Group Size Research Articles

AUGMENTed Real-World Data Enhances Comparative Efficacy Between Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec with Dosing Guide App Versus Once-Daily Insulin Glargine U300 in Insulin-Naive Type 2 Diabetes.

ONWARDS 5 evaluated the effectiveness and safety of insulin icodec (icodec) titrated with a dosing guide app (icodec with app) versus once-daily insulin analogs in insulin-naive adults with type 2 diabetes. The insulin glargine U300 (glargine U300) stratum was too small to enable a robust post hoc efficacy comparison. Augmentation methodology was applied to increase the glargine U300 group size using real-world data (RWD), to facilitate efficacy comparisons of icodec with app versus glargine U300, and to demonstrate the potential of the augmentation methodology to strengthen underpowered treatment comparisons (AUGMENT study). ONWARDS 5 data were augmented with RWD collected from the US Ambulatory Electronic Medical Records database. Randomized and augmented comparisons (propensity-score-matched) between icodec with app and glargine U300 were weighted to provide a fully augmented estimate of the primary outcome (change in glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] after 52weeks). Data were adjusted for trial effects. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. The nonaugmented randomized estimated treatment difference (ETD; 95% CI) between icodec with app and glargine U300 (trial stratum) for change in HbA1c was - 0.21 (- 0.70 to 0.28) percentage points. After adjusting for trial effects, the overall fully augmented ETD (95% CI) was - 0.33 (- 0.68 to 0.01) percentage points numerically in favor of icodec with app, although not statistically significant. Sensitivity analyses supported the findings. Using augmented data, the precision of the change in HbA1c estimate was increased compared with the trial stratum analysis alone. These findings help to validate the principle of utilizing augmentation to strengthen trial outcomes. The ONWARDS 5 trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04760626).

Counterfactual rewards promote collective transport using individually controlled swarm microrobots.

Swarm robots offer fascinating opportunities to perform complex tasks beyond the capabilities of individual machines. Just as a swarm of ants collectively moves large objects, similar functions can emerge within a group of robots through individual strategies based on local sensing. However, realizing collective functions with individually controlled microrobots is particularly challenging because of their micrometer size, large number of degrees of freedom, strong thermal noise relative to the propulsion speed, and complex physical coupling between neighboring microrobots. Here, we implemented multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) to generate a control strategy for up to 200 microrobots whose motions are individually controlled by laser spots. During the learning process, we used so-called counterfactual rewards that automatically assign credit to the individual microrobots, which allows fast and unbiased training. With the help of this efficient reward scheme, swarm microrobots learn to collectively transport a large cargo object to an arbitrary position and orientation, similar to ant swarms. We show that this flexible and versatile swarm robotic system is robust to variations in group size, the presence of malfunctioning units, and environmental noise. In addition, we let the robot swarms manipulate multiple objects simultaneously in a demonstration experiment, highlighting the benefits of distributed control and independent microrobot motion. Control strategies such as ours can potentially enable complex and automated assembly of mobile micromachines, programmable drug delivery capsules, and other advanced lab-on-a-chip applications.

Pre-immunization of diet-induced obese male mice with inactivated pathogens increases power in a liraglutide intervention study.

Pre-immunization with inactivated antigens has been developed as an alternative to the use of 'dirty' mice, which in contrast to specific pathogen free (SPF) mice, harbour a range of pathogens. Within certain research areas, such mice are considered better models for humans than SPF mice, as they have an immune system that better mirrors human immunity. We inactivated murine adenovirus type 1 (FL), minute virus of mice, mouse hepatitis virus (A59), respirovirus muris (Sendai), Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (GD7) and Mycoplasma pulmonis by ultraviolet irradiation. We show that pre-immunization with these inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvant prior to the dietary induction of obesity in C57BL/6NTac mice substantially reduced the group sizes needed for showing an effect of the GLP-1 receptor analogue, liraglutide. Nesting, open field and novel object behaviours of the mice were unaffected. We conclude that pre-immunization with inactivated pathogens may be a simple tool to increase power in this type of intervention study on the DIO mouse model.

Expanding the Repertoire of Large Scaffolds with Syn and Anti Macrocyclic Metacyclophanes.

