Skeleton Frame Research Articles

Aptamer based hybrid monolithic pipette tips supported by melamine sponge for enrichment of proteins

BackgroundThe convenient preparation and application of functionalized organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic materials have obtained substantial interest in the pretreatment of complex samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Compared to the in-tube solid-phase microextraction in fused-silica capillaries, micro SPE in plastic pipette tips have fascinating merits for the easily operated enrichment of trace target analytes from biological samples. However, the poor compatibility of organic-inorganic hybrid monoliths with plastics leads to the rare appearance of commercial hybrid monolithic pipette tips (HMPTs). Therefore, how to synthesize the organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic materials with better extraction performance in plastic pipette tips becomes a challenge. ResultsWe develop a facile and cheap strategy to immobilize organic-inorganic hybrid monoliths in pipette tips. Melamine sponge was employed as the supporting skeleton to in situ assemble amine- and thiol-bifunctionalized hybrid monolithic material via “one pot” in a pipette tip, and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and thiol-modified aptamer against human α-thrombin were sequentially attached to the hybrid monolith within the HMPTs. The average coverage density of the aptamer with GNPs as an intermediary reached as high as 818.5 pmol μL−1. The enriched thrombin concentration was determined by a sensitive enzymatic chromogenic assay with the limit of detection of 2 nM. The extraction recovery of thrombin at 10 nM in human serum was 86.1 % with a relative standard deviation of 6.1 %. This proposed protocol has been applied to the enrichment and determination of thrombin in real serum sample with strong anti-interference ability, low limit of detection and high recovery. SignificanceThe amine- and thiol-bifunctionalized HMPTs prepared with sponge as the skeleton frame provided a novel substrate material to decorate aptamers for efficient enrichment of proteins. This enlightens us that we can take advantage of the tunability of sponge assisted HMPTs to produce and tailor a variety of micro SPE pipette tips for broader applications on the analysis of trace targets in complex biological, clinic and environmental samples.

Concrete touchdown: new technology influences industrial buildings in Norway, 1912–1920

Construction technology developed quickly during the first decades of the twentieth century. This influenced the construction of industrial buildings at the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage site of Rjukan and Notodden in Norway. Behind the construction was Hydro, a company founded in 1905 to produce synthetic nitrogen fertiliser to increase the world’s food production. This industrial development demanded large structures such as hydropower stations and production facilities. Concrete was introduced for the first time during this period, and systems are characterised by heavy concrete bearing walls and mixed bearing walls where concrete and steel were combined. Such systems demanded significant material resources and resulted in the development of steel and concrete skeleton frames. The development of viable systems was achieved through research in materials science and structural engineering, in both the USA and Europe. This paper discusses how concrete influenced construction and building systems at this site. Similarities to industrial buildings and other building typologies are evident and connect the site to the international context of architecture and engineering history. Understanding the characteristics of individual buildings and presenting them in an order of a construction systems will support the work of architects and engineers in future conservation schemes.

Physiological Importance of Asthi and Peshi Sharira: An Ayurveda and Modern Perspective

Asthi and Peshi are terms from Ayurveda; they refer to different aspects of the human body. They refer to the skeletal system or the bone structure of body, bones are considered as Dhatus that make up the human body. Asthi Sharira is responsible for providing support and protection to the body. Peshi Sharira refers to the muscular system of body encompasses various types of muscles including skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles, etc. These systems are responsible for the movement inside the body. Both Asthi Sharira and Peshi Sharira are essential components of body to provide support, holding capacity, basic skeleton frame, movement and rigidity to physical structure. This article narrates physiological importance of Asthi and Peshi Sharira

Unidirectionally Structured Magnetic Phase-Change Composite Based on Carbonized Polyimide/Kevlar Nanofiber Complex Aerogel for Boosting Solar-Thermo-Electric Energy Conversion.

