Ski Sports Research Articles

Part II of a two-step mixed-methods approach in developing the Growth Talent Mindsets for Sports Coaches Intervention 2.0: The coaches’ perceptions of delivery and possible psychological processes of change

The current study follows up on the first-time implementation of the GrowTMindS Intervention described in Part I, with an overall aim of improving sports coaches’ beliefs in their talent as a coach (coach talent mindset, C-TM) and their athletes’ talent (athlete talent mindset, A-TM) as being malleable. By drawing on the user-centered design approach, we first refined the intervention using the insight provided by the coaches in Part I. A mixed-method approach then evaluated the second-time implementation, which included 33 participants (Mage = 38.76, SD = 16.55; 13 women, 20 men) in the quantitative strand and 11 informants (Mage = 39.09, SD = 14.10; 5 women, 6 men) in the sequential qualitative strand. The coaches represented the sports of swimming, bandy, ski sports, golf, and orienteering. The quantitative results indicate that the intervention targeted the coaches’ talent mindsets as their growth C-TM and A-TM scores increased from pre-test to post-test a year and a half after the intervention. The qualitative findings substantiate these results, showing how an increase at scale also appears meaningful concerning their belief in their own and their athletes’ developments. The findings also helped us to understand how the embracing, or possibly refuting, of intervention delivery may substantiate different trajectories of change, and thereby provided insight into the difficulty of targeting and the complexity of psychological processes and behavioral change. By considering the changes in coaches’ growth C-TM and A-TM, we assume that the GrowTMindS Intervention is ready for testing in a Phase III efficacy trial.

Part I of a two-step mixed-methods approach in developing the Growth Talent Mindsets for Sports Coaches Intervention: The design and targeting of the intervention

The overall aim of this two-part study was to develop an intervention targeting sports coaches’ mindsets about their talent as a coach (coach talent mindset, C-TM) and their athletes’ talent (athlete talent mindset, A-TM), called the GrowTMindS Intervention. In this Part I, the intervention was developed drawing on a user-centered design approach and implemented in a coach education program in Norway. The study involved 31 coaches (5 women, 26 men) from 22 to 69 years of age, representing the sports of bandy, golf, ski sports, swimming, and volleyball. Using a mixed-methods approach, the quantitative results showed that the coaches increased their A-TM from pretest to post-test, while their C-TM, which was high at baseline, remained more challenging to target. The qualitative findings helped us understand how most coaches, through reflective processes, perceived the delivery of the intervention as sense-making and substantiated their commitment to growth talent mindsets. The qualitative findings also highlighted areas for refinement and tailoring of the intervention to target all coaches’ talent mindsets. Overall, the study was considered a necessary first step in developing an intervention showing significant and meaningful changes in coaches’ self-reported talent mindsets, consistent with the guidelines of wise psychological intervention and behavior change.

An integrated spatial planning of the mountainous landscapes for ski sports in a case area at the eastern Türkiye

An integrated spatial planning of the mountainous landscapes for ski sports in a case area at the eastern Türkiye

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ КОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЕЙ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЛЫЖНЫХ ВИДОВ СПОРТА

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of management processes in a commercial organization specializing in ski sports, with an emphasis on the features of the organizational structure, human resource management, financial and strategic management, as well as marketing strategies. The article demonstrates how the unique aspects of sports management manifest themselves in the context of the chosen organization. The authors analyze key performance indicators and offer strategic recommendations for optimizing management processes. As an illustrative example, an analysis of the activities of the sports and recreation complex "XXX" is also carried out here. The range of services offered by the company and management approaches are considered, as well as financial indicators are analyzed in detail. Special attention is paid to the analysis of competitive strategy. Based on the results of the analysis, the article suggests ways to solve organizational problems and improve the company's competitive position in the market. The development of a competitive strategy for the XXX fitness club based on differentiation and its economic effects are also considered. Thanks to this study, it becomes clearly clear how important it is in the process of managing a specialized organization (in this case, a sports organization) to use not only fundamental management methods that are common to all types of organizations, but also to apply specific methods that would affect the characteristics of a particular area. This contributes to more effective management, the elimination of all problems that arise in connection with the specifics of a particular area, as well as the improvement of all key indicators of the organization that determine its success.

