Skeletal ClassII Research Articles

Orthodontic-Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion In Skeletal Class-II Patient

Orthodontic-Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion In Skeletal Class-II Patient

Correcting a skeletal ClassII malocclusion with full maxillary dental arch distalisation using Infra-zygomatic crest (IZC) bone screw: A case report

Managing a correction of Skeletal Class II malocclusion has remained a challenge to a experience clinician solving this challenge involves surgical and non -surgical methods. The patient centered approach towards non-surgical correction which involves 3-Dimenional innovative tooth movement.Recently the clinician have tried to distalize the entire maxillary dentition by using Bone anchored supportive system which was previously tooth anchored. Bone anchored system nullifies the reciprocal component of force and hence no unwanted dental movements. Use of IZC is one such kind which helps in correcting skeletal Class II malocclusion with distalizing maxillary arch.

Comparison of linear distance of glenoid fossa to frontomaxillary nasal suture in skeletal Class-II and skeletal Class-I malocclusion.

To compare linear distance of glenoid fossa to frontomaxillary nasal suture in skeletal Class-I and II malocclusions. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi Pakistan. The duration of study was one year from January, 2019 to January, 2020. After taking informed consent from patient and hospital ethical committee a total of 60 patients were included in the study using WHO sample size calculator. Two groups comprising 30 patients each i.e., Skeletal Class-I malocclusion and Skeletal Class-II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion both having normal vertical relationship were included in the study. The cephalometric measurements SNA, SNB, SNMP, FHMP, GF-FMN, CO-GO, CO GN on lateral cephalograms were measured and compared between the two groups. Independent t test was applied and p value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. In skeletal Class-I malocclusion the mean linear distance of GF-FMN was 70.2 ± 4.02 mm and in skeletal Class-II malocclusion it was 73.4 ± 4.04 mm (p value .004). Glenoid fossa was 3.2 mm distally placed in patients with Class-II malocclusion. Glenoid fossa position is a diagnostic feature of Class-II malocclusion associated with mandibular retrusion. One of the effective cephalometric measurements to check glenoid fossa position is the distance from the glenoid fossa(GF) to the frontomaxillary nasal suture FMN (GF-FMN).

Effect of functional bite raisers using three-dimensional printing technology on facial profile enhancement of skeletal class Ii cases

Effect of functional bite raisers using three-dimensional printing technology on facial profile enhancement of skeletal class Ii cases

Does the 2D:4D Ratio Exhibit Sexual Dimorphism in Skeletal Malocclusions? A Retrospective Study

Objective: It is noteworthy that the 2D:4D ratio, also called as the ratio of the length of the second digit (2D) to the length of the fourth digit (4D), which has the ability to remain stable lifetime, is associated with various hormones and craniofacial skeletal development as a biomarker in early diagnosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Materials and Method: A total of 117 patients (57 females, mean age 13.44±1.98; 60 males, mean age 13.56±2.14) with normal vertical angles were included, and the groups were divided into skeletal classes I, II and III according to the ANB angle. The skeletal class I group consisted of patients with ideal values for both SNA and SNB angles. The skeletal groups were further divided into female and male subgroups by gender. SNA, SNB, SN/GoGn and ANB angles and ANS-PNS and Go-Pog lengths were measured on pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs. Digit length measurements were performed with a digital caliper capable of measuring up to 0.01 mm. The 2D:4D ratio was calculated for each group by dividing the 2D length by the 4D length. Statistical analyzes were performed with independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA in normally distributed data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Man-Whitney U tests in non-normally distributed data. Statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between right and left 2D:4D ratios and right and left digit lengths of the same hand in skeletal classes. While statistically significant sexual dimorphism was observed in digit lengths and 2D:4D ratios in skeletal class Is, it was observed that the significance decreased as the severity of malocclusion increased. No significant difference was found in terms of sexual dimorphism in skeletal class IIIs. There was no significantly difference between the skeletal groups in terms of 2D:4D ratio and length measurements. Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism was seen in all parameters, especially in skeletal class I patients, and it was found that males had more 2D and 4D lengths and a lower 2D:4D ratio than females. It was also concluded that as the severity of malocclusion increased, the statistical significance of the parameters observed with sexual dimorphism decreased. The fact that sexual dimorphism is fully seen in skeletal class Is but not in skeletal class III has led to the use of the 2D:4D ratio as a diagnostic biomarker in the early diagnosis of sagittal skeletal malocclusions by gender.

