Six-factor Structure Research Articles

Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form in a sample of Italian adolescents.

The primary objective of the present study is to validate the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-SF) in a sample of Italian adolescents. Additionally, we aim to evaluate its factorial structure by examining the contribution of each subscale (i.e., Nonacceptance, Clarity, Awareness, Goals, Impulse, Strategy) on the general factor using bi-factor models by replicating a past study. The sample comprises N = 704 adolescents aged 11-17 years (M = 13.38, SD = 1.37; 53.12% females). To establish external validity, correlation and path analyses were conducted between the DERS-SF sub-scales, the total score, and measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, as well as Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU). Measurement invariance was tested comparing males versus females and pre-adolescents and adolescents. Overall, results supported the multidimensional nature of the DERS-SF, confirming its original six-factor structure. However, bi-factor models analysis revealed that the Awareness subscale should be excluded when calculating the total score. Furthermore, findings indicated that the Strategy subscale variance is largely accounted for by the general factor rather than the specific subscale. In terms of external validity, significant positive associations between the DERS-SF sub-scales, the total score, and PSU, internalizing and externalizing symptoms were observed. Measurement invariance was supported. Altogether, findings support the validity of the DERS-SF among Italian Adolescents and provide insights relevant to the understanding of the multifaceted facets of emotion regulation, emphasizing its relevance as a transdiagnostic process.

Стандартизация методики «Климат в классе» в Республике Беларусь

<p>The concept of "Classroom climate" has a broad semantics. It covers the quality of interaction not only between students and teachers, but also with classmates at the managerial, social, emotional and academic levels. It is shown that students' subjective perception of the classroom climate carries their behavior, psychological well-being and success in teaching students, as well as their personal characteristics, the development of abilities and giftedness. The use of an evidence-based approach in education improves the quality of psychological tools used in different regions of the Russian Federation and other countries. The article reflects the standardization of the questionnaire "Climate in the classroom" in the Republic of Belarus. The study sample consisted of 425 school students from different regions of the Republic of Belarus (Minsk, Rogachev and Zhlobin) aged 10-18 years (54,35% female). The average age was 15±1 years (median=15 years). Using confirmatory factor analysis, the six-factor structure of the questionnaire was statistically validated, and its structure demonstrated satisfactory alignment with the empirical data. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient confirms the internal consistency of the scales, with their mutual correlations being at a moderate level. The magnitude and direction of the relationships are consistent with the expected outcomes. The convergent and differential validity of the questionnaire scales has been tested on the scales of the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale (SHUJI) and academic performance. The questionnaire is recommended to school psychologists and teachers for psychological and pedagogical support of students from different age groups to create a favorable school environment.</p>

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk Scale (NGAR) in Nonclinical Settings.

To validate the Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR) in Spanish for an early detection identification of the risk of suicide. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used for this work through face-to-face clinical interviews with each participant. Following EQUATOR TRIPOD checklist, the index was translated and administered to a sample of 30 mental health experts and 151 university students. To examine the psychometric properties of the NGASR, the questionnaires also included other standardised scales such as BDI, SBQ and SEEQ. The research was conducted between 2022 and 2023. The content validity index-scale (CVI-S) was 81% and the NGASR presented high reliability with a Kuder-Richardson coefficient of 0.83. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) returned a six-factor structure for the NGASR items. The results showed that 21.7% of the students assessed had an intermediate to very high suicide risk. This study also revealed that people with mental health problems and depression had a higher risk of suicide. Beyond the sociolinguistic Spanish validation of the scale, it should be noted that it is carried out on a young population in a nonclinical environment, something that many authors have been requesting in their previous validations. The NGASR is a useful prevention tool in university educational settings.

Validation of the Japanese version of the scales of the attitudes toward people with epilepsy (SAPE-J).

