Taxonomy Of Situations Research Articles

Integration of the DIAMONDS and CAPTION situation taxonomies based on the South Korean culture.

In this study, we developed an integrated situational taxonomy by merging the second-generation situational taxonomies of the DIAMONDS and CAPTION models. The study participants included 363 adults aged 25-39 years, residing in South Korea, with at least a college degree, and currently employed. To integrate the factors of both models, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis and further examined the hierarchical structure of these factors using bass-ackwards analysis. Our analysis revealed that the integrated situational taxonomy comprises seven domains with a confirmed hierarchical structure. Building on these findings, we further conducted a comparative analysis of the results with prior situational taxonomy research. It was found that the factors constituting integrated domains derived from previous studies that employed correlation analysis or factor analysis differed from those of our study. However, the taxonomy of the three domains in the third level (negativity, positivity, and tasks) aligned with that of previous relevant research, suggesting that these domains are universally applicable to situational taxonomy. Hence, although the taxonomy of the three domains does not encapsulate specific situational characteristics, like the seven domains, if one seeks a culturally universal, statistically clear, and concise structure of situational taxonomy, the three-domain one is a promising alternative to the seven domains. Moreover, this study is the first situational taxonomic research outside the United States and European cultural spheres that confirms that an integrated situational taxonomy is similarly applicable in East Asian cultures.

An empirical taxonomy of leadership situations: Development, validation, and implications for the science and practice of leadership.

The situation plays an important role in leadership, yet there exists no comprehensive, well-accepted, and empirically validated framework for modeling leadership situations. This research used situation ratings and narratives from 1,159 leaders to empirically develop a taxonomy of leadership situations. Natural language processing techniques were used to generate psychological situation characteristics that were then rated by leaders. Factor analyses of leader ratings resulted in a taxonomy of psychological leadership situation characteristics with six dimensions (Positive Uniqueness, Importance, Negativity, Scope, Typicality, and Ease). Topic modeling of leader narratives provided a preliminary accompanying typology of structural leadership situation cue combinations (Market/Business Needs, Barriers to Effectiveness, Interpersonal Resources, Deviations/Changes, Team Objectives, and Logistics). To facilitate the measurement of the perceptions of situations, we developed a 27-item measure of the six dimensions of psychological leadership situation characteristics: the Leadership Situation Questionnaire (LSQ). We used the LSQ to conduct initial tests of the nomological network of psychological leadership situation characteristics by assessing their relationships with leader personality, leader behavior, outcomes of leadership situations, and structural leadership situation cue combinations. The psychological leadership situation characteristics taxonomy and the resulting measure (the LSQ) provide an organizing framework for existing leadership research, lay a foundation for future research on situation-related leadership hypotheses, and offer important practical implications in areas such as leader assessment and development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for An Empirical Taxonomy of Leadership Situations: Development, Validation, and Implications for the Science and Practice of Leadership

Supplemental Material for An Empirical Taxonomy of Leadership Situations: Development, Validation, and Implications for the Science and Practice of Leadership

Where Failures May Occur in Automated Driving: A Fault Tree Analysis Approach

There will be circumstances where partial or conditionally automated vehicles fail to drive safely and require human interventions. Within the human factors community, the taxonomies surrounding control transitions have primarily focused on characterizing the stages and sequences of the transition between the automated driving system (ADS) and the human driver. Recognizing the variance in operational design domains (ODDs) across vehicles equipped with ADS and how variable the takeover situations may be, we describe a simple taxonomy of takeover situations to aid the identification and discussions of takeover scenarios in future takeover studies. By considering the ODD structure and the human information processing stages, we constructed a fault tree analysis (FTA) aimed to identify potential failure sources that would prevent successful control transitions. The FTA was applied in analyzing two real-world accidents involving ADS failures, illustrating how this approach can help identify areas for improvements in the system, interface, or training design to support drivers in level 2 and level 3 automated driving.

Sales complexity and value appropriation: a taxonomy of sales situations

PurposeThe increasingly complex business-to-business (B2B) sales process necessitates that sales managers strike the right balance between appropriate resource allocation, while also maintaining the profitability of the organization. While previous research has mainly focused on how changes in the business environment pose distinct challenges to salespeople, very little research has focused on how sales managers should react to these complex situations. Drawing upon the extant sales research, this paper aims to point to a gap in the literature of how sales managers deal with the complexity associated with the sales process and deal with the same.Design/methodology/approachMethods from the grounded theory research approach were used to conduct 18 in-depth interviews with B2B sales managers. Purposive sampling was used to identify the participants.FindingsA taxonomy of sales situations that reflects the changing complexity of the sales function and how sales managers need to orchestrate their resource allocation decisions to ensure appropriate value capture from B2B relationships emerged within the themes. This paper highlights four fundamental tenets of sales situations that account for both the complexity of the sales process and the value appropriation challenge that sales managers face.Practical implicationsThe taxonomy will help sales managers have a better understanding of the changing complexity in the B2B sales process and help them with decisions making. Sales managers can orchestrate their resource allocation to achieve value appropriation.Originality/valueThis paper develops a new taxonomy of the sales situation. It unravels the changing complexity of the B2B sales process and discusses how value appropriation can be achieved by sales managers.

