Text Size Research Articles

Serious Games Accessibility Design Model for Low-Vision Children

The evolution in information technology has brought worldwide access to information. Information technology has become an approach for effective learning in the education sector. This development provides an opportunity for people with disabilities. However, many educational software and applications in the market, such as serious games, cannot be accessed by low-vision children due to the visual properties in game design. For instance, small text and graphic sizes, lack of colour contrast, complex visual effects, or reliance on visual cues for instructions are among the visual properties that contribute to these accessibility challenges. They can play serious games as long as they are designed based on their accessibility needs. This paper proposed a serious games design model for low-vision children. The three main components are accessibility, game design, and pedagogy. The serious game accessibility design model is implemented using a low-fidelity prototype that takes the form of a serious game mockup. This prototype allows for basic interaction and testing of the game’s features, with a focus on accessibility considerations. The expert validation was conducted on the prototype using heuristic evaluation to assess its usability. Based on the evaluation, the experts agreed on implementing the proposed model to the prototype.

Mobile software aids for people with low vision

The usage of smartphones is increasingly widespread, and the usefulness of mobile applications as low-vision aids is evident but not thoroughly examined. In this study, we surveyed people with low vision to assess the usability of common, preloaded mobile applications, to evaluate the usage of typical assistive technologies of smartphones, and to measure the usefulness, and usability of recent software advancements that can be used as visual aids. We invited 134 low-vision individuals to participate, and 45 of them met the eligibility criteria and completed an in-person survey. The eligibility criteria were as follows: aged 18 years or older and mentally competent, visual acuity worse than 0.4 logMAR with best-corrected glasses in the better-seeing eye, ownership of a smartphone and familiarity with visual assistive technologies. All testing scenarios were carried out using the participants' smartphones, either with Android or iOS operating systems. Participants reported the usefulness and ease of use for common visual display enhancements (i.e., text size, bold text, increased contrast, inverted colors, and dark mode), audio feedback capabilities, four primary preloaded apps (Dialer, Clock, Calculator, and Calendar), and four usage scenarios that serve as low-vision aids (magnify with camera, hard-copy text-to-speech, voice typing, and voice commands). Participants also indicated whether they could use the apps or execute the scenarios independently. The Dialer and Clock apps, text enhancements, camera magnification, and voice typing were rated as highly useful, while the Calendar application received lower ratings. Most of the selected apps or services were rated as easy to use, with lower ratings recorded for the Calendar and Select to Speak ones. Considering the positive results across all options, this collection of apps and services proved useful for all age groups, regardless of gender, technological familiarity, or education. The feedback received in this study can help towards improving the everyday lives of low-vision people as well as informing the design of apps and assistive features, guiding future research and development to enhance visual accessibility on mobile computing devices.

A self-management psychoeducational eHealth program to support and empower people with advanced cancer and their family caregivers: Development using the scrum methodology

BackgroundeHealth programs could be a flexible and scalable resource to support and empower people with advanced cancer and their family caregivers. A face-to-face intervention that has demonstrated effectiveness is the “FOCUS” program, developed and tested in the USA. Recently the FOCUS program was translated and adapted to the European context as part of an international study in six European countries, resulting in the “FOCUS+” program. FOCUS+ served as the basis for development of the web-based iFOCUS program. ObjectiveWe aim to (1) describe the development process of the iFOCUS program, (2) outline the challenges we encountered and how they were overcome, and (3) present findings regarding the acceptability and usability of iFOCUS. MethodsWe used the four phased agile Scrum methodology to develop iFOCUS and applied set timeframes of rapid program development and evaluation (sprints). Five teams were involved in the development i.e. a core development group, a web development team, an international consortium, audio-visual experts, and potential end-users. ResultsDevelopment followed seven steps, integrated across the four phases of Scrum: (1) concept design, (2) development of mock-ups, (3) Feedback from the international consortium, (4) technical development of iFOCUS, (5) creating versions for the six participating countries, (6) preliminary testing of iFOCUS and (7) implementing the final version in a randomized controlled trial. User testing included 42 participants (twenty patient-family caregiver dyads and two bereaved family caregivers) who reviewed the iFOCUS program. Users found the iFOCUS program to be acceptable and usable. Feedback mainly focused on text size and fonts. Minor changes to the content, tailoring, and program flow were required. During development we encountered program specific and general challenges. Using the Scrum methodology facilitated iterative development to address these issues. For some challenges, such as tailoring, we had to make pragmatic choices due to time and resource limitations. Conclusions/discussionThe development of a tailored, self-managed psychoeducational eHealth program for people with advanced cancer and their family caregivers is an intense process and requires pragmatic choices. By keeping the emphasis on the target population during development, no specific remarks pertaining to advanced cancer were identified. Some challenges we encountered are common to eHealth development, others were related to program specific requirements. Using the Scrum methodology allows teams to efficiently collaborate during program development and increases the flexibility of the development process. Interpersonal contact between research staff and potential end-users is recommended during and after the development of eHealth programs.

