dependent variable probes were administered twice per week across phases to assess the preschool participants' story retelling skills, including story grammar, complexity, and completeness. Social validity was also evaluated using a caregiver questionnaire. A functional relation was demonstrated between the intervention and story retelling across all three preschool participants with notable increases in the inclusion of story grammar elements and episodic completeness. All three participants maintained scores above baseline levels on dependent variable probes across the 6-week maintenance period. Social validity was strong according to the results of a caregiver questionnaire completed at the conclusion of the intervention. These findings offer preliminary support for the use of a caregiver-supported, narrative-based intervention program to improve storytelling and retelling skills in preschoolers who are D/HH using LSL.