Yarn Size Research Articles

Effect of Sole and Combination of Food Plants on Degumming of Cocoon and Physical Properties of eri (Samia ricini Donovan) Silk Yarn

The study revealed that castor fed worms registered for maximum yarn yield and size with minimum degumming loss and degumming period followed by kesseru fed worms. Though borpat fed worms registered lower values in respect of yarn yield with higher degumming loss and longer degumming period, the food plants had no significant effect on physical properties of the yarns viz, breaking load, tenacity, elongation percentage and imperfection. Interchange of food plants was found to have a decreasing trend in yarn yield and yarn size than sole food plants, however, there was no significant difference among the interchange combinations of food plants in respect of yarn yield and physical properties of the yarns viz., tenacity, elongation and imperfection.

Characterizing fabric crease recovery through sequential image analysis

Abstract Crease recovery is the ability of a fabric to revert to its original condition after deformation or folding. This recovery process is intricately linked to several fabric properties, including fiber content, yarn structure, weave, fabric finish, and mechanical treatments. Based on the dynamic nature of crease recovery, this paper employs sequential image analysis to track the velocity of fabric crease recovery at different positions and extract simple metrics for measuring fabric shape retention. In each image, the contour of the creased sample is detected, and the contour is modeled by a Gaussian function to calculate its barycenter. The barycenter of a crease is the point in space where the mass of the crease is concentrated, reflecting the shape and position of the crease. During the recovery process, the translation of the barycenter of the creased sample can be determined from the sequential images, leading to the calculation of crease's recovery velocity. Experimental results demonstrate a linear relationship between the barycentric velocity and logarithmic time. The slope of the resulting fit line, designated as the crease coefficient k, serves as a singular metric for assessing the fabric's shape retention following the release of the crease. This methodology is benchmarked against traditional fabric crease behavior tests, including the draping coefficient, bending length, and crease recovery angle. It demonstrates that the crease coefficient k offers greater reliability and accuracy across tests on 10 diverse fabric samples, which varied in terms of fiber content, weave, yarn size, and density.

Enhancing Textile Cotton Yarn Sizing: Investigating Factors Impacting Breaking Strength, Pick-Up Percentage, and Elongation Loss

ABSTRACT The paper investigates the effect of machine setting on breaking strength, breaking elongation, and pick-up percentage of sized yarn properties. The factors considered are concentration of size solution, squeezing pressure and counts of yarn, the aim to develop a regression model that shows the effect of factors on size pick-up percentage, breaking strength regain, and loss in breaking elongation. The experiment is conducted by using 16 Ne and 21 Ne of cotton yarn, 3 Bar and 5 Bar of squeezing pressure, and 1.9% and 6% of size concentration with maize starch as sizing agent. A factorial design with two factors and 5 replicants has been used to design the experiment and analyze the results. The result showed that a slight change in squeezing pressure and concentration significantly affects the pick-up percentage, breaking strength regain and breaking elongation loss while a change of yarn count would not have a significant effect on the pick-up percentage of sized yarn. Furthermore, for achieving optimum properties of the sized yarn the pressure of squeezing, the count of the yarn and the concentration of the solution should be adjusted, and a regression model is developed to investigate the properties of the sized yarn by considering considered factors.

Gentamicin Release Study in Uniaxial and Coaxial Polyhydroxybutyrate-Polyethylene Glycol-Gentamicin Microfibers Treated with Atmospheric Plasma.

The skin is the largest organ and one of the most important in the human body, and is constantly exposed to pathogenic microorganisms that cause infections; then, pharmacological administration is required. One of the basic medical methods for treating chronic wounds is to use topical dressings with characteristics that promote wound healing. Fiber-based dressings mimic the local dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), maintaining an ideal wound-healing climate. This work proposes electrospun PHB/PEG polymeric microfibers as dressings for administering the antibiotic gentamicin directed at skin infections. PHB-PEG/gentamicin fibers were characterized before and after plasma treatment by Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD. SEM was used to evaluate fiber morphology and yarn size. The plasma treatment improved the hydrophilicity of the PHB/PEG/gentamicin fibers. The release of gentamicin in the plasma-treated fibers was more sustained over time than in the untreated ones.

