Six-fold Classification Research Articles

MULTI-LEVEL CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DEEP LEARNING FOR ACCURATE RISK STRATIFICATION OF ARRHYTHMIAS

Arrhythmias, also known as irregular heartbeats, are important health problems that must be accurately identified to diagnose and treat cardiovascular disease. Within the scope of this study, a network for classifying arrhythmias, which are important in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, was proposed by using one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN), one of the deep learning techniques. With the proposed 1D-CNN architecture, arrhythmia types and normal rhythm ECGs were subjected to a more detailed examination from general to specific according to urgency situations. In the classifications made, first of all, a binary classification was made and an evaluation was made as whether there was a life risk or not. In triple, quadruple and six-fold classification, the detection of arrhythmia status is detailed. More complex classifications have helped to define different types of arrhythmias in more detail. This study proposes a deep learning network for automatic identification and classification of arrhythmias and shows that different arrhythmia conditions can be diagnosed with a single network model by applying the proposed network structure to multi-class arrhythmia disorders.

Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Using Logistic Regression and Machine Learning Approaches

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common human diseases worldwide and may cause several health-related complications. It is responsible for considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic loss. A timely diagnosis and prediction of this disease could provide patients with an opportunity to take the appropriate preventive and treatment strategies. To improve the understanding of risk factors, we predict type 2 diabetes for Pima Indian women utilizing a logistic regression model and decision tree—a machine learning algorithm. Our analysis finds five main predictors of type 2 diabetes: glucose, pregnancy, body mass index (BMI), diabetes pedigree function, and age. We further explore a classification tree to complement and validate our analysis. The six-fold classification tree indicates glucose, BMI, and age are important factors, while the ten-node tree implies glucose, BMI, pregnancy, diabetes pedigree function, and age as the significant predictors. Our preferred specification yields a prediction accuracy of 78.26% and a cross-validation error rate of 21.74%. We argue that our model can be applied to make a reasonable prediction of type 2 diabetes, and could potentially be used to complement existing preventive measures to curb the incidence of diabetes and reduce associated costs.

The Historical Regions of Europe: Civilizational Backgrounds and Multiple Routes to Modernity

A systematic typology or comparative analysis of European historical regions does not exist and there is relatively little literature on the topic. The argument in this paper is that a six-fold classification is needed to capture the diversity of Europe’s historical regions and that these should be seen in terms of different routes to modernity and have broad civilizational backgrounds in common. The forms of modernity that constitute Europe as a world historical region correspond to North Western Europe, Mediterranean Europe, Central Europe, East Central Europe, South Eastern Europe, North Eastern Europe.

The Dark Koran: A Semantic Analysis of the Koranic Darknesses (ẓulumāt) and their Metaphorical Usage

Darkness (ẓulumāt) as a Koranic literary image has not been systematically analyzed, even though it is connected to fundamental Koranic topics such as understanding, salvation and the omniscience of God. The aim of this article is to argue for a close reading of the occurrences of ẓulumāt in the Koran and to discuss their metaphorical usage. By joining cognitive metaphor theories with the Koranic material, the article contributes to a new understanding of how and why modes of darkness are applied in the Koran. In the article, I argue for a six-fold classification of the occurrences, in which the utilization of particularly two conceptual metaphors, a mental state is darkness and protection is darkness appear. The former is employed to explain the imperative difference between belief and unbelief through the binary pair of darkness and light, whereas the latter is chosen to elucidate the omniscience of the Koranic God.