Observation and assessment of crossing situations between pleasure craft and a small passenger ferry

A study of navigational situations involving a small passenger ferry ‘Ole III’ was conducted based on participatory observations in the Husøysund strait in Tønsberg municipality, Norway. The aims were to document the extent to which crossing situations are solved according to navigational rules and practice, and to investigate the number of incidents which could pose a risk for Ole III and its passengers. Because of the high density of private pleasure craft, we expected a rather large number of non-compliance with navigational rules. Observations supported this assumption, and based on the total of 3152 crossings with Ole III where other vessels where present, a total of 279 (8.9%) incidents were considered to involve non-compliance with navigational rules and practice. A total of 165 incidents were caused by the other vessels failing to give way even though it had Ole III on its starboard side. This indicates that, at least in Norway, we may routinely expect pleasure craft to deviate from navigational rules for crossing situations. A number of incidents could partly be explained by a mismatch in understandings of which vessel had the right-of-way. Also, incident risk was higher when Ole III used active control strategies to handle crossing situations (e.g. keeping course and speed) as compared with passive control strategies. A taxonomy of situations based upon intentions is presented together with suggestions for control strategies for small passenger vessels that operate in waters with many pleasure craft.

Pathological Personality Traits and the Experience of Daily Situations

We examined the associations between personality pathology and daily situational experiences. College student participants ( N = 180) were assessed on pathological personality traits along with six assessments of everyday situation experiences. Independent raters judged situation descriptions provided by the participants to estimate the normative and consensually shared aspect of situations. Participants’ subjective situational construals were obtained by partialing the consensual aspect out of their in situ situation ratings. Substantive and meaningful relations between personality pathology and situations were found, and they were predominantly underpinned by subjective construal of situational characteristics. By using comprehensive taxonomies of personality pathology and situations, we advanced current understanding on the day-to-day situational dynamics and experiences of individuals with pathological personality tendencies.

Why bottom-up taxonomies are unlikely to satisfy the quest for a definitive taxonomy of situations.

The recent advent of methods for large-scale data collection has provided an unprecedented opportunity for researchers who seek to develop a taxonomy of situations. Parrigon, Woo, Tay, and Wang's (2017) CAPTIONs model is the latest such effort. In this comment, I argue that although bottom-up approaches of this sort have clear value, they are unlikely to provide the sort of definitive, comprehensive, and theoretically integrative taxonomy that the field wants and needs. In large part, this is because bottom-up taxonomies represent what is common about situations and not what is theoretically important and influential about them. (PsycINFO Database Record

Significance Testing Needs a Taxonomy: Or How the Fisher, Neyman-Pearson Controversy Resulted in the Inferential Tail Wagging the Measurement Dog.

Accurate measurement and a cutoff probability with inferential statistics are not wholly compatible. Fisher understood this when he developed the F test to deal with measurement variability and to make judgments on manipulations that may be worth further study. Neyman and Pearson focused on modeled distributions whose parameters were highly determined and concluded that inferential judgments following an F test could be made with accuracy because the distribution parameters were determined. Neyman and Pearson's approach in the application of statistical analyses using alpha and beta error rates has played a dominant role guiding inferential judgments, appropriately in highly determined situations and inappropriately in scientific exploration. Fisher tried to explain the different situations, but, in part due to some obscure wording, generated a long standing dispute that currently has left the importance of Fisher's p < .05 criteria not fully understood and a general endorsement of the Neyman and Pearson error rate approach. Problems were compounded with power calculations based on effect sizes following significant results entering into exploratory science. To understand in a practical sense when each approach should be used, a dimension reflecting varying levels of certainty or knowledge of population distributions is presented. The dimension provides a taxonomy of statistical situations and appropriate approaches by delineating four zones that represent how well the underlying population of interest is defined ranging from exploratory situations to highly determined populations.

Reinvigorating the Concept of a Situation in Situational Judgment Tests

What is the role of the situation in situational judgment tests (SJTs)? Lievens and Motowidlo (2016) assert that SJTs are somewhat of a misnomer because they do not actually measure how individuals would behave in a given situation per se. According to these researchers, SJTs assess general domain knowledge—whether potential employees recognize the “utility of expressing certain traits” (p. 4). As a result, SJTs map onto personality measures, which are a summary of behavior across time and situations. SJTs provide predictive validity in part because they tap into personality. However, rather than renaming SJTs, it is possible to reintroduce the concept of a situation to provide even greater predictive power. Thus, the goals of this commentary are to (a) clarify what constitutes a situation, (b) describe what SJTs might actually measure, and (c) set forth a path for a taxonomy of workplace situations.