Yarn modeling and winding process simulation based on 3D beam elements

In order to study the tension variation of cotton yarn in the winding process, a finite element model of yarn based on three-dimensional beam elements is proposed. As the size of yarn in the length direction is much larger than the cross-sectional size, this paper assumes that the yarn cross-section is circular and ignores the change of the cross-sectional area in the winding process. The winding process of yarn is simulated using Abaqus dynamic explicit, and the influence of the yarn fineness on the yarn tension during winding is analyzed. The results show that the average relative error between the simulation results and the experimental data is 14.09%, and the maximum relative error is 17.06%; therefore the model is reasonable. Compared with the solid element model of yarn, the yarn simulated by this model can save a lot of computing resources while taking into account the yarn stacking effect. The winding length that can be simulated in the same time is tens of times that of the solid element model, thus the winding simulation of nine-layer yarn on the bobbin is realized. The conclusion is that the inner yarn loop presents weak tension while the outer yarn loop has large tension.

Multiple response optimization of sizing machine settings and sized yarn tensile properties using advanced method of experimental design

On a loom, the warp yarns experience exceptionally high mechanical stresses and strains, as well as significant abrasion from friction. As a result, significant yarn breakages cause loom stoppages and, hence, production and quality interruptions. To mitigate this problem, the warp yarns should be treated with a thin, strong film of an appropriate adhesive. The aim of this study is therefore, to investigate the effect of sizing machine parameters on tensile properties of the yarn and to optimize the sized yarn tensile properties. Design expert 11 software with Box-Behnken design has been employed to design the research, analyze the results of experiments, and optimize the responses. In this research, three factors, each at three levels (wet zone yarn tension (A) (340, 380, and 420 N), squeezing roller pressure (B) (13, 15, and 17 N), and sizing machine speed (C) (30, 49, and 68 m/min), as well as three response variables (gain strength, loss elongation, and stretch), are considered. 15 samples of sized yarn have been produced with various combinations of the given factors, and the values of the response variables are measured for each sample. It has been observed that wet zone yarn tension and squeezing roller pressure have a significant effect on gain strength, stretch, and loss elongation. According to the regression analysis, gain strength has a negative relationship with wet zone yarn tension and a positive relationship with squeezing roller pressure. In the other case, both wet-zone yarn tension and squeezing roller pressure have a positive and significant effect on loss elongation and yarn stretch. At 340 N wet zone yarn tension, 13 N squeezing roller pressure, and 51 m/min sizing machine speed, the optimum values of gain strength (32.7 cN/tex), loss elongation (18.5%), and stretch (1.4%) were obtained. The methodologies employed in this study revealed the empirical relationship between the factors and the responses, the interaction effects of the factors on the responses, and multiple response optimizations. The optimized result of this study can be applied to the warp yarn sizing and can improve the tensile properties of the yarn and the loom’s efficiency significantly.

A Thermo-Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Multi-Directional Carbon/Carbon Composite Materials in Aerospace Applications

Carbon/carbon (C/C) composite materials are widely used in aerospace structures operating in high temperature environments based on their high performance thermal and mechanical properties. The C/C composite material has a yarn architecture in which fiber bundles in different directions cross each other, and it is also divided into architecture types, such as 3-D orthogonal, 4-D in-plane, and 4-D diagonal, according to the arrangement of the fiber bundles. The thermo-mechanical performance of the carbon/carbon composite material may vary depending on the yarn architecture, and the material properties are also tailored according to constituent materials, such as fiber and matrix, and manufacturing parameters, such as yarn size, yarn spacing, and fiber volume fraction. In this paper, three types of geometric models are defined for repeating unit cells (RUCs), according to the yarn architecture of the C/C composite material, and the effective stiffness was predicted by applying the iso-strain assumption and stress averaging technique. In addition, the thermo-mechanical characteristics according to the yarn architecture and fiber volume fraction of RUC were compared and evaluated.