LESÃO MUSCULAR E GERENCIAMENTO DA REABILITAÇÃO ESPORTIVA NO TREINAMENTO DE RESISTÊNCIA DIRECIONADO AOS ESPORTES DE INVERNO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle injury in ski sports training has gradually increased, greatly impairing performance in ice and snow sports competitions. Objective: To study muscle injury and muscle movement during ice and snow sports training and the rehabilitation of muscle injuries. Methods: Thirty skiers with knee muscle injuries were selected as subjects and underwent rehabilitation training for six weeks, and the indicators were statistically evaluated. Results: The ski injuries were mainly muscle strain, muscle or ligament strain, and ligament rupture. The indices after treatment were significantly different from those before treatment (P < 0.05); compared with the three rehabilitation programs, the improvement of each index in group C was significantly different from that in the other two groups (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the improvement of each index between the multi-angle isometric training treatment in group A and the proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulation technique in group B (P>0.05). Conclusion: The influence of recovery training technology on knee muscle re-education was proposed, and a rehabilitation plan for skiing was presented. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Coaching matters: programming, pedagogy and performance

ABSTRACT In this paper I offer a Latourian reading of coaches’ programming and pedagogical practices and discuss how this might concern the development of athletes’ performative capacities and capabilities. I specifically refer to the sport of cross-country skiing in order to illustrate that what cross-country ski coaches “say and do” exist within a number of constantly changing and evolving actor-networks comprised of multiple circulating human and nonhuman entities “made to act” by their many ties and attachments.

SkiMon: A Wireless Body Area Network for Monitoring Ski Flex and Motion during Skiing Sports.

Monitoring and gathering data on sporting activities holds significant promise for athletes, equipment developers, and physical fitness clinicians. Wireless Body Area Networks are being used in sporting environments as a means of gathering data, providing feedback, and helping to gain understanding of athletic activities. Applying WBANs to skiing situations, which have higher vibration, velocities, and damp environments than many other sports, can open up opportunities to understand the dynamics of skiing equipment behaviors, skiing routes on mountains, and how individuals react when skiing. To support these outcomes, a prototype WBAN-style off the shelf component system called SkiMon was proposed, implemented, and tested. The SkiMon system uses inexpensive ESP8266, Raspberry Pi, and sensor devices to gather high quality motion and location tracking data on skiers in real-world skiing conditions. By using IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless networks, SkiMon is able to sample data at a minimum of 50 Hz, which is enough to model most ski vibration behaviors. These data results are shown to reflect ground truth 3D maps and the acceleration data comports with earlier works on ski vibration testing. Overall, a WBAN-based commodity components solution shows promise as a high quality sensor platform for tracking and modeling skiing activities.

The Moderating Effect of the Ski Resort Environment on the Skier's Travel Radius under the Restriction of Skill Consumption