To realize highly efficient solar-thermo-electric energy conversion for clean electricity power generation, we have developed a new type of unidirectionally structured magnetic phase-change composite comprising a carbonized polyimide (C-PI)/Kevlar nanofiber (KNF) complex aerogel as a 3D carbon skeleton porous supporting material, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic additive, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a phase-change material, and polypyrrole as a photothermal absorption coating layer. The as-fabricated C-PI/KNF complex aerogel exhibits a unidirectional microstructure, high porosity, robust skeleton frame, ultralight weight, and high thermal conductance. Featured with such unique structure and characteristics, the complex aerogel can offer an effective heat and electron transfer method to ensure highly efficient solar-thermal conversion and photothermal energy storage of the developed composite. The developed composite exhibits a high latent heat capacity of over 150 J g-1, outstanding shape stability along with a low leakage of 0.2 wt %, good thermal cycling stability, and high photothermal conversion efficiency of 84.8%. Based on the Seebeck effect, a solar thermoelectric generation system (STEGS) was constructed with the hot side coupled with the developed composite and the cold side immersed in air and ice water. Under 2.0 kW m-2 solar irradiation, the developed STEGS in ice water obtained maximum output voltage and current of 259.7 mV and 27.1 mA, respectively, which are significantly higher than those in air. The output power of the developed STEGS in an ice water environment is 50.6% higher than that in air under 4.0 kW m-2 solar irradiation. More importantly, the developed STEGS in ice water continuously generated output voltage and current for about 810 s without solar irradiation thanks to the latent heat release by the PEG component within the developed composite. In addition, the introduction of magnetic CoFe2O4 can accelerate solar-thermal conversion through periodic electron motion by the Néel relaxation or Brownian relaxation. This resulted in an increase in the maximum output voltage and current by 13.7 and 11.5%, respectively, under an alternating magnetic field as a result of the magnetism-accelerated solar-thermo-electric conversion. This study offers an innovative approach for developing PCM-based advanced functional materials for solar energy utilization in clean and sustainable electricity generation.

Water Effects on Elastic S-Wave Propagation and Attenuation Across Single Clay-Rich Rock Fractures: Insights from Ultrasonic Measurements

Though previous studies have shown that the presence of water strongly influences wave responses of rock fractures, water effects on wave behaviours across clay-rich rock fractures have been ambiguous until now. In the present study, we conducted considerable ultrasonic measurements on single rock fractures filled with kaolinite-dominant gouges at varying water saturation degrees to investigate the water effects on elastic S-wave propagation and attenuation across clay-rich rock fractures. The experimental results reveal that the S-wave velocity across single clay-rich rock fractures slightly increases and decreases with the progressively increasing water saturation degree. An increase in water saturation leads to a concave trend of the spectral amplitudes, while it moderately affects the central frequency of transmitted S-waves. In addition, the seismic quality factor across single clay-rich rock fractures follows an exponential growth trend with the water saturation, suggesting the exponentially negative relation between S-wave attenuation and the water saturation. We attribute the water saturation-dependent S-wave attributes across single clay-rich rock fractures to the combined effects of the local flow and the degradation of grain contacts. Compared to P-wave, S-wave exhibits less sensitivity to varying water saturation of clay-rich rock fracture. Upon increasing water saturation, S-waves display similar velocity and central frequency trends with P-waves. The tendencies of spectral amplitude and seismic quality factor for S-waves are approximately opposite to those for P-waves as the water saturation degree increases. We interpret these discrepancies by the fact that S-wave attributes across single water-saturated clay-rich rock fractures mainly depend on the properties of the skeletal frame, while the characteristics of the particles, pore fluid, and skeleton frame dominate P-wave behaviours. The outcomes of the current work facilitate our understanding of the fluid effects on the interaction of waves with clay-rich rock discontinuities.

Superhydrophobic multi-response actuator with high strength

Superhydrophobic actuators that are capable of moving on water surface under external stimuli has broad application prospects in various fields such as robots, environmental protection, sensors and freight transportation. However, the film actuators with soft materials as skeleton frames are easily deformed and destroyed when subjected to heavy loads, which severely restricts its further applications. Herein, we proposed a general and efficient strategy to fabricate a high-strength double-layer actuator composed of a metal/glass-based superhydrophobic substrate and a polymer superhydrophobic coating by combining the laser ablation and spraying techniques. The superhydrophobic coating not only possessed high adhesive strength with the ablated substrates, but also showed excellent self-cleaning, anti-ultraviolet irradiation and anti-stripping properties. Additionally, the addition of light and magnet response materials endowed the superhydrophobic coating with excellent photothermal and magnetic response properties, which supported the application of superhydrophobic actuators in different fields, such as freight collection and transportation.

