Siwak Extract Research Articles

COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF MACROPHAGES IN THE RAT REVERSIBLE PULPITIS AFTER APPLICATION OF BIODENTIN AND SIWAK EXTRACT

Background: Oral disease still need special attention, especially in dentistry. Inflammation of the pulp is caused by the presence of irritants. One of the mechanical irritants is iatrogenic factors caused by operator error during preparation so that roof of pulp chamber is exposed. This condition is called reversible pulpitis/inflammation of the pulp. Cells that play a role during inflammation are macrophages which are the second defense cell after neutrophil apoptosis. A direct pulp capping procedure is indicated for this condition. The material commonly used is biodentin, but because the price tends to be expensive, alternative materials are needed. Siwak contains flavonoids which are known to play an important anti-inflammatory role in the healing of exposed pulp. The purpose of this study was to compare the number of macrophages in the dental pulp of rats with reversible pulpitis after administration of biodentin and siwak extract. Method: This research is a true experimental with a post test only group design, consisting of 2 treatment groups, namely the 75% siwak extract group and the biodentin group. The material is applied after the tooth has been prepared. The research sample used male wistar rats and sacrificed on the 3rd day. Samples were stained with Hematoxylin Eosin to see macrophage cells. Result: The data obtained were analyzed using the independent T-test. The test results showed a significant difference, with a value of p = 0.008 (p <0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of this study that the siwak extract group showed a lower mean number of macrophage cells than the biodentin group.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SIWAK (SALVADORA PERSICA) EXTRACT’S KILLING CAPABILITY AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS (IN VITRO)

Background: Streptococcus viridans is an anaerobic bacteria that cause root canal infection. The irrigation materials that have antibacterial and non-toxic effects greatly support the success of root canal treatment. Sodium hypochlorite must be used with extreme caution because it can irritate the periapical tissue when used at high concentrations and has a pungent odor that interferes with patient comfort. Siwak (Salvadora persica) is a plant with antibacterial components including tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of siwak (Salvadora persica) extract’s killing capability against Streptococcus viridans (in vitro). Method: This study’s method used a post-test only control group design with experimental laboratory research consisting of 5 groups, including a negative control group (DMSO), a positive control group (sodium hypochlorite), and 3 treatment groups using siwak extract with concentrations of 55%, 60%, and 65%. This study used the maceration and dilution method with 25 samples. Result: The study’s result was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test with a significant result of 0.00 (p<0.05) Conclusion: It can be concluded that siwak extract has an effective killing capability against Streptococcus viridans at a concentration of 60%.

The Effect of Siwak Wood Extract (Salvadora Persica) Solution on Oral Health: Literature Review

Background: In terms of beliefs, culture and values or life practices, Islam encourages its adherents to keep themselves and their environment clean, including guidance on maintaining oral hygiene using miswak.. Siwak extract has an antibacterial effect, is effective against bacteria that play a role in the formation of dental plaque thus, with a decrease in plaque bacteria, the salivary pH will also increase One of the contents of miswak (Saldavora persica) hich is useful for preventing dental plaque is trimethylamine (TMA). In addition, it is also potential as an antibacterial.(3) (4) The World Health Organization (1987) recommends the use of miswak as an effective tool for oral health, with the mechanical action of soft-wood fibers and the therapeutics action of its chemical content.
 Content: it is necessary to conduct a Literature Review study to determine the effect of a solution of siwak wood extract (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. The feature of this research is we want to know with siwak extract can be maintained acid-base balance in salivary pH which can kill some bacteria in the mouth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a solution of siwak wood extract on oral health. Literature Review with Systematic review design.
 Conclusion: The effect of a solution of siwak wood extract on oral health, concluded that siwak extract can affect salivary pH, production of salivary secretions, reduce plaque scores and inhibit the microorganisms development in the oral cavity

Potential of Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum) and Siwak (Salvadora persica) Against Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

Background. One of the bacteria that cause oral cavity infection is Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to explore the antibacterial potential of red betel extract and siwak extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, in vitro.
 Methods. This research is an in vitro experimental study to assess the diameter of the inhibition zone of red betel leaf extract and siwak against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was made from red betel leaf simplicia and siwak wood with a dose of 50% each. The bacterial suspension was made by taking one pure colony from a test tube. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software.
 Results. Red betel leaf extract 50% showed the largest diameter of the inhibition zone, namely 9.1 ± 0.68 mm. Meanwhile, the siwak extract showed a smaller inhibition zone diameter of 7.9 ± 0.68 mm. One-way ANOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the diameters of the inhibition zones of each test group.
 Conclusion. Red betel leaf extracts are 50% greater in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than 50% siwak extract.

