Size Evolution Research Articles

A Visco-Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Law for Deformation Prediction of High Concrete Face Rockfill Dams

Deformation predictions in high Concrete Face Rockfill Dams tend to underestimate observed settlements due to scale effect and breakage phenomena that cannot be adequately captured by laboratory tests. This paper presents a Visco-Elasto-Perfectly Plastic (VEPP) model for predicting deformations in high Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRDs) that addresses these challenges incorporating explicitly key rockfill parameters like grain size and post-compaction porosity, which influence both the non-linear elastic and plastic behaviors of rockfill. The VEPP model enables deformation prediction while using standard laboratory test results. The model’s effectiveness was demonstrated through its application to the 233 m high Shuibuya Dam, the tallest CFRD in the world. The VEPP model predictions closely align with observed deformations throughout the dam’s construction, impoundment, and early operational stages. By using physically meaningful parameters, the model reduces the uncertainty associated with the empirical assessment of model parameters using back-analysis from similar projects. While the VEPP model offers improved predictive accuracy, particularly during early design phases, further advancements could be achieved by refining the creep formulation and accounting for grain size evolution during construction. This approach has the potential to optimize the design and construction of future high CFRD construction.

Potential impacts of AluYa5 (ACE & PROGINS) and AluYb8 (MUTYH) insertions in panic disorder

Objective: The human genome contains numerous active transposable elements (TEs), including the inserts of young Alus such as AluYa5 and AluYb8. The rapid, human lineage-specific evolution of brain size may be influenced by natural selection and the genomic variation of TEs, which can act as catalysts of evolution. Given their potential effects on human brain development, Alu elements may also be relevant in exploring complementary approaches for psychiatric disorders. This study analyzed the potential impacts of three specific Alu insertions (AluYa5-ACE, AluYa5-PROGINS, and AluYb8-MUTYH) on the susceptibility to panic disorder (PD). Materials and Methods: Alu insertions were determined with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method in 120 PD patients and 120 healthy control individuals and analyzed with logistic regression. The associations of the investigated Alus with both categorical and quantitative demographic-clinical variables including the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were analyzed using Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: AluYa5-PROGINS and AluYb8-MUTYH did not show an association with panic disorder risk. For AluYa5-ACE, a statistically significant association was determined; logistic regression analysis proved the highly protective effect (47.9%) of I/D genotype against PD compared with D/D genotype (p=0.030, OR=0.521, 95% CI=0.290-0.937). Alu insertions were not associated with panic disorder severity (p>0.05). Conclusion: This is the first combined study in which the potential effects of three Alu insertions in terms of both PD susceptibility and possible association with several disease parameters were evaluated. Further studies about the roles of the Alu elements in the etiology PD are highly recommended.

New left ventricular thrombus and embolic events in left ventricular dysfunction postmyocardial infarction

Background: We aimed to assess the incidence and evolution of new left ventricular thrombus (LVT), and the incidence of manifest systemic embolism, in patients with severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction postacute anterior myocardial infarction (MI) who had been discharged on dual antiplatelet therapy. Methods: We prospectively included consecutive patients with postacute anterior MI and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35% or apical aneurysms or large infarctions with LVEF ≤40%. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) confirmed no LVT before hospital discharge, and a second TTE was performed at 30 days and a third one at 3 months. All TTE studies were prespecified to assess LVT, and the patients were screened for the development of clinically manifest systemic embolisms. Results: Two hundred and two consecutive patients (males 93%; mean age 55.2±6.4 years; mean LVEF 29.5±5.0%) were included. At 30 days (interquartile range: 2837 days), a new LVT was detected in 12 (5.9%) patients. Oral anticoagulant was added to all patients with LVT, and aspirin was continued in 5 (42.7%) patients for a month. The 3month TTE showed favorable evolution of LV size, LVEF and apical wall motion score index compared to the baseline. At 3 months, the LVT disappeared in 7 (58.3%) patients and 5 patients still had a mural LVT of smaller size, and none got new LVT. Among the group without LVT, one patient had a stroke, and another had a myocardial infarction and died. Conclusions: In contemporary practice, and using routine TTE, the incidence of new LVT in patients with severe LV dysfunction postacute anterior MI is low. They have a favorable LVT evolution with minor risk for clinically manifest systemic embolism.