Silver(I)-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Enynones and 4-Alkenyl Isoxazoles: Synthesis of 2-(Furan-2-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridines.

Silver(I)-catalyzed tandem reaction of enynones with 4-alkenyl isoxazoles provides access to 2-(furan-2-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridines. No competitive cyclopropanation of alkenes and O-H insertion via (2-furyl)carbene complexes were observed. The cascade reaction proceeds via the formation of (2-furyl)metal carbene intermediate, the N-O bond cleavage of 4-alkenyl isoxazoles/rearrangement, subsequent 6π electrocyclic reaction, and [1,5] H-shift. The successive construction of both 1,2-dihydropyridine skeleton and furan frame has been achieved in the one-pot reaction. A broad range of readily available enynones and 4-alkenyl isoxazoles are suitable to this protocol; however, when R3 is the alkyl group such as n-Bu and Me, a complicated mixture was generated without the desired products. In addition, in the case of R4 = bulky group such as R3'SiOCH2, the reaction gave an in situ oxo-product of (2-furyl)silver carbene. An atom-economic strategy for the synthesis of 2-(furan-2-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridines has been established.

The Skeleton Frame as a Crucial Part of Body Weight: Comparison to Metropolitan Life Insurance Data

The Skeleton Frame as a Crucial Part of Body Weight: Comparison to Metropolitan Life Insurance Data

Understanding accidental hybrid structure: an early concrete warehouse in the USA

Building structures in discussion tend to be categorised using criteria similar to those used for new buildings: as a steel-frame building, as a masonry bearing wall and so on. Structural categories were different in the past because building technology was different, and the categories were generally broader and had more overlaps than those in use today, so by categorising, there may be miscategorising. For example, a building may have been intended by its designers to have a skeleton frame carrying non-structural curtain walls, but the walls were constructed as 406 or 508 mm of solid brick without expansion joints. In such a case, the walls will function as bearing walls whether intended to be so or not. In broad terms, that is a description of this case study, except that the building in question, building G at Bush Terminal, USA, has a frame that blurs the boundary between skeletons and bearing walls. While it appears that the designers of the building thought of it as having a concrete frame, modern analysis shows it to be a hybrid of a frame and a bearing wall.

Research on Skeleton Data Compensation of Gymnastics based on Dynamic and Static Two-dimensional Regression using Kinect

Abstract The intelligent training and assessment of gymnastics movements require studying motion trajectory and reconstructing the character animation. Microsoft Kinect has been widely used due to its advantages of low price and high frame rate. However, its optical characteristics are inevitably affected by illumination and occlusion. It is necessary to reduce data noise via specific algorithms. Most of the existing research focuses on local motion but lacks consideration of the whole human skeleton. Based on the analysis of the spatial characteristics of gymnastics and the movement principle of the human body, this paper proposes a dynamic and static two-dimensional regression compensation algorithm. Firstly, the constraint characteristics of human skeleton motion were analyzed, and the maximum constraint table and Mesh Collider were established. Then, the dynamic acceleration of skeleton motion and the spatial characteristics of static limb motion were calculated based on the data of adjacent effective skeleton frames before and after the collision. Finally, using the least squares polynomial fitting to compensate and correct the lost skeleton coordinate data, it realizes the smoothness and rationality of human skeleton animation. The results of two experiments showed that the solution of the skeleton point solved the problem caused by data loss due to the Kinect optical occlusion. The data compensation time of an effective block skeleton point can reach 180 ms, with an average error of about 0.1 mm, which shows a better data compensation effect of motion data acquisition and animation reconstruction.