The Challenge of Measuring Language Learning Strategies

Abstract: This article discusses usefulness of using generic strategy inventories to assess language learning strategies (LLSs) across contexts. A review of LLS research is presented with a critique of extant studies in relation to classification of strategies, methodological issues, and predictability of language performance. The present research project aimed to measure LLSs, provide evidence for a taxonomy of LLS, and investigate relationship between LLS and English language performance. The article concludes that studies employing LLS scales that use a standard Likert-type scale are not appropriate because of wide range of possible contextual influences, such as cultural and educational background. The article suggests a more situated approach utilizing in-depth qualitative methods would be more appropriate in assessing LLS use. Introduction Language learning strategies (LLSs) have received a great deal of attention from both researchers and language teaching professionals in past two decades. There is evidence to suggest LLSs may be categorized (Oxford, 1990; Schmidt & Watanabe, 2001) and reliably measured (Oxford, 1996; Oxford & Burry-Stock, 1995). Most importantly, there is research evidence that suggests that use of LLS is related to language performance (Dreyer & Oxford, 1996; Park, 1997) and that strategies may be taught. This paper describes trials and tribulations of selection of suitable instrumentation to measure LLSs and subsequent analysis of data. During this process several questions arose. How should strategies be categorized? Should there be six categories as proposed by Oxford (1990), or four categories as proposed by Schmidt and Watanabe (2001)? How can strategies be measured? Is it possible to expect one instrument to be generalized enough to be relevant to all students? How should data be analyzed? Is an exploratory factor analysis most suitable method to evaluate classifications made a priori? Then issue of language performance is questioned. Is all strategy use effective? Or are there some strategies that are more effective? In attempting to answer these questions, author concludes that there is an urgent need to reconceptualize LLSs in a way that can accommodate variation in language learning settings and address cross-cultural differences of students. Background Language learning strategies are defined by O'Malley & Chamot (1990) as the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend, learn or retain new information (p. 1). Oxford (1990) expanded upon this definition to refer to LLSs as specific actions taken by to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations (p. 8). Learners' beliefs also need to be taken into account. Learners have different views as to what promotes effective language learning. Thus, LLSs may be considered as conscious attempts by to facilitate or improve learning based on personal beliefs about learning process. Interest in LLS emerged from good language learner studies (Rubin, 1975; Stern, 1975). These studies aimed to identify behaviors of successful language learners with a view to teaching others these behaviors. There are many studies that attempt to organize LLSs into different types to produce a taxonomy or classification of LLSs. According to Oxford (1990), LLSs may be classified into two main types: direct and indirect. Direct strategies comprise memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies while indirect strategies comprise metacognitive, affective, and social strategies. She proposed a sixfold classification of strategies, which has been applied in a large number of studies (see, e.g., Bedell & Oxford, f996; Oxford, 1996; Park 1997). Schmidt, Boraie, and Kassabgy (1996) also proposed a sixfold classification, comprising rehearsal and rote learning strategies, elaboration strategies, organizational strategies, inferencing strategies, metacognitive strategies, and resource management. …

Theories of Sovereignty: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Tracing the confusion surrounding the concept of sovereignty to its complex referent, to epistemological relativism, and to metaphorical uses of the term "sovereignty", this article proposes an interdisciplinary approach as a partial remedy to this problem. As a preliminary step, the article starts with an analysis of the intricate relationship that exists between legal stipulations, descriptive statements and normative theories. This is followed by a six-fold classification of theories of sovereignty on the basis of their unit of analysis and analytical goals. The article concludes with an attempt to identify some of the most important linkages between these classes of theories.

A new approach to the relief of Great Britain: II. A classification of rocks based on relative resistance to denudation

We have assembled a digital database for Great Britain, containing square by square data for the 1 km squares of the National Grid on altitude and geology (age and lithology) as well as other variables. It is used here to classify the 71 most common rocks of Great Britain (i.e., all outcrops over 500 km 2) in terms of the degree to which they form high ground. The empirical classification utilised a large number of measures (eventually 19) to allow for the varying location and spatial pattern (coastal vs. inland, large continuous outcrops vs. scattered patches) of these outcrops, and several different combinations of variables produced very similar sequences when the rocks were arranged in rank order. A six-fold classification provides a basis for further work which will seek to remove the influence of varying resistance to denudation from the pattern of relief. For rocks of similar age, rank order is determined by lithology, but for all rocks, age is a stronger influence than lithology. It is shown that variations in the resistance of rocks to erosion account for a large part of the local relative relief of Britain. The pattern of mean altitude predicted from river distance values using regressions for each rock resistance class simulates remarkably closely the overall pattern of British relief.