Efficient matrix key homomorphic encryption of medical images

A sure way of providing privacy to sensitive images is to encrypt them, especially when they are stored in a public cloud server. Homomorphic encryption enables arithmetic operations over encrypted data without access to the secret key. This facility can be well harnessed for secure outsourced image processing by exploiting the available computational capabilities of modern cloud servers. This paper presents a new homomorphic image encryption scheme that uses integer matrix keys. The homomorphic operations are carried out in the finite field Zp to avail the advantages of integer arithmetic and to limit the cipher text sizes to reasonable levels. Our method does not use any error vector as in learning with errors (LWE) to improve the security.

Short Updates- Machine Learning Based News Summarizer

Automated Text Summarization is becoming important due to the vast amount of data being generated. Manual processing of documents is tedious, mostly due to the absence of standards. Therefore, there is a need for a mechanism to reduce text size, structure it, and make it readable for users. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is critical for analyzing large amounts of unstructured, text-heavy data. This project aims to address concerns with extractive and abstractive text summarization by introducing a new neural network model that deals with repetitive and incoherent phrases in longer documents. The model incorporates a novel Seq2Seq architecture that enhances the standard attentional model with an intra-attention mechanism. Additionally, a new training method that combines supervised word prediction and reinforcement learning is employed. The model utilizes a hybrid pointer-generator network, which distinguishes it from the standard encoder-decoder model. This approach produces higher quality summaries than existing models.

Cancer Resource and Information Support (CRIS) for Bladder Cancer Survivors and Their Caregivers: Development and Usability Testing Study.

Bladder cancer survivors and their caregivers face profound practical (eg, use of stoma appliances and care for urinary diversion methods) and psychosocial (eg, depression and anxiety) challenges after surgical treatment with cystectomy. To improve the health-related quality of life and postsurgical outcomes of both bladder cancer survivors and their caregivers, the team, in collaboration with Sourcetop, Inc (software design) and Dappersmith (graphic design), developed the Cancer Resource and Information Support (CRIS) software. The purpose of this manuscript is to report on the development and usability testing of the CRIS software. The development of the CRIS software was guided by the Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) model for developing behavioral treatments for chronic diseases. The ORBIT model is unique in that it proposes a flexible and progressive process with prespecific clinically significant milestones for forward movement and returns to earlier stages for refinement, and it facilitates communication among diverse groups by using terminology from the drug development model. This paper focuses on 2 phases of the ORBIT model: phase IA: define and IB: refine. During phase IA, the study team developed solutions for the stated clinical problem-adjustment to life post cystectomy-by reviewing the literature and collecting feedback from clinicians, professional organizations, bladder cancer survivors, and their caregivers. During Phase IB, the study team focused on tailoring content in the CRIS software to the user as well as usability testing with 7 participants. The finished product is CRIS, a web-based software for survivors of bladder cancer and their caregivers to serve as a health management and lifestyle resource after surgery. Overarching themes from phase IA (participant feedback) included how to use new medical equipment, tips and tricks for easier living with new medical equipment, questions about health maintenance, and questions about lifestyle modifications. To accommodate our target population, we also incorporated recommendations from the Americans with Disabilities Act for website design, such as large text size, large paragraph spacing, highly contrasting text and background colors, use of headings and labels to describe the purpose of the content, portrait orientation without the need for horizontal scrolling, multiple ways to access a web page within a set of pages, ability to navigate web pages in sequential order, and in-text links that are descriptive. Usability participants evaluated CRIS very positively, indicating that it was easy to use, the functions were well-integrated, and if available, they would use CRIS frequently. CRIS, developed over the course of 18 months by integrating feedback from experts, literature reviews, and usability testing, is the first web-based software developed for bladder cancer survivors and their caregivers to help them adjust to life following cystectomy. The efficacy of CRIS in improving patients' and caregivers' quality of life is currently being evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.