Study on Response of Regular RC Space Frames Subjected to Equivalent Static Blast Load

In this paper, the response of regular concrete space frames subjected to gravity and blast loads for a six-storey building of 18 m high for a charge weight of 100 kg TNT at a 40 m range is studied. The type of blast chosen is a surface blast. Five different types of frames, skeleton frame (SFR), skeleton frame with the stiffness of slab (SFRS), skeleton frame with the stiffness of slab and 230 mm thick infill walls (SFRSWs 1), skeleton frame with the stiffness of slab and 150 mm thick infill walls (SFRSWs 2), and skeleton frame with the stiffness of slab and 115 mm thick infill walls (SFRSWs 3) were modelled and analyzed using STAAD Pro by converting the peak reflected blast pressure into equivalent static pressure by using the dynamic load factor. As the storey level increases the lateral displacements, shear force, and bending moment decrease due to a decrease in the impact of the blast at higher stories. The incorporation of infill walls in SFRSW1, SFRSW2, and SFRSW3 type frames shows a significant reduction in the lateral displacements due to the increase of stiffness when compared with SFR type frames.

N-doped graphene nanoribbons intertwined on 3D graphene skeleton as superior metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Increasing the active sites of graphene by forming edge-rich graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) represents a promising pathway for improving the behaviors of metal-free electrocatalyst. N-doped GNRs intertwined on 3D graphene skeleton with aerogel structure (N-GNRs/G) is synthesized by hydrothermal method and subsequent pyrolysis process. In the N-GNRs/G aerogel, 3D graphene acts as the skeleton frame to construct a 3D porous structure, while GNRs with irregular edges expose abundant edge defects which offer doping sites for heteroatoms. Thus, the synergetic effect of GNRs and 3D graphene endows the synthesized N-GNRs/G with tremendous pyridinic-N and graphitic-N active sites towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The N-GNRs/G hybrid exhibits excellent ORR catalytic activity, superior stability, and selectivity. The onset potential and half-wave potential can reach 0.98 V and 0.856 V, respectively, which are close to those of the commercial Pt/C. This work paves a pathway to modulate the surface charge redistribution by means of morphology controlling and heteroatom doping for efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts.

Bermuda Triangle in Chemistry

It is believed that the place called Bermuda triangle is able to hide of human seeing objects entered its area. A Bermuda triangle in chemistry is able to hide (mask) atoms or planar molecular fragments cut by their mirror plane of symmetry, not of human eyes but, of polarized light. A triangular skeleton (frame) has been imagined, possessing the ability to cover many hundreds of molecular formulae, providing the latter refer to aliphatic, or partially aliphatic, compounds, and with a low degree of oxidation. This skeleton (frame) is based on a very general and strong principle, valid in meso entities. The idea is advanced that isomers coming up from a molecular formula could be of four types (groups): meso, C2 symmetrical (CTS), irrechi (from irregular chiral) and constitutional (constit.). The following universal rule is revealed: all CTS and irrechi can be converted to meso ones, but the reverse is not true, at least for the same skeleton. At the same time, an impressive number of constitutional natural or synthetic combinations are characterized by at least one real or envisaged meso isomer. Thus, from a structural point of view, meso isomers are justified as reference compounds. The above mentioned principles have been applied to numerous natural compounds: amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, vitamins, steroids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons. A mathematical equation sustaining the triangular representation has been proposed. One raises the question which of the four types is the upper. A tentative answer is given to this question.

Development of an Automatic Air-Driven 3D-Printed Spinal Posture Corrector

Billions of people are using smartphones and computers with poor posture. A careless attitude towards spinal posture could be dangerous for long-term spinal health, leading eventually to curvature of the spine. Ignoring this fact and its treatment at the early stage will significantly deteriorate spinal health and force surgical intervention. Instead of developing an automated posture-correcting system, the existing research mostly focused on a posture-monitoring system to inform the users via a human interface, e.g., Bluetooth-based devices. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel posture-correction method to automatically prevent spinal disease by facilitating proper posture habits. Specifically, we develop a fluid-driven wearable posture corrector, whose skeleton can be fabricated simply using a 3D printer, to estimate angular posture deviation using sensors and provide appropriate assistance to correct the posture habit of the user. Mounted sensors provide the degree of postural bending, and a controller regulates the appropriate signals to provide a friendly pulling force as a reminder to the user through a fluid-driven actuator. The skeleton with a fluid-driven tool is designed to mimic the motion of the spinal posture by activating the actuator, which injects (or releases) the fluid into (or from) the skeleton frame and regulates forces to reduce the angular deviation of the skeleton. The 3D-printed skeleton with a flexible rubber tube has been experimentally evaluated to ensure proper actuating mechanism through the adjustment of air pressure. It is found that, by applying air pressure in the range of 0 to 101.4 kPa, the skeleton is pulled back approximately 1 N to 7 N forces, minimizing the angle up to 12.44∘ with respect to the initial steady stage, which leads to a maximum posture correction of 32.55% angle (θ) of poor posture. From the above experiments, we ensure the functionality of the proposed posture corrector in producing backward forces to correct the posture automatically.