Starting from the skill characteristics of ski tourism, this paper discusses the impact of consumer skill on travel decisions, and the moderating effect of the ski resort's comprehensive leisure environment (including the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment), in order to both understand their impacts on the travel distance characteristics of skiers and attempt to provide necessary research support for the development of China's ski industry and the construction of destinations. Based on the data from multi-period visitor surveys, this paper constructs the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment. The results show three main characteristics. (1) The travel radius obviously differs among skiers with different skill levels. The skill level of skiers has a significant positive effect on the larger travel radius, and a significant negative effect on the smaller travel radius. That is, skiers with a higher skill level are more inclined to undertake long-distance skiing travel, while skiers with a lower skill level are more inclined to undertake short-distance skiing travel. (2) The comprehensive leisure environment has a significant moderating effect on the skiers' travel radius, with a significant positive impact on enlarging the travel radius, while the influences on high-skill and low-skill skiers are significantly higher than on middle-skill skiers. (3) In the comprehensive leisure environment, there are differences in the moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment and the regional cultural tourism environment on the skiers travel radius, and the positive moderating effect of the ski resort sports environment on the high-skill skiers' travel radius is more obvious. While the regional cultural tourism environment has a more obvious positive moderating effect on the travel radius of non-skiers and junior skiers, it is more conducive to promoting domestic travel. In general, the skier skill level in China was generally lower, and the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment optimization is conducive to overcoming the limitation of the travel radius caused by the disadvantageous skill level of consumers. However, to promote the development of China's ski industry in the long run, it is necessary to focus on improving the consumer's ski skill level, but prevent the risk of losing high-skill consumers overseas. In the course of improving the level of domestic ski sports facilities, we should also focus on the domestic leisure cultural tourism environment to better enhance the attractiveness of domestic ski destinations.

College Cross-Country Skiing Teaching and Sports Training Based on VR

As a kind of simulation equipment that can correctly simulate skiing actions, ski simulators are widely used in ski teaching and training in colleges. With the rapid development of VR, it has been widely used in the development of ski simulator systems. This article mainly talks about the research of college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training based on VR and intends to provide ideas and directions for combining VR with college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training. This article puts forward the research methods of cross-country skiing teaching and sports training in colleges based on VR, including the literature retrieval method, expert interview method, survey method, mathematical statistics method, logical analysis summary method, ski simulator algorithm, etc. At the same time, this paper also conducts experiments on cross-country skiing teaching and sports training in colleges and universities. The experimental results in this paper show that 96.67% of students believe that the college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training system based on VR can stimulate the enthusiasm of ski training.

Athletes’ Physical Performance in the System of the Sports Medicine Technologies Effectiveness Evaluation

Aim. To determine the effectiveness of the specific loading testing use in assessing the athletes’ physical performance. Material and methods. We present a post-hoc analysis of data from specific and nonspecific loading testing (bicycle ergometer, treadmill, rowing ergometer, and ski treadmill) of 23 oarsmen athletes (13 male (mean age 25.85±0.88 years) and 10 female (mean age 22.90±1.20 years); 125 track and field athletes (75 male athletes (mean age 24.74±0.91) and 50 female athletes (mean age 23.81±1.35)), 38 ski athletes (22 male athletes (mean age 21.3±2.4) and 16 female athletes (mean age 19.6±1.8)). Results and discussion. When assessing the physical performance of track and field athletes of various positions using a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill, the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) parameter for throwers and jumpers was in the range of 29-55 ml/min/kg (it is more appropriate to use a statoergometer), for runners – 39-75 ml/min/kg (testing on a treadmill is preferable). The greatest efficiency and physiological validity was obtained by load testing using a rowing ergometer for rowing athletes and a ski roller treadmill for athletes of ski sports (the ratio of heart rate at the anaerobic metabolism threshold level to the heart rate “on failure” is ~ 97%). With bicycle ergometry, low values of MOC were obtained in athletes training for endurance, and, including on the treadmill, in athletes with the main strength load and implies the work of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle and back. The functional and reserve capabilities of the athlete are not reflected in the data obtained that makes impossible to judge the level of his/her functional readiness. Conclusion. Sports medicine technologies reflecting the dynamic characteristics of athletes’ physical performance should be evaluated from the point of view of informativeness and efficiency of their application depending on the type of sport. Conclusion about the effectiveness of sports medicine technologies should be made considering the results of the functional and physical performance testing under the exertion, specific to a particular sport.