The aims of this study were to translate the SAPE questionnaire (Scales of the Attitudes toward People with Epilepsy) questionnaire developed in Germany that assesses attitudes toward people with epilepsy (PWE) into Japanese and to examine its reliability and validity. We crafted the Japanese version of SAPE (SAPE-J) by drawing upon the original German version. On May 22nd and 23rd, 2023, we surveyed the general public registered with an online research survey service (Cross Marketing Group Inc., Tokyo, Japan) using an online questionnaire. Inclusion criteria were an age of ≥18 years, sufficient reading and speaking skills in Japanese, and the ability to comprehend the Japanese questionnaires. In addition to the translated SAPE-J, we asked about knowledge of epilepsy, personal experience with epilepsy, and gathered information about age, gender, employment status, education level, marital status, and household income in accordance with the validation of the German version of the SAPE. 400 adults from the general public who had heard or read about epilepsy were asked to participate, granted informed consent, and completed the study questionnaire. The SAPE-J questionnaire has 6 scales: 1. Social Distance; 2. Stereotypes; 3. Concerns when encountering a person with epilepsy (PWE) and emotional reactions differentiated by 4.1 Fear, 4.2. Anger, and 4.3 Pity; with a total of 26 items. The reliability of these scales ranged between acceptable to high (Cronbach's alpha 0.74-0.92) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) confirmed the presumed six-factor structure of the SAPE (factorial validity). Multivariate generalized linear models (GLM) were used to investigate the construct validity and showed that, depending on subscale, different variables such as age, gender, education level, personal contact to PWE, and epilepsy specific knowledge were significant predictors of attitudes. The Japanese version of the SAPE proved reliable and valid for assessing attitudes toward PWE in the Japanese public. Increasing understanding about how to deal with and accept persons with epilepsy may help reduce negative attitudes and fears about the condition. The study translated the German SAPE questionnaire, which measures attitudes toward people with epilepsy (PWE), into Japanese and tested its reliability and validity. The Japanese version (SAPE-J) was created and surveyed online among 400 adults in Japan. The SAPE-J has 6 scales covering social distance, stereotypes, and emotional reactions like fear, anger, and pity. Reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.74-0.92), and factor analyses confirmed its structure. The study found age, gender, education, and personal contact with PWE influenced attitudes. The SAPE-J is reliable and valid for assessing attitudes toward PWE in Japan, potentially reducing negative views and fears about epilepsy.

A cross-cultural study of different facets of dissociation: Validity and relationship with childhood trauma

BackgroundDissociative symptoms are often conceptualized as a response to childhood trauma. However, most previous studies did not consider dissociation as a multidimensional phenomenon and only focused on English-speaking samples. ObjectivesTo establish the cross-cultural validity of dissociation and examine the relationship of childhood trauma with different specific dissociative symptoms across two different samples. Participants and settingData from two surveys were analyzed (N = 781 Chinese-speaking adults and N = 468 English-speaking adults). MethodsParticipants completed the Childhood Trauma Subsection of the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey and the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory (MDI) in their respective languages. We first established the measurement invariance of the MDI across the samples. Then, we examined the correlations between childhood trauma and different dimensions of dissociation. ResultsThe six-factor structure of MDI achieved configural, metric and scalar invariance across the samples. In both samples, childhood trauma was significantly correlated with all facets of dissociation (rs = 0.227 to 0.450, p < .001), after controlling for age and gender. While depersonalization (r = 0.450) had the strongest correlation with childhood trauma in the Chinese-speaking sample, memory disturbance (r = 0.333) had the strongest correlation with childhood trauma in the English-speaking sample. ConclusionsDissociation is a valid, multidimensional construct associated with childhood trauma across cultures. Yet, social and cultural factors might influence this relationship. Further studies on the complex relationship between childhood trauma and different specific dissociative symptoms, as well as possible moderators, are needed.

Development of Chinese college students’ perception teacher differential behavior scale and its reliability and validity test

ObjectiveTo compile a scale of Chinese college students’ perception of teachers’ differential behavior and to provide a reference for college students to establish correct life values, promote college students’ physical and mental health, and reduce teachers’ differential treatment.MethodsOpen-ended questionnaires and expert interviews were used to conduct interviews and correspondence with 58 college students, ten psychologists, and six psychologists to form an initial questionnaire. Then, the scale’s exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability and validity test were conducted on 7053 college students from 18 universities in 6 provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government).ResultsThe Chinese college students’ perception of teachers’ differential behavior scale has two dimensions: teacher prejudice and preference. Each dimension includes three aspects: emotional feedback, behavior orientation, and opportunity privilege, and each aspect have a total of 4 items. The consistency test coefficients of each dimension and each factor of the prepared scale are all above 0.7, and the split-half reliability is above 0.6. Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the six-factor structural model fits well (χ2/df = 4.287, RMSEA = 0.066, CFI = 0.950, TLI = 0.919). Using the generalized anxiety disorder scale and the patient health questionaire-9items as empirical criteria, each factor in the scale demonstrated significant correlations with both the GAD scale and the patient health questionaire-9items.ConclusionsThe Chinese college students’ perception of teachers’ differential behavior scale has a two-dimensional six-factor structure and has good reliability and validity. It can be used as an effective tool to measure Chinese college students’ perceived teacher differential behavior.