Comparative Analysis of Multimedia Compression Algorithms

Data compression reduces the amount of bits needed to encode information, conserving expensive resources like disc space and transmission bandwidth. By using data compression, an information block's real size is kept as little as possible. The compression process consists of two steps: encoding, which uses fewer bits to compress a message, and decoding, which uses the compressed representation to roughly resemble or replicate the original message. The two main types of data compression are lossless compression and lossy approaches. The Huffman, Lempel-Ziv, and Run Length encoding techniques were all examined in this research, along with three other commonly used compression techniques. According to the research, Run Length Encoding was the best method for reducing the size of text, web pages, images, and sound.

Fast 128-bit Multi-Pass Stream Ciphering Method

Information is an essential and valuable object in all systems. The more information you have about your issue, the better you can conform to the world around you. Moreover, information recognizes companies and provides influence that helps one company be more effective than another. So, protecting this information using better security controls and providing a high level of access to authorized parties becomes an urgent need. As a result, many algorithms and encryption techniques have been developed to provide a high level of protection for system information. Therefore, this paper presents an enhancement to the Blowfish algorithm as one of the cryptography techniques. Then it proposes an enhancement for increasing efficiency and secrecy for this algorithm, which are the main criteria for these modifications. In this paper, the main modification made for the Blowfish algorithm is altering the S-box according to the principles of the block cipher (OFB). The results were approved using hamming distance and avalanche effect. The proposed algorithm presents advantages on several points, including reducing the required time for the encryption and decryption processes and preventing transmission errors from perpetuating all data. Also, we can conclude that the modified Blowfish algorithm can be used for all text encryption systems because of its flexibility (unlimited input text size and expanding key size).

Poster graphic design with your Eyes: An approach to automatic textual layout design based on visual perception

The layout of graphic design can betedious, especially for non-professional users who require additional time. Therefore, this paper proposes a graphic design layout method based on visual perception. First, a graphic design dataset is trained based on a fully convolutional network, and a visual saliency prediction model is established to predict the visual saliency of the background image. Second, a probability density map of the background image is obtained using a diffusion equation. Third, based on a generation algorithm for a text anchor box, anchor boxes of different positions, sizes, and lengths are obtained. The experimental results show that, compared with previous work, the text position and size obtained by this method have higher correlations with the baseline.

Rare words in text summarization

Automatic text summarization is a difficult task, which involves a good understanding of an input text to produce fluent, brief and vast summary. The usage of text summarization models can vary from legal document summarization to news summarization. The model should be able to understand where important information is located to produce a good summary. However, infrequently used or rare words might limit model’s understanding of an input text, as the model might ignore such words or put less attention on them, especially, when the trained model is tested on the dataset, where the frequency distribution of used words is different. Another issue is that the model accepts only a limited amount of tokens (words) of an input text, which might contain redundant information or not including important information as it is located further in the text. To address the problem of rare words, we have proposed a modification to the attention mechanism of the transformer model with pointer-generator layer, where attention mechanism receives frequency information for each word, which helps to boost rare words. Additionally, our proposed supervised learning model uses the hybrid approach incorporating both extractive and abstractive elements, to include more important information for the abstractive model in a news summarization task. We have designed experiments involving a combination of six different hybrid models with varying input text sizes (measured as tokens) to test our proposed model. Four well-known datasets specific to news articles were used in this work: CNN/DM, XSum, Gigaword and DUC 2004 Task 1. Our results were compared using the well-known ROUGE metric. Our best model achieved R-1 score of 38.22, R-2 score of 15.07 and R-L score of 35.79, outperforming three existing models by several ROUGE points.