Siwak (Salvadora persica) extract as a natural anti-halitosis mouth spray

Bad breath or halitosis is a pathologist that often experienced in the community. Bacteria that play a specific role in halitosis are anaerobic. To overcome bad breath due to the development of bacteria in the oral cavity is using Siwak spray. Siwak solution is obtained through maceration. The maceration results went through several stages of testing, namely, organoleptic, pH, and antibacterial testing through Nutrient Agar (NA). Analysis of the quantitative data obtained using the Friedman method. The organoleptic results show that the concentration of 1% that was most accepted by 76.66% of the panellists. The optimal bacterial inhibition was at a concentration of 2%. The pH for the 1% Siwak concentration was the best matches.

Effectofsiwak Extractson The Hardnessproperty of Vinyl Addition Cured Silicone Maxillofacial Prosthetic Material

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the hardness of the vinyl addition silicone maxillofacial material under the influence of disinfection and immersion time.  Materials and Methods: 40 samples of (20*15*3.5)mm were fabricated from the maxillofacial elastomer and divided into 4 groups of disinfection solutions (three concentrations of siwak extract: 1%  , 2%  and 5%), and  Chlorehexidine was used as a commercial disinfectant , each group was subdivided into 2 immersion periods (15 and 30 hours), the hardness of the samples was measured before immersion and considered as self control and also the hardness was measured at the end of each immersion period by the use of Shore-A durometer. Results: A significant difference was observed in hardness means after immersion and also there were significant differences between groups of disinfection in which siwak extract 1% observed the least value and chlorehexidine the highest one. Conclusions: long immersion period 30 hours increased the hardness of the maxillofacial elastomer more than the shorter period 15 hours and the disinfection with the extracts of Siwakwere  better  than chlorhexidine when the hardness is the factor.

The antibacterial effect of 10% Salvadorapersica (Siwak), 10% green tea, and 50% lemon juice on Enterococcus faecalis: an invitro study

Background and objective: Shaping and disinfection of the root canal with a combination of chemical agents and endodontic instruments play an important role in the success of endodontic therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of herbal alternatives as possible irrigates against Enterococcus faecalis during endodontic treatment compared with the conventional irrigation solutions such as NaOCl 5%. Methods: A 10% Siwak extract, 10% green tea extract and 50% fresh lemon juice were prepared separately to make antibiotic disks and seeded on the culture media respectively and compared with 5% NaOCl, distilled water as the control. Plates were left to incubate for 48 hours at 37Cₒ. Zones of inhibition of the bacterial growth were calculated to measure the antibacterial effect of the tested irrigants. Results: All irrigants were active against this bacterium. The 5% NaOCl had the highest mean value (27.70±0.66), followed by 10% Siwak (Salvadorapersica) (21.60±0.7), 50% lemon juice (15.10±0.56), and 10% green tea (10.50±0.5). Conclusion: Herbal extracts can be used as the possible irrigant to compensate 5% NaOCl during endodontic treatment.

PERBEDAAN BERKUMUR LARUTAN EKSTRAK SIWAK (Salvadora persica) TERHADAP SEKRESI SALIVA RONGGA MULUT LANJUT USIA DENGAN HIPERTENSI (HT), DIABETES MELITUS (DM) DAN TIDAK MEMILIKI PENYAKIT SISTEMIK DI PANTI SOSIAL TRESNA WERDHA GAU MABAJI GOWA TAHUN 2017

Background of Study: Saliva is a complex oral fluid that has an important role associated with biological processes in the oral cavity. Age changes are known to have an effect on decreasing saliva production. Likewise with systemic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Chemical prevention of acid imbalance in the saliva is conducted by rinsing using a siwak extract solution. Chemical content in siwak extract can increase the secretion in the saliva in the oral cavity because it has a bactericidal effect that will prevent acid production from oral bacteria. Objective of Study: To determine the difference of rinsing by using siwal extract solution on salivary secretion of the oral cavity of elderly people who have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and do not have systemic diseases. Method: This study is pre-experiment with one group pretest and post-test design. The sample of the study was elderly people in a social housing. Also, the research used paired t-test. Result: This study shows the average change in hypertension 1.185 mL / 5minute with probability value 0.000, diabates mellitus 1,358 mL / 5minute with probability value 0.000, does not have systemic disease 1.057 mL / 5minute with probability value 0,000 <0,05 meaning there is difference. Conclusion: The difference of mouth washing of 25% extract of siwak solution to elderly salivary secretion in hypertension, diabetes mellitus and did not have systemic disease in social house of tresna werdha gau mabaji gowa.