Petrogenesis of mare basalts: A record of lunar volcanism

Returned rock and soil samples from our nearest planetary neighbor have provided the basis for much of our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon. Of particular importance are the mare basalts, which have revealed considerable information about lunar volcanism and the nature of the mantle, as well as post-magma-generation processes. This paper is a critical review of the petrogenetic models for the generation of mare basalts formulated over the last twenty years. We have used all available mare basalt analyses to define a six-fold classification scheme using TiO 2 contents as the primary division (i.e., ∗ 1 wt% = very low-Ti or VLT; 1–6 wt% = low-Ti; > 6 wt% = high-Ti). A secondary division is made using Al 2O 3 contents (i.e., ∗ 11 wt% = low-Al; > 11 wt% = high-Al), and a tertiary division is defined using K contents (i.e., ∗ 2000 ppm = low-K; > 2000 ppm = high-K). Such divisions and subdivisions yield a classification containing twelve categories, of which six are accounted for by the existing Apollo and Luna collections. Therefore, we present our discussions in the form of six mare basalt rock types: 1. (1) high-Ti/low-Al/low-K (referred to as “high-Ti/low-K”). 2. (2) high-Ti/low-Al/high-K (referred to as “high-Ti/high-K”). 3. (3) low-Ti/low-Al/low-K (referred to as “low-Ti”). 4. (4) low-Ti/high-Al/low-K (referred to as “high-alumina”). 5. (5) low-Ti /high-Al/ high-K (referred to as “VHK”). 6. (6) VLT/low-Al/low-K basalts (referred to as “VLT”). A variety of post-magma-generation processes have been invoked, such as fractional crystallization, either alone or combined with wallrock assimilation, to explain the compositional ranges of the various mare basalt suites. In order to evaluate these proposed petrogenetic processes, this review is by rock type and is non-site specific, but for each rock type, reference to particular lunar sample return missions is brought forth. This permits a comparison of similarities and differences of broadly similar rock types correlated with geography on the Moon, which, in turn, allows a more thorough petrogenetic evaluation. High-Ti mare basalts (i.e., high-Ti/low-Al/low-K) are found at Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 sites; however, the A-11 basalts contain lower TiO 2 abundances, a considerably larger range in trace-element contents, and the only occurrence of high-Ti/high-K mare basalts. Fractional crystallization and source heterogeneity within each site are the keys to understanding the petrogenesis of the high-Ti basalts. Low-Ti basalts (including both low-Al/K and high-Al/K varieties) are found at Apollo 12, 14, and 15, and Luna 16 sites. The low-Ti basalts exhibit a wide range of major- and trace-element compositions and require source heterogeneity, fractional crystallization, and some assimilation. The high-alumina mare basalts (i.e., low-Ti/high-Al/low-K) are found at Apollo 14 and Luna 16 sites and exhibit a wide range of major-and trace-element compositions. However, in these examples, source heterogeneity is not a major factor. Indeed, fractional crystallization coupled with KREEP assimilation, particularly for the Apollo 14 variants, can explain the compositional ranges of these high-alumina basalts. The VHK mare basalts (i.e., low-Ti/high-Al/high-K) have been sampled only at the Apollo 14 locale and are products of a parental highalumina magma assimilating lunar granite. Very low-Ti (VLT) mare basalts (i.e., VLT/low-Al/low-K) are found at Apollo 17 and Luna 24 sites. Fractional crystallization has had a major influence upon the range in VLT compositions, but Luna 24 VLT basalts have been derived from a source slightly different in composition from that for Apollo 17 VLT varieties. For example, the Luna 24 VLT basalts generally exhibit positive Eu anomalies, a unique property for mare basalts, which almost always have negative Eu anomalies. The concept of a lunar magma ocean (LMO) is generally accepted, and source modelling of all basalts invokes a “mafic LMO cumulate source.” This is the only unifying model for mare basalt petrogenesis, but the semantics and logistics of it are and will be debated for many years. For example, major convective overturn of the LMO appears plausible, but whether this occurred on a local- or planet-wide scale to produce source heterogeneity remains to be determined.