Slovenian validation of the Capacity to Love Inventory: associations with clinical measures and mindfulness.

The main purpose of the present study was to validate the Slovenian version of the 41- item Capacity to Love Inventory (CTL-I). Based on psychoanalytic theory, limitations to capacity to love are expected to be associated with personality dysfunction and disintegration as well as fundamental mental capacities such as self-reflection and self-awareness. To examine these assumptions, a sample of 552 Slovenian non-clinical individuals were recruited through academic networks. The construct validity of the CTL-I was assessed using a confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity of the CTL-I and its subscales was established against IPO-16, PID-5 BF, MAAS. Our findings show that the Slovenian version of the CTL-I replicated the six-factor structure, exhibiting good model fit as well as satisfactory internal consistency of all subscales. In line with expectations, capacity to love was found to be inversely associated with dysfunctional personality traits and structural personality disturbances. Accordingly, higher dispositional mindfulness was coherently associated with all domains of CTL-I. The results add to the growing evidence for the cross-cultural validity and sound psychometric properties of CTL-I, presented here in the Slovenian version. Our findings also point to the significance of dispositional mindfulness both in relation to capacity to love as well as mental health.

Measuring Positive Health using the My Positive Health (MPH) and Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) Dialogue Tools: A Panel Study on Measurement Properties in a Representative General Dutch Population

AbstractWe aimed to investigate whether the dialogue tools My Positive Health (MPH) and Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) tools were useful for quantitively measuring the positive health construct for monitoring and scientific purposes as well. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a representative general Dutch population (the LISS panel) to investigate factor structures and internal consistency from the 42-items MPH and 12-items I.ROC. After randomly splitting the dataset, principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient between both tools’ total scores were calculated. 2,457 participants completed the questionnaires. A six-factor structure was extracted for MPH (PH42) and a two-factor structure for I.ROC (I.ROC12). Explained variances were 68.1% and 56.1%, respectively. CFA resulted in good fit indices. Cronbach’s alphas were between 0.74 to 0.97 (PH42) and 0.73 to 0.87 (I.ROC12). Pearson correlation between the total scores was 0.8 and Spearman correlation was 0.77. Both PH42 and I.ROC12 are useful to quantitatively measure positive health aspects which can be summarised in sum scores. The dimensions found in this study and the corresponding item division differed from the dimensions of the original dialogue tools. Further research is recommended focussing on item reduction for PH42, factor structure of I.ROC, assessment of construct validity (in a general population) and response scales in more depth.

Measurement invariance of the Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) across 10 countries.

The purpose of this study was to assess the factor structure and the measurement invariance of the Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) across 10 countries based on the seven-factor coparenting model (i.e., Coparenting Agreement, Coparenting Closeness, Exposure to Conflict, Coparenting Support, Endorsement of Partner's Parenting; Division of Labor) proposed by Feinberg (2003). The results of research on coparenting from numerous countries have documented its foundational importance for parent mental health, family relationship quality, child development, and psychopathology. Yet, a cross-country perspective is still lacking. Such a perspective can provide insight into which dimensions of coparenting are universally recognized and which are especially prone to variation. A unique multinational data set, comprised of 15 individual studies collected across 10 countries (Belgium, Brazil, China, Israel, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey, USA) in nine languages was established (N = 9,292; 51.1% mothers). Measurement invariance analyses were conducted. A six-factor structure (original seven factors minus Division of Labor) of the measure was consistent across the different contexts and measurement invariance was achieved at the configural level. There was no support for metric or scalar invariance. These findings provide a basis for the CRS to be used across countries and should inspire future quantitative and qualitative research in cross-country coparenting research to understand what aspects are universal and what aspects of coparenting are linked to specific material, relational, or ideational conditions that underlie high-quality coparenting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric validation of the Malay version of the Assessment of Quality of Life—6 Dimensions (Malay-AQoL-6D) instrument among Malaysians living with chronic heart failure