Evolution of Plant Genome Size and Composition.

The rapid development of sequencing technology has led to an explosion of plant genome data, opening up more opportunities for research in the field of comparative evolutionary analysis of plant genomes. In this review, we take changes in plant genome size and composition as a starting point and describe the effects of polyploidy, whole genome duplication and transposable elements changes on plant genome architecture and evolution, respectively. In addition, to address the lack of relevant information in some areas, we also collected and analyzed 234 representative plant genome data as a supplement. We aim to provide a global, up-to-date summary of information on plant genome architecture and evolution in this review.

Evolution of Large Eyes in Stromboidea (Gastropoda): Impact of Photic Environment and Life History Traits.

Eyes within the marine gastropod superfamily Stromboidea range widely in size, from 0.2 to 2.3mm - the largest eyes known in any gastropod. Despite this interesting variation, the underlying evolutionary pressures remain unknown. Here, we use the wealth of material available in museum collections to explore the evolution of stromboid eye size and structure. Our results suggest that depth is a key light-limiting factor in stromboid eye evolution; here, increasing water depth is correlated with increasing aperture width relative to lens diameter, and therefore an increasing investment in sensitivity in dim light environments. In the major clade containing all large-eyed stromboid families, species observed active during the day and the night had wider eye apertures relative to lens sizes than species observed active during the day only, thereby prioritising sensitivity over resolution. Species with no consistent diel activity pattern also had smaller body sizes than exclusively day-active species, which may suggest that smaller animals are more vulnerable to shell-crushing predators, and avoid the higher predation pressure experienced by animals active during the day. Within the same major clade, ancestral state reconstruction suggests that absolute eye size increased above 1mm twice. The unresolved position of Varicospira, however, weakens this hypothesis and further work with additional markers is needed to confirm this result.

Self-similar Buildup and Inside-out Growth: Tracing the Evolution of Intermediate-to-high-mass Star-forming Galaxies since z = 2

We aim to discern scenarios of structural evolution of intermediate-to-high-mass star-forming galaxies (SFGs) since cosmic noon by comparing their stellar mass profiles with present-day stellar masses of log(M*,0/M⊙)=10.3−11 . We addressed discrepancies in the size evolution rates of SFGs, which may be caused by variations in sample selection and methods for size measurements. To check these factors, we traced the evolution of individual galaxies by identifying their progenitors using stellar mass growth histories (SMGHs), integrating along the star-forming main sequence and from the IllustrisTNG simulations. Comparison between the structural parameters estimated from the mass- and light-based profiles shows that mass-weighted size evolves at a slower pace compared to light-based ones, highlighting the need to consider the mass-to-light ratio (M/L) gradients. Additionally, we observed mass-dependent growth in stellar mass profiles: massive galaxies ( log(M*,0/M⊙)≳10.8 ) formed central regions at z ≳ 1.5 and grew faster in outer regions, suggesting inside-out growth, while intermediate-mass and less massive SFGs followed a relatively self-similar mass buildup since z ∼ 2. Moreover, slopes of observed size evolution conflict with the predictions of TNG50 for samples selected using the same SMGHs across our redshift range. To explore the origin of this deviation, we examined changes in angular momentum (AM) retention fraction using the half-mass size evolution and employing a simple disk formation model. Assuming similar dark matter halo parameters, our calculations indicate that the AM inferred from observations halved in the past 10 Gyr while it remained relatively constant in TNG50. This higher AM in simulations may be due to the accretion of high-AM gases into disks.

Effects of Dust Coagulation on Streaming Instability

Streaming instability (SI) in dust has long been thought to be a promising process in triggering planetesimal formation in the protoplanetary disks (PPDs). In this study, we present the first numerical investigation that models the SI in the vertically stratified disk together with the dust coagulation process. Our simulations reveal that, even with the initially small dust sizes, because dust coagulation promotes dust size growth, SI can eventually still be triggered. Specifically, dust coagulation, limited only by dust fragmentation, broadens the parameter boundaries obtained from previous SI studies using single dust species. We describe the various stages of dust dynamics along with their size evolution and explore the impact of different dust fragmentation velocities. Implications of these results for realistic PPDs are also discussed.