Understanding how changes in structure translate to changes in molecular shape is key to catalyst optimization and molecular design in medicinal chemistry and materials. One key contributor to the molecular shape is the relative orientation of substituents on a scaffold. Macrocyclic metacyclophanes display their two arenes in a parallel or antiparallel fashion, resulting in anti or syn conformations that lead to disparate relative orientations of the aryl substituents. This work reports the synthesis of new 14- and 16-membered metacyclophanes and the elucidation of their anti/syn preferences by 1H NMR and computational conformational analysis. Most metacyclophanes studied herein display a strong anti or syn preference and, thus, have well-defined substituent orientations. We propose that anti/syn conformational preferences arise from the minimization of torsional strain along the backbone of the macrocycle, which leads to the prediction that metacyclophanes with remote aryl substituents will adopt the same conformation as their unsubstituted counterparts. Exit vector analysis also reveals that anti-metacyclophanes project their substituents into regions in three-dimensional space that are not accessed by other common large scaffolds, e.g., [2.2]paracyclophanes and ferrocenes. This work also demonstrates how ring size and functional groups, two parameters commonly optimized in macrocycle design, can be used to tune molecular shape.

Computing the Order, Conjugacy Classes and Character Table of the Full Non-Rigid Group of Cyclopentane Chemical Compound using Wreath Product of Cyclic groups

The theory of full non-rigid molecular groups (f.NRG) proves useful in exploring the internal dynamics of these molecules. In this study, we determined the group order of Cyclopentane and identified its conjugacy classes. Using computational methods, we calculated the group order, its character table, conjugacy classes and the point group of Cyclopentane was analyzed. Our results showed that the point groups were found to be isomorphic to the Wreath Product 〖 Z〗_5 wrZ_2, where Z_n represents a cyclic group of size n, with order 160 and 16 conjugacy classes. All calculations were performed using GAP 4.11.1.

Harnessing the Power of Mechanization: A Multivalued Treatment Effect Analysis on Productivity for Chinese Smallholders

Developing countries, in their pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals, are intensifying their efforts to promote agricultural mechanization, with China at the forefront, through comprehensive policy revisions aimed at enhancing mechanization levels. This study employs multivalued treatment effect (MVTE) and quantile treatment effect (QTE) methodologies to assess the impact of agricultural mechanization on labor and land productivity while also examining the seffects across different farm sizes and moderating influences. Leveraging data from the 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey, the findings indicate that semi-mechanized and full-mechanized farming, compared to no-mechanized farming, significantly boost labor and land productivity for both average and lower-to-mid-level productivity farmers. Disaggregated analysis by farm size shows that larger farms benefit significantly from semi-mechanized and full-mechanized farming in terms of increased labor and land productivity. However, the incremental benefits of varying levels of mechanization on productivity are observed only in labor productivity for farmers with mid- and upper-level productivity and for those in the largest farm size group. Additionally, land transfer status, government subsidies, and the intensity of clan culture are found to significantly influence the productivity effects of agricultural mechanization in China. Consequently, it is imperative to reorient agricultural policies towards enhancing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of mechanization, especially considering the constraints on labor and land availability and the need to minimize the environmental impact of agricultural production. In light of these discussions, this paper presents policy implications for sustainable agricultural mechanization.

Ageing effects of social environments in 'non-social' insects.

It is increasingly clear that social environments have profound impacts on the life histories of 'non-social' animals. However, it is not yet well known how species with varying degrees of sociality respond to different social contexts and whether such effects are sex-specific. To survey the extent to which social environments specifically affect lifespan and ageing in non-social species, we performed a systematic literature review, focusing on invertebrates but excluding eusocial insects. We found 80 studies in which lifespan or ageing parameters were measured in relation to changes in same-sex or opposite-sex exposure, group size or cues thereof. Most of the studies focused on manipulations of adults, often reporting sex differences in lifespan following exposure to the opposite sex. Some studies highlighted the impacts of developmental environments or social partner age on lifespan. Several studies explored potential underlying mechanisms, emphasizing that studies on insects could provide excellent opportunities to interrogate the basis of social effects on ageing. We discuss what these studies can tell us about the social environment as a stressor, or trade-offs in resources prompted by different social contexts. We suggest fruitful avenues for further research of social effects across a wider and more diverse range of taxa.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Understanding age and society using natural populations'.