Text, Image and Audio Steganography

Abstract: Steganography refers to the concealment of confidential data within a common medium, like a text, image, or audio file, without altering its original appearance, to evade detection. This method is used for several purposes, including protecting data privacy, preventing unauthorized access to data, and ensuring safe information transmission over insecure networks. While steganography can be used for legitimate purposes such as by military, law enforcement, and journalism, it can also be employed for malicious activities like cybercrime and terrorism. The least significant bit (LSB) of each letter in text & audio and the LSB of each pixel in images are altered in steganography to make the alterations invisible. Advanced steganography algorithms like Masking & Filtering and Encrypt & Scatter have improved security against steganalysis assaults while producing higher-quality stego images. The method’s capability for concealing text with an unlimited hidden text size in text, audio, and images will be employed in the outcome.

Proposed Method for Efficient Block Cipher Cryptography

After the use of the Internet and the transmission of files between users expanded, information security became one of the important priorities for securing information by different means and methods. The information encryption comes at the forefront of the techniques used in information security. Encryption has been known since ancient ages. So, traditional methods appeared that quickly and greatly developed. They are still used in many scientific studies and developmental research with the aim of developing new methods for encryption of substitutions and increasing its ability to confront various attacks. The traditional methods were subjected to several attacks that they prompted researchers to develop them and overcome their weaknesses in front of those attacks. Some combinations of these methods are used to design new encryption methods based on overlapping ideas of traditional encryption. This paper sought to use a set of traditional encryption methods in designing a new system. In which, these methods are mixed with modern ideas that help increase the strength of encryption and its ability to face potential attacks. Caesar, Vigenère, Rail Fence, and transpose ciphers, with the idea of cipher cycles and segments and division into two parts in block ciphers. The proposed system relied on the chaotic function Tent map for its random properties in generating a string of keys consisting of 112 random characters in length using Python 3.11 programming language. The text was cut into Blocks of 108 characters. Each Block was divided into two parts. A part of the key was added to each section. A rial fence method was applied. Then Vigenère method with the key is applied. The proposed system processed the original text within the framework of the encryption cycles with the use of substitution in the order of the columns, shifting to the right, and the replacement of the sequence of the elements of each side according to the order of the elements of the other side. After the end of the encrypting cycles, the cipher block is added to the final ciphertext. The operations were repeated for the next block until the last block is finished. For the purpose of decrypting, the previous operations are repeated in reverse order to obtain the original text, by decrypting blocks of the cipher text. The proposed system achieved extreme accuracy in extracting the original text. The system was evaluated by measuring the time and throughput of the encryption and decryption. The encryption and decryption times were short for short texts, which increased with the increase in the length of the text, with a relatively stable encryption and decryption throughput. The system achieved acceptable memory consumption in short texts but increased by the length of the text size. The achieved Avalanche test was less than (50%).

Regular Expression Matching using Bit Vector Automata

Regular expressions (regexes) are ubiquitous in modern software. There is a variety of implementation techniques for regex matching, which can be roughly categorized as (1) relying on backtracking search, or (2) being based on finite-state automata. The implementations that use backtracking are often chosen due to their ability to support advanced pattern-matching constructs. Unfortunately, they are known to suffer from severe performance problems. For some regular expressions, the running time for matching can be exponential in the size of the input text. In order to provide stronger guarantees of matching efficiency, automata-based regex matching is the preferred choice. However, even these regex engines may exhibit severe performance degradation for some patterns. The main reason for this is that regexes used in practice are not exclusively built from the classical regular constructs, i.e., concatenation, nondeterministic choice and Kleene's star. They involve additional constructs that provide succinctness and convenience of expression. The most common such construct is bounded repetition (also called counting), which describes the repetition of the pattern a fixed number of times. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for the efficient matching of regular expressions that involve bounded repetition. Our algorithms are based on a new model of automata, which we call nondeterministic bit vector automata (NBVA). This model is chosen to be expressively equivalent to nondeterministic counter automata with bounded counters, a very natural model for expressing patterns with bounded repetition. We show that there is a class of regular expressions with bounded repetition that can be matched in time that is independent from the repetition bounds. Our algorithms are general enough to cover the vast majority of challenging bounded repetitions that arise in practice. We provide an implementation of our approach in a regex engine, which we call BVA-Scan. We compare BVA-Scan against state-of-the-art regex engines on several real datasets.