Force Orientation Measurement: Evaluating Ski Sport Dynamics

A modular sensor application for measuring athlete performance in skiing sports was developed. Using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and load cells in a modular system, a force orientation measurement system, FOMS, was developed. A functioning prototype capable of measuring ski sports dynamics was created. Data processing using the system, a validation of the prototype in terms of angle measurement IMU accuracy, example data from in-field athlete testing, and visualization by animations are described. The system developed contains four subsystems: a controller, two pole measuring modules, and a terrain-measuring module. The system structure also allows for additional modules, making the system applicable to different sports. The IMUs use orientation-sensing components to measure pole orientations, which are used to calculate decomposed forces relative to the terrain. Data from different modules are synchronized using wireless communication and saved on SD cards with time stamps. A validation experiment was conducted in which the angles from the modules were compared with the Oqus motion capture system from Qualisys. Examples for athlete testing in both cross country and alpine skiing were calculated from the matrix provided by the different modules and are presented in graphs to evaluate the athlete. In addition, the relative pole/terrain coordinates are visualized in 2D and 3D animations for analyzing the movement pattern in connection with the applied forces, opening up a whole new level of sports analysis.

Ice-and-snow tourism and its sustainable development in China: A new perspective of poverty alleviation

The development of ice-and-snow tourism (IST) has great potential for poverty alleviation and is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of alpine areas. However, little attention has been given to evaluating the suitability and potential of ice-and-snow tourism in poverty-stricken areas. Taking 832 poverty-stricken counties in China as samples, this study proposed an integrity suitability index (ISI) based on natural and socioeconomic factors to evaluate the suitability and potential of developing ice-and-snow tourism in poverty-stricken counties. The results showed that there are significant differences between the spatial distributions of the suitability of glacier- and ski-related tourism. The former is mainly distributed in the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau, while the latter is distributed in low-altitude mountainous areas. Additionally, 36.0% of the total number of poverty-stricken counties have the potential to match medium-to high-level ISIs of ice-and-snow tourism, of which 2.5%, 32.9% and 0.2% are suitable for glacier excursions, ski sports and both, respectively. Furthermore, climate change and environmental protection are the main constraints on the development of ice-and-snow tourism and corresponding development strategies are proposed. This study can provide references for scientific planning and policy making regarding the sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas.

Editorial: Youth and Winter Sports

3. This congress was multidisciplinary with key notes and parallel sections on both life sciences and social sciences. We received communications about physical preparation, physiology, biomechanics, sport medicine, rehabilitation as well as history, sociology, management, psychology, teaching.The following world-class experts gave six key notes presentations:• Milena Parent (Canada) -Governance and legacy of the YOG.• Hans-Christer Holmberg (Sweden) -Biomechanics and physiology in nordic skiing.• Andrew Denning (USA) -History of the human-environment relationships in the Alps through the sport of skiing.• Erich E. Muller (Austria) -Biomechanics and prevention of injuries in alpine Skiing.• Oyvind Sandbakk (Norway) -Norwegian success in winter sports. Despite that the research topic was multidisciplinary in line with the content of the congress, only articles in exercise physiology, biomechanics and nutrition are published. years old -physiological characteristic (i.e., high total haemoglobin mass expressed in g/kg) is a relevant predictor of success at senior level in endurance sports as cross-country ski or triathlon.Finally, this research topic includes three reviews (compression garments, injuries and nutritional considerations) relevant to all winter sports:

The Development and Precision of a Custom-Made Skitester

In the sport of cross-country skiing, equipment has a direct influence on results. Ski teams do extensive testing of different ski base grinds and products on a yearly basis. To achieve reliable results, the quality of methods used for testing skis needs to be taken in to account in addition to factors including the physical characteristics of testing personnel and changes in weather conditions. The aim of this study was to introduce a custom-made skitester, that was developed for testing skis on real snow, in laboratory conditions, and to evaluate its precision. The current skitester is capable of glide testing both classic and skate skis as well as kick simulation for the testing of grip waxes. In the present study, glide testing precision was completed in three different conditions. Velocity and pressure of skis were evaluated in three different temperature conditions. During kick simulation, precision was determined in one temperature condition. For glide testing, the precision of the measurement unit was able to distinguish the differences between skis with a relative variation of 0.6–1.1%. However, the track preparation process caused variation. For kick simulation, precision of the measurement unit was slightly higher (2.5%), and track preparation caused less variation. The skitester is capable of distinguishing the differences between both skate and classic cross-country skis with certain limitations.