Three-dimensional narrow woven fabric with in-plane auxetic behavior

Different auxetic structures and auxetic phenomena are continuously explored by researchers in the field of textiles with enhanced properties for broader application areas. However, developing three-dimensional (3D) auxetic structures by using weaving technology is a real challenge compared to knitting and non-weaving techniques. This research work reports a novel approach to develop 3D woven structures with in-plane auxetic behavior. A conventional 3D multilayer orthogonal through-the-thickness structure was converted into a 3D auxetic woven structure. The structure was designed with three different yarn components to incorporate auxetic geometry. One type of yarn was used in the warp direction, while the other two-yarn systems, comprised of fine elastic yarn and coarse binding yarn, were used in the weft direction. The auxetic geometry achieved resembles the reentrant hexagon by the unusual arrangement of warp yarns. For an in-depth study of the structure, nine fabric samples were fabricated by using a conventional semi-automatic weaving machine with four different influencing parameters. The developed samples were then tested on a tensile testing machine to evaluate their mechanical and auxetic behavior. The results show that the 3D fabrics have a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) even at higher tensile strain and that the appropriate binding to the warp yarn diameter can produce a higher NPR. In addition, the repeat size of the elastic weft yarn, bending stiffness of the binding yarn, and stretch percentage of the elastic weft yarn can highly affect the NPR of the fabric. Furthermore, among all the 3D woven fabrics developed with different structural parameters, the maximum NPR achieved was –1.61.

Effect of Ailanthus species and seasons on yarn parameters of eri silk

Present research entails an in-depth analysis on the effect of two secondary host plants of eri silkworm viz., borpat (Ailanthus grandis Prain) and borkesseru (Ailanthus excels Roxb.) and seasons on yarn parameters of eri silk as quality of silk depends on food quality and rearing season. Seasons had significant effect on all the yarn parameters viz., yarn size, breaking load, tenacity and elongation except twist per inch. Significantly the highest yarn size (10.26s) was observed in autumn season which was at par with the spring season. But the maximum breaking load (0.67 kg) and tenacity (1.40 g/denier) were recorded in spring season and elongation (26.54%) in early summer season. Regardless of the seasons, significantly the higher breaking load (0.64 kg) and tenacity (1.51 g/denier) were recorded on the borkesseru leaves. The interaction effect of seasons and two host plants on eri silk yarn was found to be non-significant. Diversiform effect of both the seasons and the host plants pertaining to yarn characters were witnessed. It can be ensured that all the seasons and host plants are relevant with slight alteration in the yarn quality.

Characterization of microcracking of NCF composites under accelerated hygrothermal cycles: Influence of the stitching yarn and the style of biaxial NCF

In this paper, an analysis of the evolution of microcracking of Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) polymer matrix laminates under hygrothermal loading is presented. These composites are reinforced with biaxial NCF styles ([+45/-45], [0/90], etc.) and manufactured by Liquid Resin Infusion (LRI). The samples are subjected to accelerated hygrothermal cycles that cause microcracks in specific resin-rich areas (RRA). Three types of microcracks were found to occur in the heterogeneous morphology of NCF. An experimental method based on 2D microscopic observations was adapted for the characterization of microcracking in several NCF laminates. 3D tomographic X–ray observations were performed to investigate the propagation and location of microcracks in the NCF volume. The influence of humidity on microcracking was investigated. The impact of several parameters on microcracking was discussed, in particular the stitching yarn size and styles of biaxial NCF used in laminates.

Process-Property Relationships for Melt-Spun Poly(lactic acid) Yarn.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an attractive biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and fiber-forming ability. However, the polymer is highly susceptible to both hydrolytic and thermal degradation during processing. Melt processing conditions typically involve high temperature and shear, whereas to prevent premature degradation, PLA needs to be processed under the mildest conditions that still yield the desired yarn properties. Thus, there is a need to determine the optimum processing conditions to achieve the desired properties of extruded PLA yarn. This study focuses on the effect of melt-spinning process parameters on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the resulting PLA yarn and to derive their process–property relationships. The study compares the effect of process parameters like melt temperature, throughput through the spinneret, take-up speed at the wind-up roller, draw ratio, and drawing temperature on the yarn properties such as the yarn size (linear mass density), tenacity, elongation at break, crystallinity, and molecular weight. Depending on the combination of process parameters, the resulting PLA yarn had a yarn size ranging from 6.2 to 101.6 tex, tenacity ranging from 2.5 to 34.1 gf/tex, elongation at break ranging from 4 to 480%, and degree of crystallinity ranging from 14.6 to 62.2%. Certain combinations of processing parameters resulted in higher process-induced degradation, as evident from the reduction in molecular weight, ranging from 7.6% reduction to 20.5% reduction. Findings from this study increase our understanding on how different process parameters can be utilized to achieve the desired properties of the as-spun and drawn PLA yarn while controlling process-induced premature degradation.