PERBEDAAN BERKUMUR LARUTAN EKSTRAK SIWAK (Salvadora persica) TERHADAP SEKRESI SALIVA RONGGA MULUT LANJUT USIA DENGAN HIPERTENSI (HT), DIABETES MELITUS (DM) DAN TIDAK MEMILIKI PENYAKIT SISTEMIK DI PANTI SOSIAL TRESNA WERDHA GAU MABAJI GOWA TAHUN 2017

Background of Study: Saliva is a complex oral fluid that has an important role associated with biological processes in the oral cavity. Age changes are known to have an effect on decreasing saliva production. Likewise with systemic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Chemical prevention of acid imbalance in the saliva is conducted by rinsing using a siwak extract solution. Chemical content in siwak extract can increase the secretion in the saliva in the oral cavity because it has a bactericidal effect that will prevent acid production from oral bacteria. Objective of Study: To determine the difference of rinsing by using siwal extract solution on salivary secretion of the oral cavity of elderly people who have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and do not have systemic diseases. Method: This study is pre-experiment with one group pretest and post-test design. The sample of the study was elderly people in a social housing. Also, the research used paired t-test. Result: This study shows the average change in hypertension 1.185 mL / 5minute with probability value 0.000, diabates mellitus 1,358 mL / 5minute with probability value 0.000, does not have systemic disease 1.057 mL / 5minute with probability value 0,000 <0,05 meaning there is difference. Conclusion: The difference of mouth washing of 25% extract of siwak solution to elderly salivary secretion in hypertension, diabetes mellitus and did not have systemic disease in social house of tresna werdha gau mabaji gowa.

GC quantitative analysis of benzyl isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica roots extract and dental care herbal products

An accurate, sensitive, precise and simple method was developed utilizing Gas Chromatography for the quantitative analysis of benzyl isothicyanate in Siwak extract and dental care herbal products claimed to contain Siwak. Rtx (30.0 m × 0.25 mm ID, 25 µm thickness) column was used and helium as carrier gas at a flow rate of 0.74 mL/min. The retention time of standard benzyl isothicyanate was 13.470 min under the described conditions. Linear regression data analysis indicated a good linear relationship between peak height measurement and concentration of benzyl isothiocyanate in the range of 10–50 µg/ml (R2 = 0.9971). The regression equation was y = 11,471x. The developed GC method was subjected to validation requirements set by the ICH for precision, accuracy, and robustness. The entitled GC analyses expected to be valuable for the determination of benzyl isothiocyanate in Siwak extracts and other formulations containing Siwak extract. The amount of benzyl isothiocyanate reflects the efficacy of the products.

Effect of Siwak Extract on the Microhardness and Microscopic Feature of Initial Caries-Like Lesion of Permanent Teeth, Compared to Fluoridated Agents

Siwak is a chewing stick used to clean the teeth and message the gum. Theirroutine use was shown to be associated with the reduction in severity of dental caries.This study aimed to test the effect of water Siwak extract on the microhardness andmicroscopic features of artificially initiated carious lesion of the outer enamel surface,in comparison to stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride. Upper first premolars wereextracted and subjected to pH cycling procedure. Teeth immerged individually in 20ml of selected agents for four minutes then rinsed by de ionized water. Agentsinvolved were 5% and 10% water Siwak extract, 8% stannous fluoride and 0.05%sodium fluoride. Samples were subjected to Vickers microhardness test andmicroscopic examination before and after the pH cycling and following insertion inthe agents. Water Siwak extract, stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride were found toincrease the microhardness values of de mineralized enamel surfaces, this werestatistically highly significant for Siwak extract and stannous fluoride (P&lt; 0.01) andsignificant for sodium fluoride. However none of the mentioned agents was able toincrease the micro hardness to approximate the original values of the sound enamel.Under polarized light results revealed that water Siwak extracts and stannous fluorideproduce the best remineralization surface zone. Water Siwak extracts is very effectivein remineralization of initial carious lesion.