A Pattern of Disasters and Victims

Two three-dimensional conceptual models are presented that should help those concerned with disasters and disaster victims to integrate the numerous studies on the topic. The first, concerning disasters, involves matters ecological, technological and social scientific. It covers the elements earth, air, fire, water/liquid, and people. It includes the time dimensions of preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. The second introduces a six-fold classification of victims, together with dimensions to cover the methods and kinds of delivery of different interventions that might be made available to help them. The suggestion is that, were the appropriately noted victim model placed within the larger disaster model according to the types of disaster study being examined, there might be useful academic, political, and professional implications.

Stromatolite assemblages of the late precambrian in China

The late Precambrian as used in this paper, is represented by the sections in the Jixian (Chihsien) and Yangtze Gorges. These rocks correspond to the middle—late Proterozoic of some authors and range in age from c. 1900 to 600 Ma. The succession can be subdivided into four systems; the Changcheng, Jixian, Qingbaikou and Sinian Systems, all of which yield abundant stromatolites. Based on the latest studies, we suggest a new sixfold classification scheme — Supertype, Type, Subtype, Family, Genus and Species, and refer the stromatolites to 13 families and 50 genera, including some material published already in China. The stromatolites of the late Precambrian of China may be represented by elements from Yanshan, southern Liaodong peninsula and Kaiyang of Guizhou, etc. They are subdivided into eight stromatolite assemblages and correlated throughout most of China.

Hydraulic Resistance of Artificial Strip Roughness

An experimental study of two-dimensional flow over non-uniform roughness is reported in which artificial strip roughness was employed. The roughness elements were square in cross section and placed at different relative spacings. A six-fold classification system is suggested based upon the ideas of Morris and Adachi. Resistance data from other investigators is also considered, and the variation of resistance coefficient with Reynolds number, relative spacing, and relative depth examined. The general resistance parameter, X, first introduced by Sayre and Albertson is found to be particularly helpful in synthesizing the various sets of resistance data. Logarithmic resistance equations involving X are validated over a wide range of roughness wavelength to height ratio. The relationship between roughness height and Nikuradse's equivalent sand roughness size is also examined.

Un exemple d'analyse multivariée ; la structure socioprofessionnelle des villes du Sud-Ouest de la France

An example of multivariate analysis : socio-professional structure of towns in the South-West of France. Principal components analysis applied to 70 towns in the 4 neighbouring "départements" of the river Adour has permitted the treatment of 8 socio-professional categories and their evolution between 1962 and 1968. This has led to a six-fold classification. There has been a tendancy to increase in wage-earning and tertiary employment and to a certain harmonization of types (standardization).

Structural, Institutional, and Cultural Explanations

Types of explanation can be differentiated in many ways but the typology here presented is obtained by cross tabulating two kinds of classifications. The first one is rather philosophical. It is assumed that explanations of human behavior are given mainly in terms of either causes, habits1 or motives. As sociology focuses on groups and societies it will be assumed that the problems involved in these three kinds of explanation can be discussed by speaking of explanations in terms of social structure, social institutions and culture. The second classification or dimension is more clearly sociological. A basic distinction between different approaches in sociology concerns the assumptions they make about social change. Some approaches concentrate on ongoing change, and they will be labeled collectivistic according to a 2 terminology adopted by Amitai Etzioni . The other approach focuses on guided change and is called voluntaristic. This distinction has of course important philosophical implications. It is related to the problem of how the notion of purpose is treated in social science. It is of course not assumed that by cross-classifying the above mentioned two dimensions and thus obtaining a six-fold classification one can discuss all important philosophical problems in social science explanation. Hopefully, however, the typology provides a reasonable point of departure, although it should be clear that there are borderline cases and that typological distinctions sometimes may blur important problems.