TAM KJ‐Q14 ESU and TAM 12J‐39 ESU upland cotton germplasm with improved fiber bundle strength

AbstractProduction of quality cotton yarns depends on cotton fibers that are long, strong, and uniform in length. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yarn produced in the United States is spun predominately on open‐end spinning technology, while globally, ring technology predominates. Open‐end technology offers speed of production, while ring offers flexibility in size and quality of yarn. A newer technology, vortex spinning, provides spinning speeds that exceed that of open‐end spinning and is 30 times that of ring spinning. In order for upland cotton fibers to compete with man‐made fibers as newer technology is adopted, breeders must develop genotypes that produce longer, stronger, and finer fibers that are more uniform in length distribution. The Cotton Improvement Program at Texas A&M AgriLife Research has developed and released upland cotton germplasm with fiber length equal to that of pima cotton (G. barbadense L.) and fiber strength greater than upland cultivars currently marketed. TAM KJ‐Q14 ESU (extra strength upland) and TAM 12J‐39 ESU (Reg. no. GP‐1084, PI 698109 and Reg. no. GP‐1085 PI 698110, respectively) were developed as part of the effort to provide upland cotton breeders with parental material to incorporate fiber strength into new cultivars. TAM KJ‐Q14 ESU combines excellent fiber length with fiber strength exceeding 350 kN m kg–1 while TAM 12J‐39 ESU combines competitive yield potential with fiber strength exceeding 350 kN m kg–1. Both germplasm lines will provide breeders with additional sources of excellent fiber strength in good to excellent agronomic profiles.

Influence of composite preform fabrication on the integrity of poly‐aryl‐ether‐ketone matrices

AbstractPoly‐Aryl‐Ether‐Ketones (PAEK) matrices of different composite preforms were evaluated to assess the influence of the preform manufacturing on the matrix integrity. Yarns, films, and impregnation suspensions were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheometry. As described in literature, changes in the matrix properties at molten state are observed for all materials. The degradation process is related to a crosslinking process that results in an increase of viscosity and a decrease of crystallization temperature. Differences in degradation behavior were observed depending on the type of preform. Film and yarn extrusion has a limited effect on PAEK behavior, apart from a slight shift in molecular weight, without significant effect on degradation kinetics. However, the organic products that are used for the preparation of semifinished composite products, that is, yarn sizing or suspension additives, have a detrimental effect on stability. The degradation of additives considerably increases the degradation kinetics of the PAEK matrices, and by modifying the thermo‐oxidation mechanisms, the advantages of using complex preforms for consolidation can be annihilated.

Effects of yarn size and blood drop size on wicking and bloodstains in textiles.

Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) for stains found on non-porous surfaces has matured into a powerful forensic science tool based on fluid mechanics principles. The same cannot be said when bloodstains are found on porous substrates, such as textiles. This is partially due to the complex nature of textiles with tens of thousands of different materials in addition to unknown wear characteristics. In this study, three single jersey knit fabrics were manufactured from 100% cotton ring-spun yarns of linear densities of 12, 20, and 30 Ne (492, 295, and 197 dtex, respectively) and nearly identical twist multipliers. Single drops of porcine blood of 2, 10, 30, and 60µL were allowed to fall 1cm (to eliminate the impact of blood velocity) onto each fabric to understand the effects of yarn size on wicking and bloodstains. The size of the stain was then measured and compared for different fabrics and blood drop sizes. Wicking of blood into the fabric was fastest for the largest yarn fabrics, but more extensive wicking occurred on finer yarn fabrics resulting in much larger stains. All stains were highly altered due to wicking of blood. The findings from this paper might help the forensic scientists in understanding wicking in textiles and comparing stains on different textiles to gain a better understanding of bloodstains on textiles.

Emulsions of cross-linked polyacrylic ester for quick-drying yarn sizing

Drying of the warp sizing in yarn preparation is an extremely energy-consuming process in yarn preparation, herein, a cross-linked polyacrylate sizing with remarkable quick-drying characteristic was synthesized via emulsion polymerization to address this problem. The molecular structure, dissolving state and film forming characteristics of polyacrylate were investigated compared with starch and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) sizing agent. Different from starch and PVA in which the molecular chain is fully extended in aqueous solution, the drying rate of polyacrylate in the form of emulsion particles shows significantly faster. The drying rate of polyacrylate emulsion agent (PEA) can be further enhanced via cross-linked by glycidyl methacrylate which will not sacrifice other sizing properties. Taking into account of the low temperature solubility, quick-drying property as well as its excellent sizing characteristics, the prepared cross-linked PEA possessed a broad application prospect in quick-drying yarn sizing field.

