Sizing Of Distribution Static Compensator Research Articles

Allocation and Sizing of DSTATCOM with Renewable Energy Systems and Load Uncertainty Using Enhanced Gray Wolf Optimization

Over the last decade, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) have been crucial in ensuring optimal power distribution within modern power systems. A vital component of FACTS devices is the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), which is essential for maintaining a reliable power supply. It is commonly used for reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, and harmonic reduction. Determining the appropriate size and placement of DSTATCOMs is vital to ensuring their efficiency. This study introduces the improved gray wolf optimizer (I-GWO), a refined version of the classical gray wolf optimization (GWO) method. The I-GWO incorporates a dimension learning-based hunting (DLH) strategy to preserve population diversity, balance exploration and exploitation, and prevent the premature convergence of classical GWO. In this research, the I-GWO was applied to determine the optimum allocation and sizing of the DSTATCOMs, considering system constraints, including those presented by the intermittent and stochastic nature of the load and renewable energy resources, specifically wind and solar energy. The suggested approach was successfully tested on 33-, 69-, and 85-bus distribution systems and then compared with existing studies. The results demonstrated the I-GWO-based approach’s superiority in terms of reducing power losses, improving voltage profiles, and enhancing voltage stability.

An optimization approach for optimal location & size of DSTATCOM and DG

This manuscript proposes a novel method to decide the optimum location and size of Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) and Distribution Generation (DG) are examined. For lessening the loss of power, voltage profile improvement and operation costs of system, the objective function is used under the constraints of equality and inequality. The aim of proposed method is diagnosis the dynamic issues present in the power system under various environments, like healthy conditions and unhealthy conditions. The primary location of both Distribution Generation and Distribution static compensator are detected by using the loss sensitivity factor (LSF). The final optimum location is determined by using Dwarf Mongoose Optimization (DMO) method. The DMO is used to decide the optimum size of Distribution Generation and Distribution static compensator. The aim of the proposed method is an integrated approach of loss sensitivity factor and Dwarf Mongoose Optimization to decide the optimum location and size of Distribution Generation and DSTATCOM for diminishing the loss of power, voltage profile improvement and operation cost. The Distribution Generation and DSTATCOM are simultaneously placed in radial DG. The LSF is used earlier to detect the optimum location of Distribution Generation and Distribution static compensator. The proposed system is performed in MATLAB or Simulink site and the performance of dynamic stability is tested with IEEE standard bench mark systems.

Development of DSTATCOM Optimal Sizing and Location Technique Based on IA-GA for Power Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Enhancement in an RDN

The efficiency of electrical distribution systems is being more affected by the increase in voltage drops and power losses. These issues of voltage drop and power loss can be significantly minimized by the incorporation of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in the distribution network. However, inappropriate positioning and sizing of DSTATCOM can undermine its efficiency. Despite the contributions of many researchers to the optimal placement of DSTATCOM and other compensators in distribution networks, the problems of voltage drop, power losses, and power quality persist, necessitating the need for additional research in this area. In this paper, an innovative technique based on hybridized Immune and Genetic Algorithm (IA-GA) for optimal DSTATCOM placement and sizing for three distinct load levels is proposed. Simulation and analysis of the proposed algorithm were carried out using IEEE-33 bus radial distribution network (RDN) in MATLAB. The simulation results demonstrate a substantial decrease in power loss and a significant improvement in the voltage profile. Evaluation of the proposed method against existing techniques reveals that the proposed technique outperforms IA and PSO in terms of decreasing power loss and enhancement of voltage profiles. A cost-benefit analysis was performed, and it was discovered that the proposed technique yields improved annual cost savings.

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF D-STATCOM USING QUADRATIC ADAPTIVE BACTERIAL FORAGING ALGORITHM

By Umar Musa, Ganiyu A. Bakare & 2 more. A Quadratic Adaptive Bacterial Foraging Algorithm is used to the optimal location and sizing of Distribution Static Compensator in radial distribution networks for loss minimization and voltage profile enhancement.