Enhanced discriminative graph convolutional network with adaptive temporal modelling for skeleton-based action recognition

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have achieved promising results in skeleton-based action recognition due to their capability in analysing irregular grids with non-Euclidean geometry. Considering the fact that skeleton-based action recognition is a classification problem, the suitable graph representation in GCN-based approaches is the key for the ultimate goal of classification. Despite the practical success of GCN-based approaches for solving this problem over the past few years, learning better representation is still a challenging issue and the existing approaches fail in distinguishing similar actions. Besides, most existing GCN-based frameworks focus on modelling the spatial information and use one fixed kernel to model the temporal information. Such modelling does not pay enough attention to diversifying representations among different skeleton frames, leading to inefficiency in obtaining more discriminative temporal features for different actions and therefore, such modelling is inconvenient with the diversity of human movements. Our main concern in this work is the adaptive feature extraction of highly discriminative information for both the spatial and the temporal dimensions. To achieve that, a novel Enhanced Discriminative Graph Convolutional Network (ED-GCN) based on the attention mechanism for skeleton-based action recognition is proposed. Discriminative channel-wise features are obtained by fusing the Squeeze and Excitation (SE) module to the GCN to selectively enhance the significant features and suppress the non-significant ones. The adaptively enhanced feature map is then fused to the graph convolutional layer to improve the capability of learning better representation. For the temporal dimension inspired by temporal modelling in videos, we introduce our adaptive temporal modelling block (ATB), which is able to flexibly capture temporal structure for skeleton-based action recognition. Here, the proposed ATB is a two-stage module comprising re-calibration and motion-interaction stage, designed to learn temporal features by integrating the modelling of channel correlation and temporal evolution, respectively. Experimental results on two large-scale datasets, NTU-RGB+D and Kinetics-skeleton demonstrate the importance of discriminatively learned information and the effectiveness of the proposed ED-GCN for skeleton-based action recognition.

Anti-osteoporotic medication and scleroderma

Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) represents a challenging condition, usually requiring a multi-disciplinary team due to multi-organ involvement; it is mostly considered an autoimmune disease; the signature of the malady is the extensive fibrosis at the level of skin and multiple organs, associating endothelial/vessel damage and anomalies of immune response. We point out a few aspects concerning scleroderma-related osteoporosis. This is a literature review. Patients might associate low bone mineral density (the underling mechanisms are not entirely understood), thus an increased risk of fractures; so early recognition and treatment is mandatory for a better outcome. Some data showed that particularly vertebral fractures are prone to the condition. Almost half of individuals with the malady have osteoporosis (female prevalence, especially post-menopausal) and one third of them have an osteoporotic fracture. Older age and associated vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of fracture. Vitamin D has pleomorphic distribution, also targeting the immune modulation, cytokines puzzle, and the muscle-bone crosstalk in scleroderma. Hypovitaminosis D might be expected in these patients, while general D-supplementation has controversial benefits effects. Chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions might benefit from the TBS use as fracture risk indicator through micro-architecture evaluation. It seems that patients with systemic sclerosis and malnutrition have lower TBS; high Dkk-1 serum levels (Dickkopf-1) is correlated with reduced TBS and advanced disease; TBS is correlated to the extent of microvascular complications; exposure to glucocorticoids (certain high-dose regimes) supplementary lowers TBS. Gastrointestinal complications are presented in 90% of patients with systemic sclerosis, involving fibrosis at any level which is a poor prognostic factor; malabsorption of nutrients and weight loss correlates with reduced bone formation while esophageal and gastric anomalies contraindicate the use of oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. Other abnormal elements of skeleton frame include: premature ovarian failure, serotonin system anomalies, chronic inflammation, potential side effects of immunosuppressant drugs. In patients with systemic sclerosis, the choices of medication targeting osteoporosis are limited; the use of intravenous bisphosphonates remains first line option (if renal function is adequate); the consideration of skin and esophageal anomalies is mandatory in the management of osteoporosis. Overall, the landscape of bone domain in systemic sclerosis is multi-leveled and some areas are still waiting for clear answers.