BackgroundThis study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-6D into Malay (Malay-AQoL-6D), and assesses the instrument’s acceptability, reliability, and validity among Malaysians living with chronic heart failure (HF).MethodsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation process adhered to international guidelines. The Malay-AQoL-6D underwent content and face validity assessments via expert review, and pretesting among healthy individuals and patients with chronic conditions. Subsequent psychometric validation utilised clinico-sociodemographic data and paired AQoL-6D and EQ-5D-5L data from a health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) survey involving Malay-speaking patients with HF, which encompassed assessments of Malay-AQoL-6D acceptability, internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as its construct, concurrent, convergent and divergent, and known-group validity.ResultsThe Malay-AQoL-6D was deemed acceptable among clinicians and local patients, achieving a 90.8% completion rate among 314 patients surveyed. The instrument demonstrated strong content validity (item-level content validity index [CVI]: 0.83–1.00, average CVI: 0.98), internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.72–0.89; MacDonald’s omega: 0.82–0.90, excluding the Senses dimension), and test-retest reliability (average intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.79–0.95). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the instrument’s two-level, six-factor structure (Satorra-Bentler [SB]-scaled χ2(df: 164): 283.67, p-value < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]: 0.051; comparative fix index [CFI]: 0.945, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]: 0.937; standardised root mean-squared error [SRMR]: 0.058). The Malay-AQoL-6D’s concurrent validity was evident through its good agreement with EQ-5D-5L. Multiple hypothesis tests further affirmed its construct and known-group validity. The Malay-AQoL-6D’s psychometric properties remained consistent across different missing data techniques.ConclusionThe findings suggest that Malay-AQoL-6D could be a culturally acceptable, reliable, and valid HRQoL measure for quantifying HRQoL among the local HF population. Future studies are necessary to further validate the instrument against other measures and confirm the instrument’s test-retest reliability and responsiveness, which are possible with the availability of the Malay-AQoL-6D.

Adaptation of the Work-Related Quality of Life-2 Scale (WRQoL-2) among Portuguese Workers

In the present study we aimed to fulfill two main goals. The first was to adapt the WRQoL-2 Scale among Portuguese workers and the second was to verify the associations between WRQoL-2 dimensions and perceived organizational performance dimensions (e.g., social and economic). To reach our research goals, we used a sample of 635 Portuguese workers. The WRQoL Scale has been widely used for academic and practical ends and comprises six dimensions: Job and Career Satisfaction, Control at Work, General Well-Being, Home–Work Interface, Stress at Work, and Working Conditions. Recently, the authors proposed a revised measure—WRQoL-2—in which they added a seventh dimension—Employee Engagement. As this second version had not yet been translated into the Portuguese language for Portugal, this was our first goal. By performing a set of statistical analyses such as EFA, CFA, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and invariant analysis, the results suggested a six-factor structure where the dimensions of Job and Career Satisfaction and Employee Engagement were united. The final structure suggested good reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity as it showcased invariance according to gender and sector. Because there is a lack of studies focusing on the links between quality of work life and organizational performance, we then tested the interplay between WRQoL-2 and perceived organizational performance dimensions, and we verified that, although most are significantly associated, the results suggest a low intensity. This work also presents several theoretical and practical implications.

Patient satisfaction and value based purchasing in hospitals, Odisha, India.