Yarn tension control technique for improving polyester soft winding process

The textile industry has a great role in the improvement of any country’s economy. Moreover, the ready-made garments need different coloured high yarn quality, so yarn should be rewinded on plastic cones for dyeing. However, manufacturers are facing the problem of tension variation during soft winding process that mainly affects the yarn quality. Consequently, to overcome the tension variation drawbacks, the attainment of constant optimal tension values is required in order to: (1) Increase the winding speed while maintaining the yarn quality, (2) Improve the dyeing quality, and (3) Reduce the water consumption during the dyeing process. In this paper, a proposed yarn tension control technique is introduced to upgrade the soft winding machine, thus maintain the yarn quality and improve the manufacturing capacity. The proposed technique has been tested on Polyester yarn samples classified as; fine, medium and coarse yarn counts, to cover most yarn sizes used in the industry. Arduino Mega 2560 controller is utilized to implement the proposed tension control. The results are compared to the conventional system to advocate the effectiveness and capability of the proposed technique in overcoming the trade-off between tension control and machine speed that occurs in conventional system using variable tension levels.

A study on porosity related aspects of cotton knitted fabric with single jersey structure for improved comfort application for garment

Knitted fabrics are the preferred structures in athletic wear in which demand for comfort is a key requirement. Heat and liquid sweat generation during athletic & exercise activities must be transported out and dissipated to the atmosphere. A key property influencing such behaviors is porosity. Two parameters that characterize it are pore size and pore volume. One of the objectives in this research was to come up with models that can predict inter yarn pore size and pore volume for simple weft knitted structures, from fabric particulars, such as courses and Wales, count, yarn size, stitch density, thickness and other geometrical details of the fabric, which characterize the structure. Such a model was developed that was based on the geometry of the unit cell of a single loop. The experimental work in this project involved using a set of 16 knitted fabrics that differ in course count and examining their pore structure and porosity related characteristics. The values of pore size and pore volume were calculated, those of pore size were measured with image analysis, and other parameters. The effects of course count and washing on stitch density, stitch length, fabric thickness and pore size are examined in details.

Synthesis of Corn Starch Derivatives and Their Application in Yarn Sizing.

The use of synthesized natural starches for the sizing process in fabric production is primarily an environmental contribution. Synthesized corn starch is environmentally friendly and productive, showing good results in cotton yarn sizing. Acrylamide (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were applied for the grafting process of corn starch, and the initiators azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), potassium persulfate (KPS), and benzoyl peroxide (BP) were chosen to form the grafted monomers more effectively. The application of synthesized corn starch has been confirmed, especially with the AIBIN initiator in the grafting process of HEMA onto starch. The FTIR analysis confirmed that new and efficient products for sizing cotton yarns based on natural raw material (corn) were developed. The research showed that the synthesized corn starch improved physical-mechanical yarn properties and abrasion resistance and reduced yarn surface hairiness. Ultrasonic desizing of yarn and the use of a lower size concentration led to better results than desizing by washing, and the Tegewa numbers confirmed that the desizing process was successful.

Color measurement of single yarn based on hyperspectral imaging system

AbstractThis article proposed a novel approach to color measurement of a single yarn using hyperspectral imaging system (HIS). Due to the size of a single yarn, it is impossible for spectrophotometers to measure its color directly. The HIS can acquire the spectral reflectance of continuous bands within a region of interest on a yarn sample, which can achieve color measurement of a single yarn compared with traditional spectrophotometers. A single yarn is segmented from the background by a spectral matching method through adaptively setting threshold of Fréchet distance values. The spectral reflectance of single yarn is specified by a method that lightness of pixels used as weight. The experiment based on Pantone Cotton Chip Set shows that the interinstrument agreement between the HIS and a standard spectrophotometer Datacolor SF650 has a significant improvement after using the R‐Model, and the average percentage improvement of the color difference is up to 54.99%. The yarn segmentation comparative experimental results show that the proposed method to segment single yarn from background is better in retaining the edge information of the yarn than the modified K‐means clustering method, and the color of the yarn segmented by the proposed method is more similar to the actual color of single yarn.

"Extraction and Application of Moringa Oleifera Seed Kernel Starch for Warp Yarn Sizing in Textile Industry"

"Extraction and Application of Moringa Oleifera Seed Kernel Starch for Warp Yarn Sizing in Textile Industry"