Efficient Operative Cost Reduction in Distribution Grids Considering the Optimal Placement and Sizing of D-STATCOMs Using a Discrete-Continuous VSA

The problem of reactive power compensation in electric distribution networks is addressed in this research paper from the point of view of the combinatorial optimization using a new discrete-continuous version of the vortex search algorithm (DCVSA). To explore and exploit the solution space, a discrete-continuous codification of the solution vector is proposed, where the discrete part determines the nodes where the distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) will be installed, and the continuous part of the codification determines the optimal sizes of the D-STATCOMs. The main advantage of such codification is that the mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP) that represents the problem of optimal placement and sizing of the D-STATCOMs in distribution networks only requires a classical power flow method to evaluate the objective function, which implies that it can be implemented in any programming language. The objective function is the total costs of the grid power losses and the annualized investment costs in D-STATCOMs. In addition, to include the impact of the daily load variations, the active and reactive power demand curves are included in the optimization model. Numerical results in two radial test feeders with 33 and 69 buses demonstrate that the proposed DCVSA can solve the MINLP model with best results when compared with the MINLP solvers available in the GAMS software. All the simulations are implemented in MATLAB software using its programming environment.

Multi-Objective Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distribution Static Compensator in Radial Distribution Networks With Variable Residential, Commercial and Industrial Demands Considering Reliability

This article presents an optimal placement and sizing of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in radial distribution networks as multi-objective optimization with the objective of power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and network reliability considering different variable demands using whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The WOA is inspired by the hunting behavior of humpback whales. The optimal location and size of DSTATCOM are considered as decision variables that are determined using the WOA. Network reliability is defined as energy not supplied (ENS) of the customers caused by line outages. The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 33-bus and Ahvaz 59-bus distribution networks. The optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM are investigated considering different residential, commercial and industrial loads, and also the effect of incorporating reliability is evaluated on power loss, minimum voltage and ENS. The simulation results show that the power loss and ENS are declined and also voltage profile is improved by determining the location and size of DSTATCOM in the networks in different loading conditions using the WOA. The obtained results demonstrate that considering reliability further reduces the ENS and more customer demand is met. The power loss decreases 21.60%, 30.71%, and 22.03% for residential, commercial and industrial loads in the 33-bus network and 26.86%, 31.94%, and 24.39% for the 69-bus network, respectively compared to base networks. Moreover, the performance of the WOA is compared with previous studies and the results indicate the superiority of the proposed method.

A New Approach to Optimal Location and Sizing of DSTATCOM in Radial Distribution Networks Using Bio-Inspired Cuckoo Search Algorithm

This article proposes a new approach based on a bio-inspired Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) that can significantly envisage with several issues for optimal allocation of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in Radial Distribution System (RDS). In the proposed method, optimal locations of the DSTATCOM are calculated by using the Loss Sensitivity Factor (LSF). The optimal size of the DSTATCOM is simulated by using the newly developed CSA. In the proposed method, load flow calculations are performed by using a fast and efficient backward/forward sweep algorithm. Here, the mathematically formed objective function of the proposed method is to reduce the total system power losses. Standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems have been used to show the effectiveness of the proposed CSA-based optimization method in the RDS with different load models. The simulated results confirm that the optimal allocation of DSTATCOM plays a significant role in power loss minimization and enhanced voltage profile. The placement of DSTATCOM in RDS also plan an important role for minimizing uncertainties in the distribution level. The proposed method encourages one to use renewable-based resources, which results in affordable and clean energy.

Analysis of Distribution System with D-STATCOM by Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)

In order to analyze the distribution system (DS) to minimize the power losses and improve power quality, finding accurate position size of distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) is essential. In this paper, a metaheuristic optimization technique, the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is proposed for the analysis of DS with accurate placing and sizing of distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) for power loss reduction, minimum voltage profile index, improvement in voltage profile and annual energy saving for distribution network operator. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 bus systems, and performance of GSA has been compared with other techniques such as immune algorithm, bat algorithm and sensitivity approach method for optimal allocation of D-STATCOM. It is found that the best performance is achieved by the proposed method. Forward–backward sweep method is used for the load flow solutions in this paper.

Optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM using firefly algorithm in the distribution system

The electric power distribution system must be intended to operate and deliver acceptable level of electrical energy to consumers. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a custom power device implemented in the distribution system to improve the power quality. This paper presents the optimal size and placement of DSTATCOM in the distribution system by using firefly algorithm (FA). Minimisation of power loss and minimisation of installation cost of DSTATCOM are considered as the objective function (OF), where the voltage and current limits of the buses are chosen as the optimisation constraints. The performance of the proposed methodology using FA is demonstrated on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution systems using MATLAB software. Backward/forward sweep algorithm is used for load flow analysis of radial distribution system. The efficacy of the proposed methodology using FA is compared with the results obtained by using immune algorithm (IA).

Optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM using firefly algorithm in the distribution system

The electric power distribution system must be intended to operate and deliver acceptable level of electrical energy to consumers. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a custom power device implemented in the distribution system to improve the power quality. This paper presents the optimal size and placement of DSTATCOM in the distribution system by using firefly algorithm (FA). Minimisation of power loss and minimisation of installation cost of DSTATCOM are considered as the objective function (OF), where the voltage and current limits of the buses are chosen as the optimisation constraints. The performance of the proposed methodology using FA is demonstrated on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution systems using MATLAB software. Backward/forward sweep algorithm is used for load flow analysis of radial distribution system. The efficacy of the proposed methodology using FA is compared with the results obtained by using immune algorithm (IA).

The Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for Optimal Multi-Objective Location and Sizing of DSTATCOM in Distribution Systems Considering Loads Uncertainty

The optimal location and sizing of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) in distribution systems is a complex nonlinear problem. This problem is constrained by various technical limits and can offer different objectives that would provide many benefits to the network. These include minimization of power losses, index of voltage profile, load balancing index, and annual cost saving index which have been considered in this paper. In the present work, the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is employed for optimizing the distribution systems where an optimal location and sizing of DSTATCOM is investigated. In this study, an aggregating operator named Max-geometric mean is used for combination of objectives and providing overall objective function. The scaling of objectives is performed in the fuzzy framework. The proposed algorithm is implemented in 33 and 69 buses IEEE test systems. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the loads of the balanced system is modeled by using a fuzzy technique. Based on the numerical results of this work, one can extract that the performance of the ICA is slightly higher than other meta-heuristic algorithms; hence the introduced approach can be used by utility services for optimal DSTATCOM allocation and sizing in the distribution systems.

Fuzzy-GA based algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for loss reduction of distribution network considering reconfiguration

This work presents a fuzzy based methodology for distribution system feeder reconfiguration considering DSTATCOM with an objective of minimizing real power loss and operating cost. Installation costs of DSTATCOM devices and the cost of system operation, namely, energy loss cost due to both reconfiguration and DSTATCOM placement, are combined to form the objective function to be minimized. The distribution system tie switches, DSTATCOM location and size have been optimally determined to obtain an appropriate operational condition. In the proposed approach, the fuzzy membership function of loss sensitivity is used for the selection of weak nodes in the power system for the placement of DSTATCOM and the optimal parameter settings of the DFACTS device along with optimal selection of tie switches in reconfiguration process are governed by genetic algorithm (GA). Simulation results on IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus test systems concluded that the combinatorial method using DSTATCOM and reconfiguration is preferable to reduce power losses to 34.44% for 33-bus system and to 45.43% for 69-bus system.