Grain Size Prediction in SCR420HB Hot Forging: Combining Phenomenological and JMAK Models with Experimental and Numerical Analysis

This study presents the enhancement of a phenomenological model for predicting grain size evolution during the hot deformation of SCR420HB bearing steel. The model now incorporates strain rate and temperature as controllable variables, thereby improving prediction accuracy for various combinations of these factors. Material’s microstructural constants, including initial grain size exponent, strain exponent, strain rate exponent, and dynamic recrystallization activation energy, were determined through FEM-coupled optimization techniques. Accurate flow stress data, crucial for determining the onset of dynamic recrystallization, was integrated to enhance the model's precision. The accuracy of the optimized model was validated by comparing predicted and experimental grain sizes across different stages of the hot forging process, demonstrating improved model performance. Additionally, the study provides insights into the sensitivity of the grain size to different deformation conditions, offering valuable guidance for industrial forging applications. This comprehensive approach ensures the model's robustness and practical applicability in real-world scenarios.

Foraging strategy as a route for sexual size dimorphism evolution.

Female-biased sexual size dimorphism stands as a widespread evolutionary pattern. Fecundity selection, favouring larger females with greater reproductive output, is a leading explanation. However, larger body sizes demand greater energy intake, potentially hindering the evolution of extreme female sizes. Thus, the evolution of more lucrative foraging tactics may allow for an increase in size. Hence, coupled with selection against larger males, fecundity selection should result in larger SSD in species with more lucrative foraging strategies. Crab spiders are sit-and-wait predators that hunt in several plant substrata. Species that forage on flowers or employ prey-luring strategies likely have access to higher food intake than other species. We extracted body size measurements of 614 crab spider species from 43 genera and classified them based on their foraging strategy. Our findings show that foraging strategies that provide higher energy input (EFS) result in larger SSD. Statistical estimates indicate that females have a cephalothorax width 91% larger than males in EFS species, compared to 26% larger females than males in non-EFS species. These differences possibly arise due to larger females and smaller males. The effects on male size reduction might result from scramble competition, whereas the increase in female size is likely due to fecundity selection. These results suggest that the shift towards more lucrative foraging strategies may have been a key event in body size and SSD evolution in crab spiders.

Habitat alters biogeographical and evolutionary patterns of body size in freshwater crayfishes

Abstract Biogeographical patterns explain variation in body size, although the strength and directions of these patterns vary. When researchers account for the micro- or macrohabitats that species inhabit, they often find that biogeographical relationships with body size are modified, especially in taxa that inhabit diverse environments. Freshwater crayfishes are an ideal group in which to study the interaction between habitat, biogeography, and body size, because there are >700 crayfishes that inhabit aquatic environments, semi-terrestrial burrows, and caves. Here, we explore evolution of body size across 452 species of crayfish by considering the interaction between their habitats (aquatic, semi-terrestrial/aquatic, semi-terrestrial, and cave-dwelling) and the mean temperature of their geographical range. We documented 64-fold variation in body length. Aquatic species were the largest and had the greatest variation in body size. Crayfishes that inhabit both semi-terrestrial and aquatic habitats exhibit a weak negative relationship between body size and environmental temperature; solely aquatic species reverse this relationship. Evolutionarily, our ancestral reconstruction suggests that the ancestral crayfish was an aquatic species with a body length of 81.1 mm, which aligns with data from fossil crayfish. Overall, our study highlights how uniting biogeographical and evolutionary approaches improves our ability to explore patterns of animal body size and unearth explanatory mechanisms.

An investigation of firm size distributions involving the growth functions

Following the ideas of prospect theory, a class of growth functions is used to characterize deterministic variations of firm size, which portrays the asymmetric efforts of the firm to achieve the desired size. Considering the differences in the ability of different firm size to cope with uncertainties, the Boltzmann equation for the evolution of firm size is constructed. Utilizing a suitable scaling limit, the Fokker–Planck equation is acquired and its explicit steady-state solution is derived. Our results illustrate that different choices of parameters in the growth function lead to various statistical laws for firm size, such as the Amoroso distribution, the lognormal distribution and Zipf’s law. Under certain conditions, inequality for the distribution of firm size decreases as firm size increases. The numerical analyses are presented to illustrate our results.

Efficacy of intracameral mydriatics in pediatric lens surgery.