Influence of Acrylic Resin Denture Base Soaking Length in Siwak Extract Solution (Salvadora persica) on the Growth of Candida albicans

Objective: To know the influence of immersion length of denture base of acrylic resin in Siwak solution ( Salvadora persica ) on Candida albicans growth. Material and Methods: This type of research is laboratory experimental. The Siwak plant ( Salvadora persica ) was extracted and 1% solution was formed. The media used were Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Candida albicans was cultured as 1 dose in 100 ml of SDB medium, and then incubated at shaker rotation for 1x24 hours. The concentration chosen to test the effectiveness of siwak extract solution was 1%, 10%, 15% and 25%. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Results: Zone of 6 hours Siwak extract immersion inhibitor by 43.47 ± 0.35, 8 hours to know the influence of immersion length of denture base of acrylic resin in Siwak solution ( Salvadora persica ) on candida albicans growth 44.42 ± 0.02, 10 hours of 52.79 ± 0.03. Conclusion: There is a difference of immersion length of denture base of acrylic resin on Candida albicans growth in Siwak extract solution ( Salvadora persica ).

High-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the estimation of benzyl isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica root extract and dental care herbal products

A novel, simple, and sensitive high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been successfully developed and validated for the quantification of benzyl isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica (Miswak or Siwak) extract and some dental care herbal products labeled to contain Siwak extract. A modified HPTLC method was carried out using glass-coated silica gel 60 F254 plates and mobile phase consisting of n-hexane—ethyl acetate (9:1) furnished compact spots at RF 0.61 ± 0.01. The developed plate was scanned and quantified densitometrically at 191 nm. Linear regression analysis revealed a good linear relationship between peak area and amount of benzyl isothiocyanate in the range of 100–600 ng band−1 (r2 = 0.9991). The method was validated in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for precision, accuracy, and robustness. The proposed method will be useful to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Siwak extracts and dental care herbal formulations containing Siwak.

Effectiveness of siwak salvadora persica extract to aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as one of pathogenic bacteria causing periodontal disease

Objective : Periodontal disease is one of oral and dental diseases which most commonly found in humans caused by several factors, one of them due to the accumulation of bacterial plaque. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a bacterial pathogen that frequently causes periodontal disease.Material and Methods : To inhibit the growth of these bacteria can be done by using natural ingredients that contain anti-bacterial agent. One of the natural ingredients that contain antibacterial substances is Siwak. To determine the effect of siwak extract against bacteria Aggregatibacter actinobaciluscomnitans as one of the pathogenic bacteria causing periodontal diseases. The study was laboratory experimental with posttest only control group design.Results : This study used sample of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans colonies in MHA medium. Twenty four samples were divided into six treatment groups, they were 5 groups given the extract siwak with concentration of 3.125%, 6:25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 1 group treated with control DMSO 5%. Inhibition zone was measured after 48 hours incubation at 37°C and measured using caliper. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis test. The mean diameter of inhibition zone at concentrations of 3.125%, 6:25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% were 6.4 mm, 7.0 mm, 7.2 mm, 7.9 mm and 8.6 mm.Conclusion : Siwak extract can inhibit the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as one of the pathogenic bacteria causing periodontal diseases with the largest concentration is a concentration of 50% and the smallest concentration that is 3.125%.

Quantitative Analysis of Benzyl Isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica Extract and Dental Care Herbal Formulations Using Reversed Phase C18 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method.

Context:Benzyl isothiocyanate is the active antimicrobial agent in Salvadora persica (siwak) widely used in Islamic countries for oral hygiene.Aims:Quantification of benzyl isothiocyanate in the ethanol extract of S. persica and some dental care herbal formulations labeled to contain siwak.Settings and Design:Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was designed.Subjects and Methods:Separation was achieved on reverse phase C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) column with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and water (1:1). The detection was carried out at 190 nm using ultra violet-visible detector. The flow rate was kept at 1 mL/min.Results:A sharp and well-defined peak was obtained at the retention time of 9.322 ± 0.3 min. Linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed a good linear relationship between response and concentration in the range of 0.5–500 μg/mL with a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9977. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness, and sensitivity. All the parameters examined met the current recommendations for the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for method validation.Conclusions:The method was applied for the quantification of benzyl isothiocyanate in siwak extract, dental care powder, mouth wash, and toothpaste claimed to contain siwak. The developed method was found specific, simple, selective, and reliable for routine use in quality control analysis of different commercially available herbal care products.SUMMARY A simple, accurate and precise method was developed for the analysis of the antimicrobial agent benzyl isothiocyanate in Salvadora persica (Siwak) extract and selected dental care herbal formulations using RP18 HPLCAmount of benzyl isothiocyanate will indicate the efficacy of Siwak productsThe method subject to ICH validation guidelines. Abbreviations used: RP18: Reversed phase C18, HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography, UV: Ultra violet, r2: regression coefficient, ICH: international conference on harmonization, TLC: Thin layer chromatography, CHCl3: Chloroform, v/v: volume/volume, RSD: Relative standard deviation, LOD: Limit of detection, LOQ: Limit of quantification.