Removal of Sulfur Content in Groundwater Using Marble Filter in a Cascade Design

Alluvial aquifer are one of Malaysia’s most abundant groundwater resources, highly demanded in East Coast area. However, the presence of sulfur in these aquifers causes the emission of hydrogen sulfide gas. This research aimed to provide an alternative study for removing sulfur using marble filter media in a cascade column design, where water flows from the highest to the lowest column. Two groups of marble sizes were involved in this filter: pebbles and sand-sized particles. The treatment used raw groundwater with the highest concentration of total sulfur being 537.1 ppm. Sand-sized marble had the highest efficiency of sulfur removal, reaching 98.3% at a flow rate of 0.011 l/s. As a result of the effective filtration, the true color reached 33-34 pt/Co, significantly reduced from the source value of 1000-1012 pt/Co. The application of marble for treating groundwater with the sulfur issue is still novel and promising for groundwater filtration, potentially benefiting consumers facing this problem.

The effect of heritage tourism interpretation media type on tourists’ eWOM: the moderating role of travel group size

This study explored the impact of different forms of tourism interpretation (personal vs. nonpersonal) on the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) of heritage tourists through the moderating role of travel group size (small vs. large), the mediating role of embodied experience and perceived interpretation quality. A mixed-method approach, including two scenario-based experiments and a heritage tourist attraction-site survey, was applied. The results revealed that there is a significant difference in the impact of personal interpretation and nonpersonal interpretation on tourists’ eWOM, and the mediating effects of embodied experience and perceived interpretation quality and the moderating effect of travel group size were established. For smaller travel groups, personal interpretation had a more significant effect on tourists’ eWOM, perceived interpretation quality, and embodied experience than did nonpersonal interpretation, whereas the opposite was true for larger travel groups. Our findings provide theoretical value and meaningful practical information regarding how to improve tourists’ eWOM and promote the sustainable development of heritage tourism.

“You get the money after waiting for long and you get less than you anticipated”: Experiences of persons with disabilities in accessing the district special grant in Uganda

In 2010, Uganda scrapped an ambitious tax incentive provision in the Persons with Disabilities Act, 2006 that had allowed employers to claim up to 15% tax reduction in annual income provided that they hired at least 10 persons with disabilities at any job level. As though it were a trade-off, the 15% tax incentive was replaced with the special grant, a grant intended for persons with disabilities organized in small groups to generate income. The special grant started off as a pilot in 48 districts before it was rolled out nationally. Since 2019, the responsible ministry has been implementing two models of the special grant: the district special grant and the national special grant. This study focused on the district special grant, and primarily explored the experiences of persons with disabilities in accessing and utilizing the district special grant, and the difference the grant is making. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using interviews and focus group discussions to collect data from 10 beneficiary groups drawn from 6 districts. Focus group discussions were conducted with special grant beneficiary groups while district officials responsible for the special grant and disability union representatives were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using template coding and thematic analysis. Study findings revealed limited access to the district grant, dismal grant amounts, significant deviations from implementation guidelines, operational dilemmas and overlooking disability related expenses like the costs for moving with a personal assistant. Nonetheless, participants commended the special grant for enabling them to build social networks, gain self-confidence and start small income generating activities. The small grant amount disbursed to big group size groups that lack business start-up skills did not support impactful business initiatives. The study revealed a strong evidence from individual grants as opposed to a group grants for starting income generating activities. The ministry of gender should consider remodeling the special grant into a social protection scheme that awards small grants to individual income generating activities.

Characteristics of the Outdoor Environment Affording Physical Activity, Motor Competence, and Social Interactions in Children Aged 3–7 Years: A Systematic Review