Impact of D-STATCOM Placement on Improving the Reactive Loading Capability of Unbalanced Radial Distribution System

In this paper, Distribution STATic COMpensator (D-STATCOM) are optimally placed in unbalanced radial distribution systems (UBRDS) using sensitivity approaches with an objective of improving the reactive loading capability of the network with maintaining voltage profile in an acceptable limit. Optimal locations of D-STATCOM are determined using Voltage Stability Index (VSI). Optimum size of D-STATCOM is obtained by variational algorithm subjected to minimization of total power loss. In order to quantitatively analyze the impact of D-STATCOM on voltage stability margin, Q-V curves are drawn using continuation power flow method. In this study the impact of D-STATCOM placement is investigated for large industrial load model with light, medium and high loading conditions. Also, load growth scenario is considered for better planning of the system. The results are obtained on standard 25-bus and IEEE-37 bus UBRDS to verify the practicability of proposed methodology.

Optimal Placement and Sizing of DSTATCOM Using Harmony Search Algorithm

This paper investigates a new approach to find the optimal location and sizing of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) with an objective function of minimizing the total network power losses. Harmony search algorithm is used to find the optimal location and sizing of DSTATCOM. The proposed work is tested on standard IEEE 33-bus radial distribution systems. The obtained result shows that optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM in the radial distribution network effectively reduces the total power losses of the system.

DSTATCOM allocation in distribution networks considering load variations using bat algorithm

Abstract This paper proposes a new method of scheduling for optimal placement and sizing of Distribution STATic COMpensator in the radial distribution networks to minimize the power loss. In the proposed method Voltage Stability Index is used to search the optimal placement for installation of DSTATCOM. Optimal size of DSTATCOM is found by using bat algorithm. The feeder loads are varied by linearly from light load to peak load with a step size of 1%. In each load step, the optimal placement and sizing for DSTATCOM are calculated. By using the Curve Fitting Technique, the optimal sizing for DSTATCOM per load level is formulated in the form of generalized equation. The proposed approach will help the Distribution Network Operators to select the DSTATCOM size according to the load changes. To check the feasibility of the proposed method, system has been tested on two standard buses such as IEEE 33 and 69 bus radial distribution systems.

Impacts of residential photovoltaic power fluctuation on on-load tap changer operation and a solution using DSTATCOM

Recently penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) systems in Low Voltage (LV) distribution networks has drastically increased. The stochastic nature of PV output coupled with the characteristic of high R/X ratio of LV distribution network results in a direct correlation between PV power and voltage fluctuations. Currently distribution networks rely heavily on existing On Load Tap Changing (OLTC) transformers to mitigate voltage fluctuations. However, during the regulation process OLTC transformers can experience excessive tap changing with high PV penetration, which in turn results in an increased maintenance requirement and shorter lifetime. Without the knowledge of how an increase in PV penetration impacts the operation of an OLTC, a Distribution Network Operator (DNO) cannot effectively coordinate compensation. This paper examines the effect of PV penetration levels on OLTC transformers and voltage regulation. The investigation of tap changing frequencies and voltage profiles is done through quasi-static time-series simulations using a residential street network and one year real world data obtained from local DNOs and research institutes. Then, a mitigation strategy is developed using a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and interaction between OLTC and DSTATCOM is also analyzed. This will enable DNOs to choose an appropriate size of DSTATCOM based on economic and technical requirements of voltage regulation.

A Novel Stochastic Framework for the Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distribution Static Compensator

This paper proposes a new stochastic framework based on the probabilistic load flow to consider the uncertainty effects in the Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) allocation and sizing problem. The proposed method is based on the point estimate method (PEM) to capture the uncertainty associated with the forecast error of the loads. In order to explore the search space globally, a new optimization algorithm based on bat algorithm (BA) is proposed too. The objective functions to be investigated are minimization of the total active power losses and reducing the voltage deviation of the buses. Also to reach a proper balance between the optimization of both the objective functions, the idea of interactive fuzzy satisfying method is employed in the multi-objective formulation. The feasibility and satisfying performance of the proposed method is examined on the 69-bus IEEE distribution system.