To examine how a general inpatient satisfaction survey functions as a hospital performance measure. We conducted a mixed-methods pilot study of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Health Providers and Systems survey in Odisha, India. We divided the study into three steps: cognitive testing of the survey, item testing with exploratory factor analysis and content validity indexing. Cognitive testing involved 50 participants discussing their interpretation of survey items. The survey was then administered to 507 inpatients across five public hospitals in Odisha, followed by exploratory factor analysis. Finally, we interviewed 15 individuals to evaluate the content validity of the survey items. Cognitive testing revealed that six out of 18 survey questions were not consistently understood within the Odisha inpatient setting, highlighting issues around responsibilities for care. Exploratory factor analysis identified a six-factor structure explaining 66.7% of the variance. Regression models showed that interpersonal care from doctors and nurses had the strongest association with overall satisfaction. An assessment of differential item functioning revealed that patients with a socially marginalized caste reported higher disrespectful care, though this did not translate into differences in reported satisfaction. Content validity indexing suggested that discordance between experiences of disrespectful care and satisfaction ratings might be due to low patient expectations. Using satisfaction ratings without nuanced approaches in value-based purchasing programmes may mask poor-quality interpersonal services, particularly for historically marginalized patients. Surveys should be designed to accurately capture true levels of dissatisfaction, ensuring that patient concerns are not hidden.

Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-Y-3L, PedsQL 4.0, and PROMIS-25 Profile v2.0 in pediatric patients with spinal muscular atrophy

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-Y-3 L, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement System 25-item version profile v2.0 (PROMIS-25), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ version 4.0 Generic Core Scale (PedsQL 4.0) in Chinese pediatric patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).MethodsThe data used in this study were obtained via a web-based cross-sectional survey. Parents of pediatric patients with SMA completed the proxy-reported EQ-5D-Y-3 L, PedsQL 4.0, and PROMIS-25 measures. Information about socioeconomic and health status was also obtained. The ceiling and floor effects, factorial structure, convergent validity, and known-group validity of the three measures were assessed.ResultsThree hundred and sixty-three parents of children aged from 5 to 12 completed the questionnaires. Strong floor effects were observed for the physical function components of the PROMIS-25 (41.3%) and PedsQL 4.0 (67.8%). For EQ-5D-Y-3 L, 84.6% of the respondents reported having “a lot of” problems with the dimensions “walking” and “looking after myself.” Minimal ceiling or floor effects were observed for the EQ-5D-Y-3 L index value. The confirmatory factor analysis supported a six-factor structure for the PROMIS-25, but did not support a four-factor structure for the PedsQL 4.0. All hypothesized correlations of the dimensions among the three measures were confirmed, with coefficients ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. Analysis of variance showed that EQ-5D-Y-3 L demonstrated better known-group validity than the other two measures in 14 out of 16 comparisons.ConclusionsThe EQ-5D-Y-3 L showed better discriminant power than the other two measures. The physical health dimensions of all three measures showed the significant floor effects. These findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of these measures at capturing and quantifying the impact of SMA on patients’ health-related quality of life.

Psychometric Properties of a Turkish Version of The Psychosocial Needs Inventory; Sampling from Oncology Patients

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Psychosocial Needs Inventory (PNI) among Turkish oncology patients. MethodsA methodological study was conducted with 1,547 oncology patients. This validation study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 included translation of the PNI according to World Health Organization recommendations, investigation of content validity by experts, and a pilot study involving 136 participants. Phase 2 included a validity and reliability analysis of the PNI. Data analysis comprised exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability, Hotelling's T2 test and item-total score correlation, and the Content Validity Index (CVI). ResultsFor the phase 1, the CVI for items and scale were >.75 and .883, respectively. Cronbach's alpha values of the subdimensions ranged between 0.84 and 0.94. The test-retest analyses of the subdimensions showed correlation coefficients based on the pilot test (p < .001). For the phase 2, based on the fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis, the structures of the dimensions “Importance” and “Satisfaction” were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha values of the subdimensions ranged between 0.84 to 0.94 in the “Importance” dimension and 0.86 to 0.94 in the “Satisfaction” dimension. As a result of EFA, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, Bartlett's test (p < 0.001) and PNI Importance explained at 68.46% and PNI Satisfaction at 70.15% of the total variance by the six-factor structure. CFA showed that the indices and validity, including content validity, convergent validity were satisfactory. ConclusionThe PNI, which was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool, can be used to determine the psychosocial needs of cancer patients. Implications for Nursing PracticeHealth professionals need to use the PNI to measure their importance to cancer patients' psychosocial needs and assess their satisfaction with meeting them to improve holistic care and support.

Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Standardized Infant Neurodevelopmental Assessment Neurological Scale in Turkish At-Risk Infants

Background: Early identification and intervention of neurodevelopmental delays can significantly improve outcomes for infants. Therefore, having a standardized assessment tool is essential for clinicians and healthcare professionals working in this field. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the Standardized Infant Neurodevelopmental Assessment (SINDA) neurological scale. Methods: In the study, 111 infants (46 females) participated. Construct validity for the SINDA neurological scale was determined through confirmatory factor analysis, while concurrent validity was established by examining the correlation between the SINDA neurological scale and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale and the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination using Spearman's correlation analysis. Additionally, the test-retest reliability of the SINDA scale was examined, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results: Construct validity (RMSEA = 0.050; GFI = 0.93) and concurrent validity (r = 0.19 - 0.78; p &lt; 0.05) of the SINDA neurological scale were acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported the six-factor structure of the original scale. High Cronbach’s alpha and ICC values were found (Cronbach’s α 0.74 - 0.81, ICC 0.991-0.997). Additionally, we found low to high positive correlations of SINDA with HINE and AIMS. Conclusions: The SINDA neurological scale exhibits strong psychometric qualities, making it a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating the neurodevelopmental aspects of at-risk Turkish infants. This has important implications for clinical practice, as early identification and intervention of neurodevelopmental delays can significantly improve outcomes for infants.

Assessing attitudes towards biostatistics education among medical students: adaptation and preliminary evaluation of the Chinese version survey of attitudes towards statistics (SATS-36)

BackgroundDespite the numerous advantages of mastering biostatistics, medical students generally perceive biostatistics as a difficult and challenging subject and even experience anxiety during the courses. Evidence for the correlation between students’ academic achievements and their attitudes, indicating that attitudes at the beginning of the biostatistics course may affect cognitive competence at the end of the course and subsequently influence student academic performance. However, there are current disagreements regarding the measurement and evaluation of attitudes related to statistics. Thus, there is a need for standard instruments to assess them. This study was conducted to develop a Chinese version of the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS-36) in order to acquire a valid instrument to measure medical students’ attitudes toward biostatistics under Chinese medical educational background.MethodsThe Chinese version SATS-36 was developed through translation and back-translation of the original scale, with subsequent revisions based on expert advice to ensure the most appropriate item content. The local adaption was performed with a cohort of 1709 Chinese-speaking medical undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in biostatistics courses. And then, the reliability, validity and discrimination of the questionnaires were evaluated through correlation coefficient calculation, factor analysis, parallel analysis and other methods.ResultsThe Chinese version SATS-36 consisted of 36 items and loaded a five-factor structure by factor analysis, which offered an alternative similar but not equal to that original six-factor structure. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 62.20%, the Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.908, the Guttman split-half reliability coefficient was 0.905 and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.752. Discriminant analysis revealed small to large significant differences in the five attitude subscales.ConclusionsThe Chinese version SATS-36 with good validity and reliability in this study can be used to evaluate the learning framework of Chinese medical students.

The role of mentoring in developing leaders’ emotional intelligence: exploring mentoring types, emotional intelligence, organizational factors, and gender

Emotional awareness, emotional regulation, empathy, and resilience are key components of emotional intelligence. Twenty-first-century leaders require such competencies, and prior research establishes a positive impact of emotional intelligence on leadership and well-being. The mechanisms through which leaders develop these competencies remain unclear. Mentoring, a developmental tool linked with well-being, has not been extensively studied for its role in emotional intelligence development. The current study investigates this relationship within the context of vocational education and training in South Africa. The mentoring framework includes individual, peer group, and key performance area mentoring. In previous research on this mentoring framework, leaders perceived emotional well-being as the most important outcome of mentoring and development, constituting another vital factor. Data were collected from a treatment group of leaders who have participated in the mentoring framework and a control group of leaders and lecturers (N = 139). The present study used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test within this context. In the next step, we employed descriptive analysis to answer which mentoring type was best perceived to support emotional intelligence. Using the Mann–Whitney U test, we tested for significant differences in the identified factors between treatment and control group. Mediated and moderated mediation analyses explored variables such as gender, occupational role, organization, and work sector. Results indicate a six-factor structure of emotional intelligence, with significant differences observed between groups in the factor empathy difficulty. Peer group mentoring emerged as an effective method for emotional intelligence development among leaders. The perceived importance of emotional intelligence for one’s job position, the organization, and the work sector mediated five of the six factors. The moderated mediation analyses showed an indirect effect of gender, where being male was associated with more trustworthy visionary and empathy. The findings underscore the significance of peer mentoring practices and organizational factors in nurturing emotional intelligence, highlighting its value for personal and organizational well-being. Overall, the study sheds light on developing emotional intelligence at all organizational levels to support individual and collective well-being.