Preparation and characterization of a novel composite membrane of natural silk fiber/nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan for guided bone tissue regeneration

Abstract Natural silk fiber (SF) was introduced into the chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite (CS/n-HA) system to fabricate a novel guided bone tissue regeneration (GBR) membrane. The effect of different treatment methods (degummed, un-degummed, or dissolved SF) and different contents of SF on the properties of the CS/n-HA composite membrane was investigated. Results demonstrated that the degummed SF/CS/n-HA composite membrane with a weight ratio of 2:6:2 possessed the highest mechanical strength, where SF supported the composite membrane as a skeleton frame in the form of primeval state, while the un-degummed SF and dissolved SF had weaker reinforce effect due to the poor interface or poor interaction between SF and CS, and the dissolved SF/CS/n-HA composite membrane displayed the fastest degradation. However, the three SF could all improve the cell biocompatibility of the CS/n-HA composite membrane. Conclusively, the study revealed that degummed SF could in situ reinforce the CS/n-HA composite membrane with a simple and green processing method, which would provide an important guidance significant to develop a novel GBR membrane.

Benefit of Ultra-High Strength Infill in Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns

Concrete filled steel tubes (CFST) represent a composite building member suitable especially for the construction of columns of a skeleton frame. Filling the steel tube with concrete allows the use of suitable properties of both materials and their interaction. This is very beneficial in a fire exposure, where a circular column has slightly better fire resistance than a square column. In case of an assessment of columns at the ultimate limit state (ULS), a buckling resistance decides. In previous research, it was found that increasing the strength of concrete increases buckling resistance only to a certain extent. The main aim of the article is to show through a theoretical study what benefit the use of ultra-high strength concrete has for buckling resistance of CFST.

Study on progressive collapse behaviour of steel-framed substructures with sheathed CFS stud infill walls

Sheathed light-gauge steel walls (SLSW) made by cold-formed steel (CFS) studs and external sheathings have been widely applied as they possess many advantages such as flexible spatial layout and quick assembly on site. Previous studies have shown that SLSW can lead to an increase in structural resistance and stiffness when subjected to lateral load. However, influences introduced by SLSW on the progressive collapse resistance of steel-framed substructures have not been adequately investigated due to a deficiency of physical test data. Thus, this paper presents laboratory tests on two steel beam-to-column sub-assemblages, one skeleton frame (SF) and one SLSW infilled frame (IF), with an unsupported centre-column scenario. Comparison between two specimens suggests that additional infill walls can offer an alternative load path to the applied load and can lead to a considerable increase in progressive collapse resistance of the frame. An analytical approach based on the three-strut model is adopted to predict the structural resistance of the specimens. Finite element models are established to simulate the progressive collapse performance of the specimens based on the validated numerical modelling approach. The effects of key design variables on the progressive collapse resistance of the steel frame are further discussed based on parametric studies. The obtained results highlight that the effect introduced by the configuration of the sheathings on the load-carrying capacity of the steel frame is significant.

Skeleton-Based Action Recognition With Focusing-Diffusion Graph Convolutional Networks

Graph Convolutional Networks have been successfully applied in skeleton-based action recognition. The key is fully exploring the spatial-temporal context. This letter proposes a Focusing-Diffusion Graph Convolutional Network (FDGCN) to address this issue. Each skeleton frame is first decomposed into two opposite-direction graphs for subsequent focusing and diffusion processes. Next, the focusing process generates a spatial-level representation for each frame individually by an attention module. This representation is regarded as a supernode to aggregate the feature from each joint node in each frame for spatial context extraction. After generating supernodes for the entire sequence, a transformer encoder layer is proposed to capture the temporal context further. Finally, these supernodes pass the embedded spatial-temporal context back to the spatial joints through the diffusion graph in the diffusing process. Extensive experiments on the NTU RGB+D and Skeleton-Kinetics benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.