White Gold: Snowmaking, Resort Growth, and Skier Experience in the U.S. East, 1945–1971

This article argues that the introduction of snowmaking to the American ski industry following World War II provided the necessary conditions for resort growth, in the process changing the sport of skiing. Using methods from histories of environmental technology, the article highlights the relationship between weather, natural snow, and artificial snow. First, it brings together scientific literature on weather and historical periodicals to contend that winters in the northeast have always lacked the type of consistent annual snowfall needed to build a dependable ski industry. Snowmaking provided reliability, but in the process, it remade the economic model of skiing. Second, using a diverse mix of periodicals, ski literature, and oral histories it interrogates how skiers experienced this new type of artificial snow, contending that artificial snow changed the sport in ways people perceived as both good and bad. Finally, it suggests that histories of technology and sports can benefit from exploring how new technologies change the environments in which sports are played.

Austrian Skiing and National Socialism: Participation Patterns and Fields of Action

The topic of this article is the history of National Socialist Skiing in Austria, as of 1938 called “Ostmark”. Following lines are based on a dissertation which was written and defended at the University of Salzburg in April 2020 and published in November 2021. The history of National Socialist skiing in Austria does not begin with the Anschluss in March 1938. Even before that, large parts of organized skiing were oriented towards the Nazi state. An increasing ideologization of sport led to a policy of exclusion in the ÖSV in the early 1920s, which was reflected in the radicalism of National Socialism. Austrian ski sport officials and activists played an important role in the Nazi regime. Their diverse participation only becomes apparent when their biographies are not only viewed in the context of sporting achievements. The article examines the power structures and scope for action of Austrian skiing before and during the Nazi dictatorship and investigates the extent to which this could become the carrier of the National Socialist injustice system. A specific focus of the article will be on actors, especially on athletes who served in the SA and SS. The analysis focuses on individual patterns of action, participation and interpretation. The individual stories of athletes are intended to illustrate the functioning of the Nazi regime in skiing from a bottom-up-perspective.

Epidemiologia das Lesões Musculoesqueléticas de Desportos de Inverno

Promoting and protecting an athlete’s health is an important task for any sports organization. The most common ski injuries are sprains of the medial collateral ligament of the knee, of the anterior cruciate ligament, of the cubital collateral ligament of the first finger metacarpophalangeal and injuries of the rotator cuff. Although the number of recreational snowboarders is relatively lower than that of alpine ski sports, the probability of acute injury on snowboarders is higher than that of the skier. Associated with snowboarding, injuries often involve the anatomical region of the wrist, shoulder and ankle. Alpine skiing and snowboarding put winter athletes at risk for a variety of injuries. It is important to recognize and treat them properly in order to minimize future sequelae and a return to previous physical activity.

СПОСОБЫ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ ОТНОШЕНИЯ СТУДЕНТОВ К ЛЫЖНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКЕ В РАМКАХ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ «ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА И СПОРТ» КАК СРЕДСТВУ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