Inhibitory effects of siwak (Salvadora persica. L) extract on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis planktonics and biofilms by in vitro

Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the most persistent gram positive bacteria in root canal, resulting in secondary infection after endodontic treatment. E. faecalis pathogenicity is caused by overgrowth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. E. faecalis planktonics produce lipoteichoid acid (LTA) as a virulence factor that can defend their permeability cell. On the other hand, E. faecalis biofilms produce protease, such as Esp (enterococcal surface protein), GelE (gelatinase), and SprE (serin protease), that have quorum-sensing mechanism as an adhesion factor to form extracellular polysaccharide substance (EPS) and increase the growth of the biofilms themselves. Siwak (Salvadora persica L.) has active components, namely benzylisothio-cyanate, trimethylamine, and salvadorine that can inhibit the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. Purpose: This study aimed to measure inhibitory effects of siwak extract on the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. Method: This research was an antimicrobial research on the culture of E.faecalis incubated in a TSB medium. Siwak extract was diluted into different concentrations, namely 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 100%. The extract then was placed into the E. faecalis’s colony and planted into Trypticase Soy Agar medium. After incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, the colony would be measured and compared with the control (+) and control (-). As an antibiofilm research, this research used biofilm microtitter assay method to form E. faecalis biofilms incubated in a well-plate medium containing TSB and 0.1 % glucose. Siwak extract then was diluted into the same range concentration as in first method, and placed into the colony of E. faecalis to form biofilms. The biofilms were measured and compared to the control (+) given siwak extract and the control (-) given 0.1% chlorhexidine. After the incubation, they were washed three times, and staining process was conducted using Chrystal violet. The optical density then was measured by ELISA Reader 595 nm. Result: Siwak extract could inhibit the growth of E. faecalis planktonics at the concentration of 35% as a minimum inhibitory concentration as well as the growth of E. faecalis biofilms at the concentration of 45% as a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration. Conclusion: Siwak extract has an inhibitory effect, particularly at a concentration of 35% on the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and at the concentration of 45% on the growth of E. faecalis biofilms.

The Effect of Siwak and Brushing on Cariogenic Bacteria and Surface Characteristics of Enamel and Two Brands of resin Composite (An in vitro study)*

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of siwak extract and toothbrush using two brands of toothpaste one containing siwak extract and one without on the cariogenic bacteria and surface characteristic of enamel and two types of composite resin. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 specimens were used in the present study. The specimens were divided into three groups according to the type of material used (n=30); Enamel specimens, Feltk Z350 specimens, and Tetric-N-Ceram Specimens. Each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups according to the methodof treatment (n=10); specimens treated with Siwak sticks, specimens treated with toothbrush and toothpaste containing Siwak, and specimens treated with toothbrush and toothpaste not containing Siwak. All specimens were stained by coffee and tea stains, then surface treatment was done using electrical toothbrushing machine. Color measurements,surface roughness for all specimens and wear resistance for composite resin specimens were done after staining and then after surface treatment. Antimicrobial activity was done using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Results:Antimicrobial activity of toothpaste containing siwak showed the lowest significant (MIC) on all the tested microorganisms. There was a statistically significant differences in the ΔE values and ΔW values of the treated subgroups. Moreover, significant differences in Ra values were observed between the control and stained specimens, as well as between subgroups treated with Siwak sticks, toothpaste containing Siwak, and toothpaste not containing Siwak. Conclusions: Siwak and toothpaste containing siwak are effective in removing the stains from enamel and resin composite surface without increase surface roughness or causing wear of the resin composite, however, the impact of the toothpaste containing siwak was more effective than siwak extract on the tested microorganisms.