The Effect of Supplementary Food in the Form of Moringa Leaf Dry Brownies on the Increasing Weight of Under-Fives with Underweight Status

Background: In 2020, the percentage of underweight children under five in Indonesia is relatively high, which is 6.7% or a total of 779,139 children under five. Wonokerto Village is the village with the highest number of underweight children under five in Turi District. This shows that the problem of under-five malnutrition is still high both in Indonesia and in the regions, even though toddlers are a golden age where the growth process occurs very rapidly and cannot be repeated. Therefore, malnutrition in toddlers needs to be addressed immediately so that growth disorders do not occur. One alternative treatment is with dry brownies of Moringa leaves.
 Methods: This study used Pre Experimental designs, One Group Pretest and Posttest with a sample of 34 underweight toddlers who were intervened for 21 days and analyzed their weight gain using the Paired T-Test.
 Results: The results showed that there was an increase in underfive weight between before and after being given moringa leaf brownies with a p value of 0.000 < 0.05..
 Conclusion: The conclusion is there is an effect of providing additional food in the form of dry brownies of Moringa leaves on increasing body weight in underfives with underweight status.
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A mobile e-learning application for enhancement of basic mathematical skills in visually impaired children

Although smartphones are equipped with accessibility functions, they still pose significant problems for visually impaired people. Sometimes these functions cannot fulfil the expectations of users. Early mobile devices had physical buttons and a keypad, and visually impaired users could navigate around the keypad using the tactile markers on the buttons. However, the lack of tactile markers makes it much more difficult to operate a touchscreen device. This paper describes an e-learning platform that is designed to improve the accessibility of smartphone applications for students who are visually impaired but have some useful vision. A User-Centered Design approach was used to develop an effective solution for visually impaired students. A study was conducted during the development of the described platform, and the results showed that our suggested design improves task completion time as compared to the initial version. Participants also expressed higher levels of satisfaction when using the improved design of this platform. The modified design was also assessed using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS), and the results indicate that it is quite reliable and rated well among visually impaired children. Furthermore, developers can use our suggested design guidelines such as clear navigation, color contrast, immediate feedback, icon arrangements, button and text size in the development of new applications.

Development of a Fuzzy Model and Usability Test of a Recommended Interface Design for Mobile Phones for Elderly Users

Although mobile phone application developers aim to design software to be user-friendly, elderly users report having problems with flexible user interfaces. The purpose of this study was to examine a range of flexible user interface designs for mobile phones with the aim of locating and addressing the limitations reported by elderly users. Accordingly, a fuzzy model drawing on a range of variables was developed from an age/vision impaired related data set for the development of a variety of basic design elements for user interfaces. The model was tested to assess the preciseness and accuracy of its functions, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) close to 0 and an Effectiveness Index (EI) close to 1, giving the model a high value for effectiveness. A subsequent usability test of the generated design interfaces using four types of mobile phones (18 screens in all) was conducted among 25 elderly users with vision impairment. The findings showed that the size and shape of both numeric and function buttons was a significant factor in assessing phone usability both for communication and for social media use, as was text and number size, although, significantly, the latter was qualified by screen size. Recommended numeric and dial function button sizes are 15.6mm and 16.2 mm, respectively. Likewise, recommended text and numbers sizes are 14 and 25 points, respectively. Furthermore, square-shaped buttons with rounded-edge buttons are the most suitable for elderly users, as is a background in a light shade, with texts and icons in dark colors. The model demonstrates that it is possible to design user interfaces with particular groups in mind such as the elderly and vision-impaired, in order to enhance mobile phone usability for these groups.

Extractive Arabic Text Summarization-Graph-Based Approach

With the noteworthy expansion of textual data sources in recent years, easy, quick, and precise text processing has become a challenge for key qualifiers. Automatic text summarization is the process of squeezing text documents into shorter summaries to facilitate verification of their basic contents, which must be completed without losing vital information and features. The most difficult information retrieval task is text summarization, particularly for Arabic. In this research, we offer an automatic, general, and extractive Arabic single document summarizing approach with the goal of delivering a sufficiently informative summary. The proposed model is based on a textual graph to generate a coherent summary. Firstly, the original text is converted to a textual graph using a novel formulation that takes into account sentence relevance, coverage, and diversity to evaluate each sentence using a mix of statistical and semantic criteria. Next, a sub-graph is built to reduce the size of the original text. Finally, unwanted and less weighted phrases are removed from the summarized sentences to generate a final summary. We used Recall-Oriented Research to Evaluate Main Idea (RED) as an evaluative metric to review our proposed technique and compare it with the most advanced methods. Finally, a trial on the Essex Arabic Summary Corpus (EASC) using the ROUGE index showed promising results compared with the currently available methods.