An assessment of the feasibility of discharge of patients in hospitals for the subnormal.

It is now widely accepted that subnormal patients who do not require hospital services should not be in hospital but should be in hostel-type accommo dation under educational and welfare authorities if they cannot be cared for in their own homes. However, the application of this policy to patients already in hospital presents difficulties, both be cause there are differences of opinion about the proportion of patients who do not need hospital care and because even among patients whose dis charge would be desirable it is not clear to what extent it is feasible, particularly in the case of those for whom hospital has been home, sometimes their only home, for many years. The purpose of the present investigation is to assess the proportion of Birmingham patients now in hospital who could in practice be discharged (not necessarily the same as the proportion who, on grounds of medical or other needs, do not need hos pital care). A previous estimate (McKeown and Leek, 1967) had suggested that only about half of the Birmingham patients in hospitals for the sub normal needed the kind of care?essentially investi gation, active treatment or the attention of trained nursing staff?which made it essential for them to be in hospital. This estimate was questioned by some consultants, working in the field of subnormality, on the grounds that it was based on an appraisal of medical, nursing, and other needs rather than a direct question to the consultant. In examining the feasibility of discharge we have therefore reassessed the proportion of patients needing to be in hospital, basing the estimate on the consultant's classification of his own patients. In the previous enquiry all (1,652) Birmingham patients in hospitals for the subnormal were in cluded. For the present purpose it was considered sufficient to cover all (204) children under 16 and a random sample of 339 patients comprising one in four of those over this age. Consultants were asked to assign each of their patients to one of six classes according to the type of care required?investigation or active hospital treat ment; mental and basic nursing; mental nursing; basic nursing; checking and counselling; and sh ltered environment. This is the classification used previously, with types of care arranged in order of decreasing complexity and each patient uniquely classified according to the most complex type of care required. Patients under the first four headings were considered to need hospital care and those under the last two were not. Since the earlier conclusions were questioned, we should clarify the changes in the present procedure. Previously, consultants and ward sisters were asked to ee each of their patients together and to provide detailed information concerning their medical, nursing, and other needs, and these data were used to prepare the six-fold classification. In the present case consultants were invited to place patients directly into one of the six classes, and any differences be tween the results are due either to changes in the patients' needs since the previous survey or to the difference in procedure. Tables I and II show the classification of children and adults respectively according to the types of care requir d. (For a number of reasons, including parti cularly the greater scope for hospital investigation nd active treatment, it was considered desirable to

Degrees of Power and Freedom

Basic concepts in political science have been used in a purely classificatory way ever since Aristotle established the sixfold classification of the forms of government: monarchy, aristocracy, constitutional government, and their respective “perversions”: tyranny, oligarchy, democracy. Similarly, a modern writer distinguishes among four types of political systems: the Anglo-American, the Continental European, the pre-industrial (or partially industrial), and the totalitarian. All these are categorical concepts; a political system is either monarchical or not, either of the Anglo-American or of another type. Such key terms as influence, control, authority, power, and freedom also tend to function categorically: one actor either has or lacks power over some activity of another actor; with respect to one actor, another is either free or unfree to act in a certain way.However, concrete political situations exhibit such characteristics to different degrees. Just as the substances we encounter in nature have varying degrees of hardness (rather than being either hard or soft), so a given political system is more, or less, totalitarian (or of the Anglo-American or of the pre-industrial type) than another. The United States and Soviet Russia have at present more power than any other country, and both are perhaps about equally powerful. Soldiers in general have less freedom than civilians, but they have more than prisoners. There can (or there cannot) be equal freedom for all.Since we do make such assertions, the question arises whether it is possible to give them precise empirical meaning. To do so, we must replace such categorical concepts as power and freedom by the corresponding comparative concepts, e.g., “more power than,” “as much freedom as,” and provide operational definitions for these expressions.