Validation of the moral foundations questionnaire-2 in the Turkish context: exploring its relationship with moral behavior

Despite the considerable attention it has received, Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) remains open to criticisms regarding failure to conceptualize the moral domain. MFT was revised in response to these criticisms, along with its measurement tool, the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-2). However, the validity of this revised theoretical structure and its explanatory power relative to existing alternatives, such as Morality as Cooperation Theory (MAC), has not yet been independently tested. Here we first validated MFT’s revised six-factor structure using the MFQ-2 in a large quasi-representative sample (N = 1099) from a predominantly Muslim country (i.e., Türkiye) and then explored the relationship of these six factors with incentivized measures of moral behavior as well as different psychological variables. Our tests revealed excellent fit values for the six-factor structure proposed by the MFQ-2, which explained more of the variance in criterion variables compared to the MAC Questionnaire (MAC-Q). However, MAC-Q performed better in predicting actual moral behavior (e.g., generosity and cooperation) compared with MFQ-2. Taken together, these findings indicate that, at least for the time being, MFQ-2 and the structure of the moral foundations proposed by MFT can be used to conceptualize the moral domain, but its relatively weak relationship to actual moral behavior limits its insights.

Comparing Generic Paediatric Health-Related Quality-of-Life Instruments: A Dimensionality Assessment Using Factor Analysis.

Widely used generic instruments to measure paediatric health-related quality of life (HRQoL) include the EQ-5D-Y-5L, Child Health Utility 9 Dimension (CHU-9D), Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Health Utilities Index (HUI). There are similarities and differences in the content of these instruments, but there is little empirical evidence on how the items they contain relate to each other, and to an overarching model of HRQoL derived from their content. This study aimed to explore the dimensionality of the instruments using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Data from the Australian Paediatric Multi-Instrument Comparison (P-MIC) Study were used. EQ-5D-Y-5L, CHU-9D, PedsQL and HUI data were collected via proxy or child self-report data. EFA was used to investigate the underlying domain structure and measurement relationship. Items from the four instruments were pooled and domain models were identified for self- and proxy-reported data. The number of factors was determined based on eigenvalues greater than1. A correlation cut-off of 0.32 was used to determine item loading on a given factor, with cross-loading also considered. Oblique rotation was used. Results suggest a six-factor structure for the proxy-reported data, including emotional functioning, pain, daily activities, physical functioning, school functioning, and senses, while the self-report data revealed a similar seven-factor structure, with social functioning emerging as an additional factor. We provide evidence of differences and similarities between paediatric HRQoL instruments and the aspects of health being measured by these instruments. The results identified slight differences between self- and proxy-reported data in the relationships among items within the resulting domains.

Psychometric properties of the chinese version of multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire-30

BackgroundExperiential avoidance represents the tendency to avoid negative internal experiences, which is a key concept in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. However, existing measures of experiential avoidance (i.e., Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II, AAQ-II) have some limitations. This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire-30 (MEAQ-30) and provide evidence for the reliability and validity of this new instrument.MethodsTwo questionnaire surveys were conducted. The first sample (N = 546) was analyzed using classical test theory (CTT), and the second sample (N = 511) was analyzed using multidimensional item response theory (MIRT).ResultsCTT supported the six-factor structure of MEAQ-30, indicating good internal consistency and measurement invariance across genders. Furthermore, the Chinese version of MEAQ-30 showed satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. The incremental validity test showed that after controlling for the effects of neuroticism and AAQ-II, the Chinese version of MEAQ-30 could still significantly predict depression, anxiety, and stress. MIRT indicated that 30 items had good discrimination and difficulty, and the six subscales were sufficiently reliable across the continuum of experiential avoidance.ConclusionThe Chinese version of MEAQ-30 has good reliability and validity and is suitable for assessing experiential avoidance among Chinese populations.