Introduction To evaluate the efficacy of intracameral administration of Mydrane® in children undergoing lens surgery. Methods We set up a single center prospective cohort trial including 40 consecutive patients between 8 weeks and 17 years old who were planned for lens surgery, including cataract, persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) or lens subluxation. We injected 0,1 ml of intracameral Mydrane at the beginning of surgery, no preoperative mydriatic eye drops were used. The aim of the study was to measure pupil size, and to monitor the evolution of the pupil size during surgery and the need for additional pupil expanding techniques. Results In 30 patients (75% (95%CI: 59 - 87%)), we did not need additional manipulations to obtain sufficient pupillary dilatation to perform the surgery and to implant an intraocular lens (IOL) following the bag-in-the-lens (BIL) technique. In the remaining 10 patients (25%), we saw an initiation of dilatation, but not to the required pupil diameter to continue the surgery without additional surgical maneuvers. The duration of surgery was significantly longer in the partial response group, reflecting the need for additional surgical steps. A significant relation between increase of pupillary diameter and age (P = 0.003), gender (P = 0.032) and horizontal corneal diameter (P < 0.001) could be shown. Even at baseline there is a larger pupil diameter in eyes with larger horizontal corneal diameters (p=0.039). No adverse events were observed during this study. Conclusion Intracameral administration of Mydrane resulted in some degree of dilatation in all eyes in this series, 75% of eyes did not need additional techniques to proceed with the surgery. Smaller pupils at baseline, younger age, male sex and small horizontal corneal diameter were related to a poorer response to Mydrane. The mydriasis persisted for the entire duration of the surgery, no ocular adverse events were observed during this study. This leads us to conclude that intracameral Mydrane is an effective and safe way to dilate the pupil in pediatric lens surgery.

Characterization of droplet clusters in a turbulent multiphase gas cloud using a model cough simulator

This study aims to investigate the transport of droplets ejected from an artificial cough simulator, which releases a turbulent puff of droplets into the surrounding air, closely resembling the human coughing process. The focus is on understanding droplet clustering within the multiphase gas cloud across various operating conditions that emulate the wide variation in the spray characteristics in actual human subjects owing to infection severity, age, and gender. Time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was employed to measure the velocity of both droplet and gas phases. It also facilitates the identification and characterization of droplet clusters through Voronoi analysis of the PIV images. The area and length scale of individual droplet clusters were measured, and the degree of droplet clustering was quantified using the clustering index and relative droplet number density within the clusters. Additionally, the interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing technique was utilized for planar measurement of individual droplet sizes. The range of Stokes number indicated partial to poor response of the droplets to the turbulent eddies. The results reported, for the first time, the presence of droplet clusters in the simulated coughing process. The wide spectrum of cluster size and self-similar evolution of droplet clusters unveil a multi-scale clustering phenomenon, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of the respiratory droplet dispersion process. The study comprehensively investigates the role of injection pressure on droplet clustering and the spatial development of the clusters, revealing some interesting findings, which are discussed.

Smooth trends in fermium charge radii and the impact of shell effects

The quantum-mechanical nuclear-shell structure determines the stability and limits of the existence of the heaviest nuclides with large proton numbers Z ≳ 100 (refs. 1–3). Shell effects also affect the sizes and shapes of atomic nuclei, as shown by laser spectroscopy studies in lighter nuclides4. However, experimental information on the charge radii and the nuclear moments of the heavy actinide elements, which link the heaviest naturally abundant nuclides with artificially produced superheavy elements, is sparse5. Here we present laser spectroscopy measurements along the fermium (Z = 100) isotopic chain and an extension of data in the nobelium isotopic chain (Z = 102) across a key region. Multiple production schemes and different advanced techniques were applied to determine the isotope shifts in atomic transitions, from which changes in the nuclear mean-square charge radii were extracted. A range of nuclear models based on energy density functionals reproduce well the observed smooth evolution of the nuclear size. Both the remarkable consistency of model prediction and the similarity of predictions for different isotopes suggest a transition to a regime in which shell effects have a diminished effect on the size compared with lighter nuclei.