Early childhood education (ECE) settings play a crucial role in promoting physical and social development among children aged 3–7 years. This systematic review sought to examine the associations between characteristics of ECE outdoor environments, social interactions, physical activity, and motor competence. The secondary aim examines previously applied methods to capture children’s behaviour in the context of their social and physical environment. Methods: This review used the PRISMA framework and study quality was assessed using the mixed-methods appraisal tool (MMAT). Keyword searches were conducted in seven databases. Studies were eligible if children were aged 3–7 years in ECE; physical activity, social interactions and/or motor competence were measured; location and/or social context were measured. Results were synthesised using an effect direct plot, a table of associations, and narrative synthesis. Results: Twenty-three studies from eight countries met the inclusion criteria. Intervention and controlled cross-sectional studies (n = 9) favoured high-quality outdoor environments rich in affordances, portable play equipment, and natural features to increase children’s physical activity, social interactions, and cooperative play. Cross-sectional and descriptive studies (n = 14) positively associated open grassy space, portable and fixed equipment, wheeled toys, and paths with physical activity (p < 0.05). Based on limited evidence, playground size and active games in small groups were associated with greater MC. Conclusions: The findings highlight the benefit of creating diverse affordance rich outdoor environments in early childhood settings to promote physical and social development. Limitations include variability in study designs and protocols for conducting systematic observations, thus emphasising the need for standardised approaches to future research.

Host distribution, size and habitat as determinants of population density and group size in a coral reef sea whip goby

Coral reefs are complex habitats that support a diversity of fish species, some of which live in specialised relationships with particular coral taxa. The ecology and social organisation of these habitat specialists can be shaped by characteristics of their host coral. Here, we quantified the distribution, density, size, dispersion and health of the gorgonian sea whip Junceella fragilis and examined their influence on population density and group size of the sea whip goby Bryaninops amplus. Visual surveys of sea whips and resident gobies were conducted in 30 m × 4 m belt transects at 16 fringing reef sites in the Palm Island Group, Queensland, Australia, across 3 depths (5, 10 and 15 m) and 4 replicates. To examine if distributions of J. fragilis and their goby inhabitants were related to current speed, a current meter was deployed at each site and depth for a 6 d period. The spatial distribution and density of B. amplus positively related to that of sea whips, and group size positively related to sea whip surface area. B. amplus density positively related to current speed, and group sizes were highest on solitary sea whips in sandy habitats. Surprisingly, group sizes were not affected by sea whip condition, with large groups found on sea whips with high proportions of damaged tissue. Host distribution, configuration and size are clearly major determinants of sea whip goby density and group size. While goby populations may ultimately be threatened by the loss of their host, they do appear to be resilient to the early stages of degradation.

Two tests of variance homogeneity for clustered data where group size is informative

To evaluate variance homogeneity among groups for clustered data, Iachine et al. (Robust tests for the equality of variances for clustered data. J Stat Comput Simul 2010;80(4):365–377) introduced an extension of the well-known Levene test. However, this method does not account for informative cluster size (ICS) or informative within-cluster group size (IWCGS), which can occur in clustered data when cluster and group sizes are random variables. This article introduces two tests of variance homogeneity that are appropriate for data with ICS and IWCGS, one extending the Levene-style transformation method and one based on a direct comparison of estimates of variance. We demonstrate the properties of our tests in a detailed simulation study and show that they are resistant to the potentially biasing effects of ICS and IWCGS. We illustrate the use of these tests by applying them to a data set of x-ray diffraction measurements collected from a specimen of duplex steel.

Wearable Devices Enable Long COVID Patients to Decrease Symptom Severity: A Case Series From Pilot User Testing

Purpose: Long COVID is a debilitating condition that is estimated to affect over 65M individuals across the world after a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and has no broadly effective treatments. People with Long COVID have reported that pacing helps manage their symptoms, but it is difficult to implement. Based on experiences in the Long COVID community, we hypothesized that wearable devices can help individuals pace and reduce their Long COVID symptom severity. Methods: To inform the design of a larger study, we performed user testing by distributing Garmin® devices, the study surveys and pacing educational materials to 11 individuals with Long COVID, and conducting interviews to learn about their experience. Results: Eight of the 9 (89%) individuals reported that the information provided was helpful for their symptom management, and 2 testers did not complete the final survey. Four (44%) users had not used a wearable device before and none had trouble setting up their device. Due to the limited sample size and lack of control group, generalizability is unknown. Conclusions: The most user testers reported that the study materials were helpful for their symptom management. These results are a promising indication of the potential for wearable devices and educational materials to help individuals with Long COVID, and potentially other chronic conditions such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), decrease symptom severity.