Third molar angulation and retromolar space after functional orthodontic treatment : Evaluation of panoramic radiographs after monoblock or Herbst appliance.

The aim of this respectively cohort study was to evaluate the lower second and third molars and canine angulations, retromolar space and occlusal relationships after functional orthodontic treatments with the monoblock or Herbst appliance using panoramic radiographs. Pre- and posttreatment cephalometric and panoramic radiographs of 133 patients (mean age 13.89 ± 1.14years) treated non-extraction with monoblock (n: 44), Herbst (n: 45) and fixed orthodontic appliances (control group; n: 44) were included to the study. Dental and skeletal measurements were performed on cephalometric radiographs. The angle between the third and second molars, and canines with the lower border of the mandible and the occlusal plane, gonial angle, the angle between the third and second molars and the retromolar space width were assessed on pre- and posttreatment panoramic radiographs. Paired and independent ttests were used for the statistical analysis of the data for intragroup and intergroup comparisons. Functional treatment with both the monoblock and the Herbst appliances resulted in improvement of skeletal classII relationships. Retromolar space significantly increased in the functional appliance groups compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001), but improvement of the angulations of posterior teeth was significant only in the monoblock group (p ≤ 0.001). While both the Herbst and monoblock appliances led to an increase in retromolar space, monoblock treatment resulted in more favorable angulation of the third molars compared to the Herbst treatment.

Cephalometric Evaluation of Soft-tissue Profile Changes in Class-II Division 1 Patients with Varied Growth Patterns Treated with all First Premolar Extractions: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Knowledge of the facial skeleton and its overlying soft-tissue is essential in determining facial harmony. Additionally, an individual’s growth pattern may influence posttreatment facial profiles and needs to be considered during treatment planning. Aim: To evaluate the soft-tissue profile changes in treated Class-II malocclusion patients with varied mandibular growth patterns and to compare these changes with patients having a skeletal Class-I relationship and a balanced facial profile. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional cephalometric study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, from June 2021 to December 2022. The study included 210 lateral cephalograms of 120 patients. The cephalograms were divided into four groups based on the Frankfort horizontal Mandibular plane Angle (FMA): Group-1 (control, n=30): skeletal Class-I (FMA=22°-28°); Group-2 (n=30): skeletal Class-II with a horizontal growth pattern (FMA<22°); Group-3 (n=30): skeletal Class-II with an average growth pattern (FMA=22°-28°); and group-4 (n=30): skeletal Class-II with a vertical growth pattern (FMA>28°). All patients in the groups2,3, and 4 were treated with all first premolar extractions using a 0.022˝ McLaughlin, Bennett and Trevisi (MBT) appliance. The student’s t-test and post-hoc test was used to analyse skeletal, dental and soft-tissue parameters using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 22.00 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Results: Of the total, 120 patients, 52 were males and 68 females with an age range of 18-28 years. On intergroup analysis, significant changes (p-value<0.05) in the Sella, Nasion and A point (SNA) and Sella, Nasion and B point (SNB) angles were observed in group-3. Clinically insignificant changes were found in the A point, Nasion and B point (ANB) angle across all experimental groups. However, a significant change (p-value<0.001) in the post-treatment ANB angle was observed in group-2, followed by group-3 and 4 when compared with group-1. The soft-tissue profile angle showed a significant change in Group-2 when compared with Group-1 (p-value=0.012). Conclusion: The post-treatment soft-tissue profiles of the experimental groups were comparable to the balanced profile of the control group patients.