Cavity formation in silica‐filled rubber compounds observed during deformation by ultra small‐angle x‐ray scattering

AbstractWhen silica‐filled rubber compounds are deformed, structural modifications in the material's bulk lead to irreversible damage, the most significant of which is cavitation appearing within the interfaces of interconnected polymer and filler networks. This work introduces a new method to analyze cavitation in industrial‐grade rubbers based on ultra small‐angle x‐ray scattering. This method employs a specially designed multi‐sample stretching device for high‐throughput measurements with statistical relevance. The proposed data reduction approach allows for early detection and quantification of cavitation while providing at the same time information on the hierarchical filler structures at length scales ranging from the primary particle size to large silica agglomerates over four orders of magnitude. To validate the method, the scattering of SSBR rubber compounds filled with highly dispersible silica at different ratios was measured under quasi‐static strain. The strain was applied in incremental steps up to a maximum achievable elongation or breakage of the sample. From the measurements performed in multiple repetitions, it was found that the minimum strain necessary for cavity formation and the size evolution of the cavities with increasing strain are comparable between these samples. The sample with the highest polymer content showed the lowest rate of cavity formation and higher durability of silica structures. The structural stability of the compounds was determined by the evolution of the filler hierarchical structures, obtained by fitting data across the available strain range.

Fibroblast-specific deletion of ERBB4 impairs cardiac regeneration in neonatal mice

Abstract Background Scarless regeneration of the neonatal mammalian heart is a remarkable but poorly understood process. Previous studies have shown that paracrine actions of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) are indispensable to stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation in the injured neonatal heart, and are mediated by activation of the ERBB4 receptor. It remains unclear, however, whether NRG1 also contributes to other steps of neonatal cardiac regeneration, e.g. to the control of collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, hence contributing to scarless healing. Purpose To study temporal evolution of the infarct size during 21 days after myocardial infarction (MI) in neonatal fibroblast-specific Erbb4 knock-out (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. We hypothesized that scarless healing would be completed within 21 days in WT mice, and incomplete in KO mice. Methods Fibroblast-specific hemizygous Erbb4 KO (FB-Erbb4-KO) mice were generated (Erbb4F/+ Col1a2-Cre+, C57BL/6 background), because fibroblast-specific nullizygous Erbb4 KO were not viable. Validation of the KO was performed both on RNA (qPCR) and protein (western blot) level. MI was induced in one-day old FB-Erbb4-KO and WT littermates of both sexes by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery under hypothermic anaesthesia. Pups from both groups were euthanized at 4 (WT, n=9; KO, n=11), 7 (WT, n=12; KO, n=4), 10 (WT, n=11; KO, n=7) and 21 (WT, n=16; KO, n=8) days post-MI. Following dissection, hearts were formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded for histopathological evaluation. Transverse sections were cut at 4 distinct locations from the ligation site to the apex and stained with Masson’s Trichrome for infarct scar measurement. Genotyping was performed post-mortem and unblinded after data analysis. Results Both the transgenic mice model and the LAD ligation technique were successfully validated. No significant differences in the initial infarct scar size were observed between WT and FB-Erbb4-KO mice 4 days post-MI (p=0.6556). 7-days post-MI the infarct scar size was 6-fold smaller compared to 4 days post-MI in both FB-Erbb4-KO and WT mice, with a trend towards a larger infarct scar size in the FB-Erbb4-KO group compared to WT (p=0.0989). At day 10 post-MI, infarct scar size in the FB-Erbb4-KO group was significantly larger (p=0.0499) compared to WT. At 21 days post-MI, the infarct size had almost completely disappeared in the WT group, but remained clearly present in the FB-Erbb4-KO group (Fig. 1, p=0.0099). Infarct scar sizes at all timepoints are graphically shown in Fig. 2. Conclusion Fibroblast-specific deletion of the ERBB4 receptor causes incomplete resolution of the infarct scar in murine neonates 21 days after MI. While the initial infarct scar size 4 days after injury is the same, impaired scar resolution becomes progressively more evident towards day 21 post-MI. These findings indicate that scarless healing of the neonatal mammalian heart requires NRG1/ERBB4 signalling in fibroblasts.Fig. 1Fig. 2

Carbon Nanoparticle Oxidation by NO2and O2: Chemical Kinetics andReaction Pathways.