Dual- and triple-band quasi-elliptic bandpass filters based on single-cavity multi-mode hybrid cavities

In this paper, a novel construction method for a single hybrid cavity is proposed for the first time, which integrates a quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide structure into a patch cavity (QMSIWP), and a novel single-cavity multi-mode resonator is realized through the incorporation of cross-slot lines. A detailed analysis of its characteristics, combined with a specialized feed structure, leads to the design of multiple dual-band quasi-elliptic bandpass filters (BPFs) with varying frequency ratios and a triple-band quasi-elliptic BPF. The finite frequency transmission zeros (FTZs) and bandwidths (BWs) can be controlled by adjusting various parameters. For the demonstration, a triple-band quasi-elliptic BPF is fabricated and measured to validate the performance and design method of the proposed QMSIWP hybrid cavity and feed structure. The measured results agree with the synthesized and simulated results, confirming the proposed method's feasibility and universality. The proposed filter exhibits advantages such as compact size, high selectivity, and excellent group delay, which expands its application prospects and potential value.

Presence of abnormal otoliths in hallucinogenic fish and their comparison with normal otoliths using light and scanning electron digital imaging.

The otolith organs located in the inner ear of the fish are responsible for vital activities such as balance and hearing. Abnormalities in these organs can adversely affect the vital activities of the fish species. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the abnormalities in the otoliths of Sarpa salpa, known as the hallucinogenic fish. For that, 372 individuals of S. salpa are collected from the North Aegean Sea. As a result of the abnormality analyses in S. salpa otoliths, anomalies were detected such as various prominence structures on the surface of the otolith caused by accumulation and a more transparent appearance due to the different crystal structures in some parts of the otolith. These abnormalities were found in the left and/or right otoliths of male and female individuals in different total lengths. The percentage of individuals with abnormal otoliths of S. salpa is calculated as 52.42%. It was determined that there are statistical differences between the left and right otolith measurements of male and female individuals with abnormal and normal otoliths(p < 0.05). There is no relationship between the percentage of individuals showing abnormality and total length and sex. The current study presents for the first time abnormal otolith information on left and right otoliths in male and female S. salpa. It is thought that abnormalities in hallucinogenic fish otoliths could be related to genetic predisposition as well as stress due to nutritional preference, pollutants, and environmental factors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The presence of abnormalities in the otoliths of Sarpa salpa, a hallucinogenic fish, was revealed for the first time. Abnormalities in the otoliths of S. salpa were identified, such as the presence of various prominence structures on the otolith's surface, loss of parts as well as a more transparent appearance in the outlines or surface of the otolith. Normal and abnormal otoliths of female and male hallucinogenic fish from different size groups were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Abnormality detected in the otoliths of hallucinogenic fish is not related to the gender and size of the fish.

Determination of body length regression formulas for the golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus, Risso 1810) based on otoliths found in the feces of the Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica Gmelin, 1788)

The Caspian Seal, the sole mammal endemic to the Caspian Sea, is listed in the IUCN Red List as a species facing the threat of extinction, a status similarly recognized and/or assigned in all countries in the Caspian region.The study of seal nutrition using caprological methods is of great interest for understanding animal adaptation to deteriorating habitat conditions and assessing the adequacy of their food base in the sea. This method involves analyzing the contents of feces from ichthyophages to detect undigested fish otoliths.The results of studying the seal's diet during periods of haulout on breeding grounds showed that the frequency of occurrence of Chelon auratus otoliths ranged from 2-3% to 27.7% of all fish otoliths detected in feces.This study aims to assess changes in Chelon auratus otoliths as they pass through seals' gastrointestinal tracts and estimate formulas for recovering the linear dimensions of fish consumed by these seals.The research indicates that otolith growth slows with fish growth but does not cease entirely. Allometry is evident in the different ratios of otolith length and width to fish length in various size groups and the change in otolith shape as fish grow.To recover the body length of fish consumed by seals based on otoliths found in their feces, applying inverse calculation formulas obtained when studying the relationship between otolith growth and fish body growth using collection material obtained directly from fish is possible.Further research should focus on refining the recovery formula for the length of large fish by dividing the length into several segments, each described by separate formulas describing the relationship between fish body length and otolith length and width growth.

Botulinum toxin treatment of refractory vaginismus: a prospective study.