Evaluation of Cervical Spine Curvature and its Relation with Cranial Base in Class I, Cleft and Class III Malocclusion Individuals: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Introduction: According to the literature, an existing correlation is said to be present between craniocervical and craniofacial morphology. Recent studies have revealed that there are certain variations among the different forms of craniofacial patterns with respect to the morphology of the vertebrae. Since there are very few studies comparing the curvature of the cervical column in relation to the cranial base in Cleft, Class-I and ClassIII individuals, this study was carried out. Aim: To provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the curvature of the cervical vertebral column and its relationship with the cranial base in Class-I, cleft, and Class-III individuals within the Central Indian population. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi (M).Wardha, Maharashtra, India, patients with skeletal Class-I, Class-III, and Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (UCLP) or Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (BCLP) in the Central India region were included. The study duration was eight months, from April 2022 to January 2023. The research involves a meticulous examination of 90 individuals, divided into three groups: Class-I individuals (n=30), cleft individuals (n=30), and ClassIII individuals (n=30). A comprehensive set of radiographic and cephalometric measurements will be employed to assess cervical vertebral curvature. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for analysis. Results: With the exception of Sella-Nasion to Gonion Gnathion (SA-Go-Gn), where the p-value was 0.13, a statistically significant difference between Class-I and Class-III was seen for all angles. For Class-III cases with clefts, every angle revealed a statistically significant difference. Except for SN-Go-Gn (p=0.65), all of the angles revealed a statistically significant difference when compared to Class-I with Cleft, with a p-value <0.05. Conclusion: The modified curvature angle utilised in the present study facilitated the assessment of cervical curvature in Cleft, Class-I, and Class-III malocclusions, revealing differences in skeletal sagittal jaw relations, particularly in their cervical positions, as indicated by the study findings. Participants in skeletal Class-III had significantly straighter cervical columns than participants in skeletal Class-I. A significant difference between the maxillary base, mandibular base, and the midsection of the spinal column was seen between all three groups.

Effects of 3D Airway Geometry on the Airflow of Adults with Cleft Lip and Palate and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Functional Imaging Study.

Objective Individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) are at a high risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Hypothetically, the severity of OSA might be associated with the morphology of the upper airway (UAW) and the characteristics of the airflow. Thus, the present study aimed to assess and compare, in adults with CLP and skeletal class-III discrepancy, with or without OSA, simulations of airflow resistance and pressure according to the geometrical characteristics of the UAW and cephalometric parameters. Materials and Methods According to the results of type-I polysomnography tests, the sample ( n = 21) was allocated in 2 groups: 1) without OSA (N-OSA; n = 6); and 2) with OSA (OSA; n = 15). Cephalometric measurements were performed on the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the groups. After three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, the volume (V) and minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the UAW were generated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to assess key airflow characteristics. The results were presented at a significance level of 5%. Results The UAW pressure values and airway resistance did not differ between the groups, but there was a tendency for more negative pressures (26%) and greater resistance (19%) in the OSA group. Volume and mCSA showed a moderate negative correlation with resistance and pressure. The more inferior the hyoid bone, the more negative the pressures generated on the pharyngeal walls. Conclusion The position of the hyoid bone and the geometry of the UAW (V and mCSA) exerted effects on the airway-airflow resistance and pressure. However, key airflow characteristics did not differ among subjects with CLP, were they affected or not by OSA.

Ortho-Surgical Management of Skeletal Class Iii Malocclusion With Severe Tooth Size Arch Length Discrepancy

Ortho-Surgical Management of Skeletal Class Iii Malocclusion With Severe Tooth Size Arch Length Discrepancy

Orthosurgical synergism in the management of severe skeletal Class-III malocclusion- A case report

: What is now known as a Class-III malocclusion was initially recognized by Pierre Fauchard. True Class-III malocclusion is a genetically based condition that manifests in childhood. As the youngster reaches the teenage growth spurt, it becomes more obvious. Typically, we will discover a parent or grandparent who is dealing with the same issue. Class-III malocclusion, however, is not a disease. The abnormality itself is a compensatory mechanism to make up for variation that has happened at some point during the course of the individual's development.The case presented here demonstrates the importance of presurgical decompensation, surgical planning, including cephalometric predictions, and mock surgery in the management of severe skeletal Class-III malocclusion. The treatment included comprehensive orthodontic and surgical workup that included bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular setback of 3mm and LeFort-I osteotomy for maxillary advancement of 3mm. Class-I jaw relationships with a pleasing profile and correctly aligned arches were attained after 2 years of detailed treatment. This led to an aesthetic improvement and a significant increase in the patient's confidence. Class-III skeletal malocclusions can be corrected surgically or through camouflage. However, an ortho-surgical approach may be necessary if the issue cannot be resolved with orthodontics alone. When done correctly, bi-jaw surgery has repeatedly been shown to be quite successful.