Carbon nanoparticle interactions with gases are central to many environmental and technical processes, but the underlying reaction kinetics and mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigate the oxidation and gasification of carbon nanoparticles by NO2and O2under combustion exhaust conditions. We build on a comprehensive experimental data set and use a kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP-CARBON) to trace the uptake and release of gas molecules alongside the temporal evolution of particle size and surface composition. The experimental results are captured by a model mechanism that involves different types of carbon atoms (edge/plane-like) and the formation of a reactive oxygen intermediate (activated CO complex) as the rate-limiting step. A transition between distinct chemical regimes driven by NO2at lower temperatures and O2at higher temperatures is reflected by an increase in the observable activation energy from ~60 kJ/mol to ~130 kJ/mol. We derive energy profiles for three alternative reaction pathways that involve uni- or bimolecular decomposition of reactive oxygen intermediates.

Carbon Nanoparticle Oxidation by NO2 and O2: Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Pathways

Carbon nanoparticle interactions with gases are central to many environmental and technical processes, but the underlying reaction kinetics and mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigate the oxidation and gasification of carbon nanoparticles by NO2 and O2 under combustion exhaust conditions. We build on a comprehensive experimental data set and use a kinetic multilayer model (KM‐GAP‐CARBON) to trace the uptake and release of gas molecules alongside the temporal evolution of particle size and surface composition. The experimental results are captured by a model mechanism that involves different types of carbon atoms (edge/plane‐like) and the formation of a reactive oxygen intermediate (activated CO complex) as the rate‐limiting step. A transition between distinct chemical regimes driven by NO2 at lower temperatures and O2 at higher temperatures is reflected by an increase in the observable activation energy from ~60 kJ/mol to ~130 kJ/mol. We derive energy profiles for three alternative reaction pathways that involve uni‐ or bimolecular decomposition of reactive oxygen intermediates.

The supermassive black hole merger-driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies

ABSTRACT Very compact ($R_\mathrm{e}\lesssim 1$ kpc) massive quiescent galaxies (red nuggets) are more abundant in the high-redshift Universe ($z\sim 2$–3) than today. Their size evolution can be explained by collisionless dynamical processes in galaxy mergers which, however, fail to reproduce the diffuse low-density central cores in the local massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). We use sequences of major and minor merger N-body simulations starting with compact spherical and disc-like progenitor models to investigate the impact of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on the evolution of the galaxies. With the ketju code we accurately follow the collisional interaction of the SMBHs with the nearby stellar population and the collisionless evolution of the galaxies and their dark matter haloes. We show that only models including SMBHs can simultaneously explain the formation of low-density cores up to sizes of $R_\mathrm{b} \sim 1.3$ kpc with mass deficits in the observed range and the rapid half-mass size evolution. In addition, the orbital structure in the core region (tangentially biased orbits) is consistent with observation-based results for local cored ETGs. The displacement of stars by the SMBHs boost the half-mass size evolution by up to a factor of 2 and even fast rotating progenitors (compact quiescent discs) lose their rotational support after 6–8 mergers. We conclude that the presence of SMBHs is required for merger-driven evolution models of high-redshift red nuggets into local ETGs.

Investigation of iron oxide nanoparticle formation in a spray-flame synthesis process using laser-induced incandescence

In this work, iron-oxide nanoparticle formation in the spray-flame synthesis (SFS) process of the standardized SpraySyn 2.0 burner was investigated in situ using laser-induced incandescence (LII). For the evaluation of these measurements, prior LII-experiments within iron-oxide aerosols (Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3) with known primary particle size distribution and morphological properties were performed to determine the thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC) α, which led to approx. α = 0.08. The applicability of the TAC results within the flame was validated using spectrally and temporally resolved measurements in the flame at 65 mm HAB employing a spectrograph. Data for a bimodal particle size distribution, obtained from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), were used in the LII-evaluation. The validated TAC was then used to evaluate the primary particle size evolution from in situ Time-Resolved (TiRe) LII-measurements using PMTs along the centre axis of the burner, ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm HAB. These measurements reveal a relatively constant effective particle diameter along HAB with dp,eff ≈ 300 nm. To further investigate particle formation in SFS, 2-dimensional time-resolved LII-measurements in the SFS flame were performed, showing a clear particle formation region up to approx. 30 mm HAB, from where on a constant particle mass is observed.