The Antibacterial Effect of Herbal Alternative , Green Tea and Salvadora Persica ( Siwak ) Extracts on Entercoccus Faecalis

Background: Disinfection and shaping of the canal with a combination of chem¬ical agents and endodontic instruments play an important role in the success of endodontic therapy. Eliminating the microorganisms within the pulp space is a critical and important objective in treating a tooth with apical periodontitis. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial properties of herbal alternatives (Green tea and siwak extracts) as possible irrigants during endodontic treatment compared with the conventional irrigation solutions. Materials and methods: Salvadora Persica (siwak) and Green Tea solutions were prepared.An agar diffusion test was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar using the well diffusion method. The tested solutions (5.25% NaOCl, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 5% Siwak extract and 5% Green tea extract)were used to fill the wells that were made in the agar media respectively.Plates were left to incubate for 24 hr. at 37°C. Zones of inhibition of the bacterial growth were calculated to measure the antibacterial effect of the tested irrigants. Results: Sodium hypochlorite had the highest mean value (29.88) followed by Chlorhexidine which had a mean value of (26.13), Siwak with mean value of (11.25) and Green tea being the least with mean value of (8.88). ANOVA test showed a highly statistical difference with a P-value of (0.000). Conclusions: NaOCl still the superior irrigant than other irrigants. Herbal alternatives (Siwak and Green tea) can be used as possible irrigants solution to disinfect the root canal system from Enterococcus faecalis during endodontic treatments.

The effect of waterlase laser and herbal alternative, green tea and Salvadora Persica (Siwak) extract on push-out bond strength

Background: The bond strength of root canal sealers to dentin was important for maintaining the integrity of the seal in root canal filling in both static and dynamic situations. In a static situation, it should eliminate any space that allowed the percolation of fluids between the filling and the wall while in a dynamic situation; it was needed to resist dislodgement of the filling during subsequent manipulation. Materials and Methods: Forty mandibular premolars were selected for this study. All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments. Instrumentation was done with copious irrigation of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. Roots were randomly divided into four groups according to the type of cleaning and method of root canal irrigation (ten teeth for each group): Group A. The root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of 17% of EDTA for 1 minute and 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl. Group B. Cleaning with waterlase laser. Group C. The root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of 5mg/ml of siwak (Salvadora persica) extract for one minute. Group D. The root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of 5% of green tea (camellia sinensis) extract for one minute. All groups were rinsed with distilled water and then obturated with cold lateral condensation technique and i Root sp sealer (Bioceramic sealer, the roots then stored in moist environment at 37°C for one week. Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ±0.1 in the apical, middle and coronal parts of each root. The test specimens were subjected to the push-out test method using a Universal Test Machine that carried 1-mm, 0.5- mm and 0.3-mm plungers for coronal, middle and apical specimens, respectively. The loading speed was 0.5 mm/ min. The computer showed the higher bond force before dislodgment of the filling material. These forces were divided by the surface area to obtain the bond strength in MPa. Results: In all groups the mean value of push-out strength was greatest in apical area and least in coronal area and the middle area was in between, except in Waterlase the middle area showed the least mean push-out strength. Conclusion: Herbal extracts used in this study (Siwak and green tea) can be used safely as an intra-canal irrigant for smear layer removal with efficiency that is comparable with conventional synthetic materials (EDTA) and more complicated methods (Waterlase).

The antimicrobial efficacy of siwak (Salvadora persica) extract towards Streptococcus sanguis

Introduction: Siwak (Salvadora persica) has been used for good oral hygiene maintenance purposes by the Babylonians since 7000 years ago and also by the Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Arabian. The aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of siwak extract towards Streptococcus sanguis as the oral-plaque-inducer, by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and exposure time, to determine whether siwak extract could be chosen as an alternative ingredient for plaque control. Methods: Type of research is experimental laboratory. The MIC test were conducted based on a serial dilution of 64%, 32%, 16%, 8%, 4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125% concentration of siwak extract respectively, against 5 samples of Streptococcus sanguis within three repetitions. The exposure time test has been performed within 30 seconds, 1’, 2’, 3’, and 4’ with 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% concentration of siwak extract. Results: The siwak extract can inhibit Streptococcus sanguis at the concentration of 0.25% to 0.125%. There is no antimicrobial effect towards Streptococcus sanguis until 4 minutes of exposure time. Conclusion: Siwak extract had the antimicrobial effect towards Streptococcus sanguis in minimum concentration between 0.25% - 0.125% with the exposure time more than 4 minutes.