Assessing the Impact of Maxillomandibular Difference on the Success of Orthodontic Decompensation Preparation in Orthognathic Surgical Skeletal Class-III Patients

Background: Combined orthodontic-surgical treatment includes a thorough diagnosis and analysis of dental and facial deformities. Cephalometric analysis is a common tool for this, in which measurements of specific anatomical landmarks are performed. In order to achieve a successful surgery, orthodontic teeth preparation is mandatory, including dental decompensation before surgery. This should be planned and adequately executed to allow the surgeon to move the jaws to the correct ideal position. Aim: The current study aimed to check if the orthodontic decompensation amount is influenced and compromised by the maxillomandibular difference and if there is a correlation between the deformity’s severity and the orthodontist’s difficulty in achieving an accurate result in the orthodontic decompensation preparation. Methods: The study consisted of 50 pre-operational cephalometric radiographs of patients with Class-III (prognathic) deformity. The measurements included the angles of the upper incisor (U1) longitudinal axis to the Frankfort plane (FH) and palatal plane (PP), lower incisor (L1) longitudinal axis to the lower mandibular plane (MP), overjet (OJ), effective maxillary length, effective mandibular length, and the maxilla–mandibular difference (Diff); Pearson correlation coefficient was applied. Results: There was a significant correlation between the maxilla–mandibular difference and U1 to FH angle (r = 0.254, p = 0.037), U1 to PP angle (r = 0.447, p < 0.001), OJ (r = (−0.426), p < 0.001). There was no statistical significance for Diff and L1 to MP angle (p = 0.342). Conclusions: In Class-III patients, achieving adequate decompensation is more challenging with the maxillary incisors rather than with the mandibular incisors, especially in more severe cases.

Association between craniofacial patterns and third molar agenesis in orthodontic patients.

Third molar agenesis (TMA) is the most common craniofacial anomaly and has been associated with craniofacial patterns in different populations. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess apossible association between craniofacial patterns and TMA in German orthodontic patients. Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with dental records including anamnesis, pretreatment lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms were evaluated. Cephalometric analyses were conducted digitally and lines, angles and proportions were measured to investigate craniofacial morphology. Skeletal classes were determined by the individualised Wits appraisal and ANB angle. The TMA was identified with the help of orthopantomograms. Patients showing agenesis of at least one third molar were included in the TMA group. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association between TMA and craniofacial patterns (αof p ≤ 0.05). Atotal of 148patients were included, 40 (27.0%) presented at least one missing tooth (TMA group) and 108 (73.0%) showed full dentition (control group). Skeletal class determined by the individualised Wits appraisal revealed statistical significance between the TMA and control groups (p = 0.022), in which TMA patients were 11times more likely to present with an individualised skeletal classIII (odds ratio 11.3, 95% confidence interval 1.7-139.5). Skeletal cephalometric analysis revealed no statistical differences between TMA and control groups for any further angular, linear and proportional parameters. Third molar agenesis was associated with skeletal classIII determined by the individualised Wits appraisal.

Retrospective study on the relationship between alveolar-bone morphology at the mandibular incisors and their inclination in adults with low-angle, skeletal class III malocclusion

Background and Aim: The orthodontic tooth movements should be such that the tooth moves safely within the alveolar bone. The alveolar bone around the mandibular central incisors of patients with skeletal class I and II malocclusion is thicker in comparison to those with skeletal class III malocclusion. The present study aimed to investigate an association between low angle inclination skeletal class-III malocclusion and the alveolar bone morphology around it. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 75 malocclusion patients in the Orthodontics Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital of Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2020 to December 2022. The malocclusions were confirmed in the patients via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. The low angle, skeletal class III malocclusions were categorized into three different groups: Group-I (lingual-inclination), Group-II (upright), and Group-III (labial-inclination). Outcomes such as height of alveolar bone and area of cortical as well as cancellous thickness were determined independently on each side. Results: The labial cancellous bone thickness, thickness of labial cortical bone, alveolar bone total thickness, labial alveolar bone total area, and labial alveolar bone height were highest in group-III (labial-inclination). There was a positive correlation between mandibular central incisors and other aforementioned variables.