Vaginismus is a common sexual dysfunction. A few studies have indicated that botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) can help treat refractory vaginismus by alleviating muscle tension. However, such studies did not use standardized methodology and BoNTA dosage. The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of intravaginal BoNTA injection in treating refractory vaginismus. Also, we intended to assess the effectiveness and safety of modest doses, that is, 100 to 200 IU of submucosal BoNTA injections. A prospective study was conducted in an outpatient surgical center over 18 months. Twenty patients aged 29 to 49 years (mean, 30.9 years) with refractory vaginismus were enrolled. All patients had been sexually inactive at the time of treatment. All participants had received various treatments such as psychotherapy, vaginal dilatator therapy, muscle relaxants, and lubricants with no relief. A dose of 100 to 200 IU of BoNTA was injected submucosally in the lateral sides of the bulbospongiosus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis muscle areas. The patients were followed over 4 months posttreatment. Nineteen patients (95%) achieved satisfactory intercourse by the end of the 4-month follow-up period. A repeat BoNTA injection was not required as there were no recurrences. None of the participants reported adverse effects. A small sample size and lack of a control group. Injecting submucosally modest BoNTA doses is an effective and safe treatment for refractory vaginismus. When conventional therapies fail, BoNTA can be used to lessen muscle contraction, alleviate pain, and facilitate dilator treatments. Our standardized protocol, which involves a careful submucosal injection technique, can minimize risks and make the procedure easy to perform for daily practice.

Burnout in Australian sport and exercise physicians and registrars: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and factors associated with the risk of burnout among sport and exercise physicians and registrars in Australia. DesignCross-Sectional Study. MethodAustralian based sport and exercise physicians and registrars of the Australasian college of sport and exercise physicians were invited to complete a survey. Demographic data and response to a questionnaire utilising the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) tool were collected. Descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of burnout. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with the risk of burnout whilst adjusting for covariates. Results25 registrars (25/52 ​= ​48%) and 31 physicians (31/172 ​= ​18%) completed the survey. The risk of overall burnout in all three MBI parameters or in at least one parameter was 25% and 34%, respectively. Findings of the primary analysis showed that higher working hours (AOR 50.59; 95% CI 1.81–141.33; p ​= ​0.021) and higher level of job dissatisfaction (AOR 262.68; 95% CI 4.98–13857.50; p ​= ​0.006) were associated with increased odds of burnout. ConclusionsBurnout poses a significant risk to sport and exercise physicians and registrars in Australia. The small size of this specialty group and unique nature of their work requires specific interventions to reduce risks of burnout.

Essential Structural Profile of Novel Adenosine Derivatives as Antiplatelet Aggregation Inhibitors based on 3D-QSAR Analysis

Aims: In this research, 3D-QSAR evaluation on a set of fresh purinoid compounds that we produced was conducted. This analysis aims to illustrate the correlation between the structure of purine and its ability to prevent platelet aggregation. Our findings could pave the way to discovering novel antithrombotic medications. Background: The incidence of cardiovascular disease triggered by the clumping of platelets poses a significant danger to human health. Purine derivatives are important molecules with antiplatelet aggregation activity. Objective: The objectives of this research are to establish the correlation between the structure of purine and its ability to prevent platelet aggregation. Such a correlation could aid in the development of innovative antithrombotic medications. Methods: In this study, 3D-QSAR investigation on a collection of 75 new purine derivatives, which we synthesized, was conducted, utilizing Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Results: Significant correlation coefficients (CoMFA, q2= 0.843, r2= 0.930, F value= 266.755, SEE= 0.165; CoMSIA, q2= 0.869, r2= 0.918, F value= 222.571, SEE= 0.179) were obtained, and assessed the model's predictive capabilities by validating it with the test set. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the introduction of an appropriately sized structure at position 2 of the compound yields significant benefits. Conversely, the attachment of an excessively large group is detrimental. Direct attachment of a bulky substituent at C-6 of the compound is not feasible, and its activity increases when the structure with low electron cloud density is added. Moreover, the presence of a voluminous functional group at the 5' position of the compound is advantageous, and its activity will be further increased by the presence of hydrogen bond receptors in this region. These discoveries furnish significant comprehension for the formation of innovative structures with heightened efficacy.