Turkish abstractive text document summarization using text to text transfer transformer

Text summarization is the process of reducing text size while preserving its key points. Thanks to this process, the reading time of the text is also reduced which contributes to reaching the desired information quickly, especially in today's world where time is much more important. In addition, summarization can be used to create a solution to extract outstanding information from the text. In this study, we focus on abstract summarization, which can draw more human like conclusions from the text. A summarization study was carried out on the data set that was collected from online Turkish news sources. Rouge and Bert-score performance metrics were used to compare the performance of this study using the text to text transfer transformer (T5) method. The precision values ​​of the Rouge-1, Rouge-2, Rouge-L and Bert-score performance metrics obtained in this study were found to be 0.6913, 0.6623, 0.7528 and 0.8718, respectively. Recall values ​​were 0.9210, 0.8917, 0.9183 and 0.9138, respectively. F measure values ​​were 0.7649, 0.7338, 0.8084 and 0.8913 respectively. Considering the success of the results obtained in the study, a method that can obtain successful results for Turkish text summarization is presented and the original dataset is made available to other researchers.

DEPTH MEASUREMENT OF HUMANS USING WEB CAM

Artificial Intelligence has gradually become the mainstream in the detection algorithms because of its powerful feature extraction ability and adaptive ability. However, how to guarantee the accuracy and speed is still a huge challenge in the field of depth measurement. We implement face mesh from media pipe (module) which is developed by google. Media Pipe Face Mesh is a face geometry solution that estimates 468 3D face landmarks in real-time even on mobile devices. It employs machine learning (ML) to infer the 3D surface geometry, requiring a single camera input without the need for a dedicated depth sensor. Using face mesh, we take points from face and depth is measured. This makes project more accurate and speed. In our project we measure real time 3D depth, using these we make our text flexible with depth measured from webcam. When we move closer to our webcam text size reduces, and when we go far from webcam, text size is enhanced, which is accordance to the convenience to our end users. When we implement this in real life, end users can see the captions comfortably from any place they are watching the screen only. Keywords: OpenCV, Mediapipe , FaceMesh, Windows, Python.

Своеобразие образа лжеца в легкой комедии конца XVIII – начала XIX века

The article explores the image of a liar in the comedies of the late 18th –early 19th centu-ries. The following texts are analyzed: The Talkerby N.I.Khmelnitsky (1817), Don’t Like –Don’t Listen, But Don’t Interfere with Lyingby A.A. Shakhovskoy (1818), A Lesson to Liars, or a Bridegroom for an Hourby Ya.Lyustikh (1823), The Punished Hypocrite, or a Lesson to Everyone in Turnby B.M.Fedorov (1817), Deception, or It’s All About Screens by V.Sveshnikov (1834). The connection of the Russian light comedy with the French-style salon comedy is noted, special attention is paid to the specifics of translation, adaptation of the work to Russian mores. The main characteristics of the light comedy of the period are high-lighted: aphoristic speech, love theme, matchmaking as the key motif. The signs of the salon comedy in-clude: the text size, a comedic intrigue, the recognition of the characters by readers/viewers (the characters’ resemblance to real prototypes), which distinguish this genre from the high comedy of the 18th century. Theanalysis showed the motif of deception to be the core, plot-forming motif. The representatives of the noble society act as deceiving characters, the age of the character does not matter. Despite the lack of strict didacticism, the hero-deceiver gets what he deserves, he loses either a lucrative position or a bride. Thus, we can talk about the national specifics of the comedies under consideration: the cheater protagonist gets noth-ing and often loses his influence, status, and even honest name. Despite the negative attitude to deception, showing the liar in his true colors is a virtuous mission, often it is a conflict of close people or relatives. Sveshnikov’s comedy Deception...is considered separately since it is written in prose, not in verse. In addi-tion, theliar is a female character; in this play, ‘verbal’ deception is replaced by deception in action.