EVALUATION OF DENTOALVEOLAR COMPENSATION IN DIFFERENT SKELETAL MALOCCLUSIONS IN BENGALEE POPULATION- A CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY

Introduction: Humans have been aware of facial esthetics from prehistoric times. An 'esthetically pleasing face' is described as one in which various facial features are well proportioned and balanced from both 'frontal and prole' view. Evaluating the face in prole is an integral part of a complete orthodontic diagnosis. The labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior (AP) position of maxillary incisors have a crucial effect on the appearance of the smiling prole. Aims: To evaluate and compare dentoalveolar compensations in various skeletal malocclusions. The Cross sectional study Materials and methods: , this Study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2019 at Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, panihati, Kolkata- 7 00114. 120 patients were taken in our study. Result: In the present study mandibular central incisor to SN shows statistically signicant difference in mean value when intergroup comparison were made between control group with group-II, and group-III, between group- Mandibular incisors are proclined labially in skeletal class- II malocclusion, while mandibular incisors were found upright or retroclined in skeletal class-III malocclusion. In Group-II (skeletal Conclusion: Class- II malocclusion) upper incisors are proclined in the upper jaw, and lower incisor proclined in lower jaw.

Treatment of skeletal classIII malocclusion using acombined clear aligner and surgery-early approach : Assessment based on the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System.

To evaluate whether clear aligner therapy (CAT) combined with asurgery-early approach can achieve good therapeutic effects in patients with skeletal classIII malocclusion. Thirty consecutive skeletal classIII malocclusion cases treated with clear aligners combined with early surgery were selected. Treatment time, lateral cephalograms and American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System (ABO-OGS) scores of the treatment models were measured to evaluate the treatment efficiency, facial profile, and occlusion. The results showed that early surgery was achieved after 7.71months of presurgical orthodontics, on average. ANB decreased by 5.57° (P < 0.001), and STissueN Vert to Pog' decreased by 7.29 mm (P = 0.001), both reaching normal values. The posttreatment ABO-OGS scores were 26.600 on average, meeting its standards. With the assistance of CAT, early surgery can be accomplished in patients with skeletal classIII malocclusion, improving their facial profile and achieving functional occlusion.

Cephalometric evaluation of pharyngeal airway and tongue space following treatment with Herbst and AdvanSync appliances : Aprospective randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate and compare pharyngeal airway and tongue space changes after treatment with fixed functional appliances-Herbst and AdvanSync™ (Ormco, Orange, CA, USA) appliances-in skeletal classII patients in pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms. For this randomized, controlled trial, 40patients (21male, 19female) were divided into two groups-aHerbst group (mean age 12.6 ± 0.67 years) and an AdvanSync group (mean age 12.8 ± 0.66 years). Pre- and posttreatment (appliance therapy duration-8months) lateral cephalograms were traced using a software program to evaluate pharyngeal airway and tongue space changes. Nasopharyngeal airway, velopharyngeal airway, glossopharyngeal airway, and hypopharyngeal airway increased in the Herbst group by 2.12 mm (p ≤ 0.001), 2.33 mm (p ≤ 0.001), 2.40 mm (p ≤ 0.01), and 1.57 mm (p ≤ 0.05), while in the AdvanSync group the increases were 1.89 mm (p ≤ 0.001), 1.21 mm (p ≤ 0.001), 1.18 mm (p ≤ 0.001), and 1.53 mm (p ≤ 0.001), respectively. In the Herbst group, tongue length and height increases were 2.04 mm (p ≤ 0.01) and 3.74 mm (p ≤ 0.001), while the values in the AdvanSync group were 2.41 mm (p ≤ 0.05) and 2.69 mm (p ≤ 0.001). The change of the tongue tip from the lower occlusal plane was 0.69 mm (p ≤ 0.001) in the Herbst group and 0.77 mm (p ≤ 0.001) in the AdvanSync group. The velopharyngeal airway dimension was correlated positively with that of the retroglossal oropharyngeal airway, which in-turn positively correlated with the laryngopharyngeal airway which correlated well with the distance of the tongue tip from the lower occlusal plane. The airway dimensions and tongue parameters increased significantly in both treatment groups in the present study. These changes were higher in the Herbst appliance than in the AdvanSync group, except for the distance of the tongue tip from the lower occlusal plane. Asignificant difference between the pharyngeal airways was found only for the retropalatal oropharyngeal airway.

Long-term (≥ 15years) outcome quality after ClassII:1 bionator or Herbst multibracket appliance treatment : Acomparison.