Statement of the problem. Due to the natural conditions and climate of the Russian Federation, ski training for the sports and wellness purposes is one of the most affordable and popular types of physical exercise. This is no coincidence that besides being a compulsory element of the university curriculum, this physical activity got included into the recently revived All-Russian Sports Complex “Ready for Labour and Defense” approved in 2014. However, as the sports and wellness industry develops and the range of sports and wellness services offered to the population broadens, the ski sport coaches face the task of supporting and strengthening the interest of the youth in ski training. The problem of the physical culture teachers specializing in ski training is the search for arguments in favour of ski training within the Physical Culture and Sports discipline. To get the students majoring in non-sports subjects involve in ski training voluntarily, it is necessary to enhance their interest and get the students motivated to train. The purpose of the article is to explore the students’ attitude to ski training as a means of physical culture included into the Physical Culture and Sports discipline, the results of which should be considered as a management tool for the teacher consisting of motivated arguments, as well as improvement of the training program to enhance the students’ interest for such training. The research methods are based on analysis and synthesis of the scientific and research works focused on the development of motivation and its main elements, analysis of the published academic works and educational experience in the student youth sports and wellness activity domain, analysis of the traditional ski training methods used at universities and the practical experience of the university staff, practical sociological survey methods like questionnaires and interviews. The research results provide the foundation for the identification of the main positive and negative factors experienced by physical culture and sports majoring students at their ski trainings. Their interest is concentrated on the snowy period of the academic year; they generally prefer even aerobic activity on a small training loop, as well as training on skiing course slopes with multiple ascends and descends. More profound work on the improvement of skiing techniques in both snowy and non-snow periods, the need to intensify their skiing activity associated with excessive physical load meet negative attitude of the students. To improve the ski training motivation, a list of arguments in favour of outdoor training was formulated to help students understand and personally evaluate their capacity for physical development and health improvement. It is used to efficiently supplement the conviction and stimulation methods used to raise the students’ need for this type of training. To strengthen the cumulative positive motivation to do ski training, the students’ interest for improvement of specific qualities and technical elements was taken into account. Conclusion. To keep the students interested in ski training, to prevent passive observer attitude to the physical culture and sport discipline, it is necessary to rely upon the achieved results with due attention to the shaping of the student’s personality and his/her individual qualities and interests.

Türkiye de Kayak Sporu ve Uludağ Algısının Tarihsel Temelleri: Karlı Dağdaki Ateş Filminin Göstergebilimsel İncelemesi

This study was carried out to investigate the historical basis of the perception in Turkey towards Uludag and the sport of skiing. In this context, a semiotic examination of the movie called Karli Dagdaki Ates (Fire on the Snowy Mountain), one of the most important Yesilcam Films in Uludag, has been conducted. For the analysis, firstly, the preliminary examination of the film was made and five scenes were identified in which strong messages about Uludag and ski sports were reflected. Then, the determined scenes were examined within the framework of Roland Barthes' semiotic approach. In this context, the signifiers in the relevant scenes were evaluated in the context of sign-signified and denotation-connotation; in other words, the scenes and dialogues in the film and their connotations within the framework of Uludag image and skiing perception were examined. According to the findings, factors such as romantic upper-class destination and fascinating, mystical ski resort become prominent in terms of the historical foundations of Uludag image. In terms of the historical foundations of the skiing sports perception, the perception of difficult, dangerous (especially for women, the elderly, and overweight) and elitist become prominent. Also, in some scenes, there are reflections that skiing is enjoyable and prestigious. The comparisons made within the scope of the current literature have revealed that these perceptions remain largely in present.

THE FUNCTIONAL READINESS OF ATHLETES FROM CYCLIC SPORTS

Aim. The study aims at assessing the functional status of highly skilled athletes from track-and-field and ski sports and determining fatigue criteria. Materials and methods. Highly skilled track-and-field athletes (43) and skiers (16) underwent examination at the preparatory stage of a training cycle. The functional readiness of athletes was assessed using questionnaires, anthropometric, physiological and biochemical research methods. Results. According to the medical history and questionnaire data, all athletes were divided into two groups: the first group included subjects without any signs of fatigue, the second group comprised athletes with fatigue complaints. In athletes with fatigue complaints, increased heart rate was recorded both at rest and after the recovery period; physical efficiency reduced by 28 %, maximum oxygen consumption – by 17.7 %. Heart rate variability in these athletes demonstrates the increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and increased stress index of the regulatory systems. Glutathione content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were lower in the erythrocytes of the second group. Some alterations in physiological and biochemical data of the second group demonstrated the presence of physical fatigue. Conclusion. 37.3 % of athletes from cyclic sports experienced any fatigue. The data of antioxidant protection, physical efficiency, maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate variabi­lity can be used for a comprehensive assessment of functional readiness and physical fatigue in athletes.