To compare the long-term outcome quality (≥ 15years) of ClassII:1 treatment using either abionator (BIO) or aHerbst-multibracket appliance (HMB). Patients who underwent functional treatment during the ideal treatment period for the respective approach (prepuberty vs. peak/postpeak) were assessed. Inclusion criteria were overjet ≥ 4 mm, skeletal ClassII and availability of study casts from before, after and ≥ 15years after treatment. The study casts were assessed using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and standard orthodontic cast measurements. During treatment, PAR score, overjet and sagittal occlusal relationship improved significantly in all groups. Long-term, there was asignificant increase of incisor irregularity in the upper (HMB) and lower (BIO) arch and asignificant decrease of lower arch width 3 - 3 (BIO). PAR score, overjet, and sagittal occlusal relationship remained stable long-term. Intergroup comparisons revealed significant differences between the BIO and HMB groups in terms of lower arch width (6 - 6), upper and lower arch width (3 + 3/3 - 3) as well as sagittal molar relationship. The achieved improvement in PAR score, overjet, and sagittal occlusion remained comparably stable long-term in all groups. The long-term changes are probably aconsequence of natural aging.

Sellar Metrics and Morphology in Ethnic Dogra Population of Jammu RegionA Cross-sectional Cephalometric Study

Introduction: Sella turcica is an important landmark seen during cephalogram tracing and evaluation. Its morphology varies in persons, gender groups, age groups, and ethnicities. Aim: This cephalometric study was done on a novel population of Dogra ethnicity residing in Jammu to determine the characteristics of sella and its correlation with the sagittal skeletal structures. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study done on cephalograms and included a total of 87 patients which were equally classified as Skeletal Class-I, Class-II, ClassIII, respectively. The pre-treatment profile cephalogram of the patient were obtained in a standardised method. Manual tracing of all the cephalograms was done on an acetate paper with a tracing pencil under optimal illumination. Area, size, shape, bridging of the sella was measured using a novel template and tabulated in excel sheet and sent for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed mean area of sella was highest in skeletal Class-III (32.79±3.28 mm) followed by skeletal Class-I (28.31±1.63 mm) and least in skeletal Class-II subjects (23.27±2.91 mm). Skeletal Class-III had the greatest mean sella length (10.85±0.80 mm), depth (10.54±0.89 mm), Anteroposterior (AP) diameter (13.20±0.83 mm) followed by skeletal Class-I and least in Class-II. Normal sella turcica was prevalent among all the skeletal. Conclusion: The dimensions of the sella obtained from this study provide an estimate about the morphology and size of sella in Dogra population thus providing knowledge to the local Orthodontist about the varied appearance of sella and helps in distinguishing the physiological and pathological patterns of sella.

Mandibular Buccal Shelf Characteristics of South Indian Population with Different Skeletal Patterns- A Retrospective Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Study

Introduction: The morphology of the Mandibular Buccal Shelf area (MBS) which is one of the ideal extra-alveolar locations for Mini-Implants (MI) may vary depending on the population and growth patterns. The success or failure of MIs placed in MBS could be affected by these morphological variations. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the angulation, bone width, and bone depth of the MBS area in South Indian population and the effect of age, gender, and skeletal patterns (both sagittal and vertical) on MBS dimensions using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Saveetha Dental college, Chennai, from January 2022 to June 2022. Forty-five CBCTs of participants with various sagittal skeletal patterns were equally divided into three groups- Group-A: Class-I malocclusion; Group-B: Class-II malocclusion; and Group-C: Class-III malocclusion. Using the OSIRIX Lite software (version 12.0.3), the angulation, buccal bone width {4 and 6 mm from the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ)} and buccal bone depth (6 and 11 mm from the CEJ) of the MBS were determined on CBCTs. The statistical analysis was performed by utilising SPSS software (version 23.0). Descriptive statistics were performed for all the parameters, Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the measurements in gender and each side of the arches, and the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis was performed to compare the measurements at different locations and different skeletal patterns. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant difference was found between genders for the angulation, bone width and bone depth of the MBS (p-value&gt;0.05). A significant difference in the angulation and width at 11 mm from the CEJ was noted between the age groups (p-value 0.01). The MBS posterior region had higher values for all parameters. Significant difference was noted for the different sagittal and vertical growth patterns (p-value &lt;0.01) except bone width in vertical skeletal pattern. Conclusion: South Indian adults exhibited higher bone width in the MBS area. Sagittal skeletal Class-III subjects exhibited larger bone dimensions and hypodivergent patients reported greater apico-coronal bone depth than other growth patterns. The placement of MI in the MBS region must be done with caution considering the variations in different skeletal patterns.