Structuring Situational Information

Abstract. There is as yet no consensually agreed-upon situational taxonomy. The current work addresses this issue and reviews extant taxonomic approaches by highlighting a “road map” of six research stations that lead to the observed diversity in taxonomies: (1) theoretical and conceptual guidelines, (2) the “type” of situational information studied, (3) the general taxonomic approach taken, (4) the generation of situation pools, (5) the assessment and rating of situational information, and (6) the statistical analyses of situation data. Current situational taxonomies are difficult to integrate because they follow different paths along these six stations. Some suggestions are given on how to spur integrated taxonomies toward a unified psychology of situations that speaks a common language.

Situation and person: How to measure both at the same time

Situational aspects are still rarely used for predicting behavior. A reason might be the lack of a taxonomy. The presented research developed a situational taxonomy and integrated it in a questionnaire assessing Big 5 facets. Development of the situation taxonomy was based on one qualitative ( N = 216 interviews) and two quantitative lexical studies ( N 1 = 568, N 2 = 378). EFA in sample 1 resulted in five factors. This structure was confirmed in sample 2 using CFA. In a next step a situational judgment test asking to evaluate the situation and then decide on the most likely behavior was developed. The questionnaire comprises 42 Big 5 facets combined with the 5 situation aspects. This questionnaire was tested in a sample of N = 897. Psychometric properties will be presented and implications will be discussed.

Person-environment transactions

This symposium tackles the topic of person-environment transactions or how persons, situations, and behaviors are interwoven with four talks. First, Eva Becker, Thomas Goetz, and Vinzenz Morger demonstrate how experience sampling methodology can be used to study real-life person-environment transactions in a school context. Third, Matthias Ziegler, Johanna Eisenhofer, and Marco Vetter illustrate in a series of studies how a situation taxonomy can be built that will ultimately allow sampling both person and situation dimensions. Fourth, John Rauthmann introduces the concept of person-environment fit and how it relates to behavioral enactment of the Big Five. Together, these talks aim to raise awareness for and advance the topic of person-environment transactions in personality psychology.

CHAOS, STRATEGY, AND ACTION: HOW NOT TO FIDDLE WHILE ROME BURNS

The US financial meltdown has changed companies' situations not just fundamentally but pervasively. Institutions and channels of supply and communication have disappeared or become unreliable; we are literally managing in chaos, and traditional notions of strategy, planning, and implementation must be (temporarily, it is to be hoped) discarded. This presentation draws on classic management theory, newer ideas, and experiences from technology companies to outline principles for managing for survival in times of chaos. It introduces new management cycles as alternatives to Fayol's classic management cycle, and a corresponding taxonomy of organizational situations, including stable, chaos, edge of chaos, and disaster. It aims for a clear synthesis suitable for management education and training.

The Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Self-Assessment

In 2005, after many years of discussion about whether or not The Endocrine Society (TES) should produce Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs), TES Council approved a carefully designed program to produce 2 to 4 high-quality CPGs each year. TES has published 20 CPGs to date (1), and several more are expected to be published in the next 2 years. Since its inception, the CPG program has been unique in many ways. First, a highly regulated pathway on the route to publication (Figure 1) permits the selection, review, and vetting of CPGs at multiple levels, including a final peer and editorial review at the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). Second, the guidelines have been selected and produced without support from pharmaceutical or device-manufacturing companies. Third, all CPG expert panels have included at least 1 international member. Fourth, all CPGs have been translated into patient versions. Fifth, the CPGs are routinely reviewed and updated every 3 years. Finally, TES adopted the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach for evaluating the evidence and producing recommendations (2). The GRADE Working Group began as an international effort to resolve confusion about how to best and most clearly rate evidence and express recommendations. Many governmental organizations and professional societies use the GRADE approach, including the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the American College of Physicians, and UpToDate in the United States; the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and the British Medical Journal in the United Kingdom; and the World Health Organization (3). Although there are multiple systems of grading evidence, the GRADE method is the only one that rates the strength of the recommendation (Strong or Weak) based on a balance of benefits vs harms, the confidence in the magnitude of estimated effect on an outcome, and the weighing of patient values and preferences. Although this method allows for Strong recommendations to be made with low (L) or very low (VL) levels of evidence and vice versa, this should not be a frequent occurrence. TES engaged the Knowledge and Evaluation Research (KER) Unit at the Mayo Clinic to provide methodological assistance to each of the CPG expert panels, whose expertise generally is in clinical medicine and not in methodology or epidemiology. In this issue of JCEM, members of the KER Unit have undertaken a unique exercise—assessing the appropriateness of 357 recommendations contained in all 17 CPGs that were published by TES between 2006 and 2011 (4). Their major finding was that 206 of the 357 recommendations were Strong, of which 121 were based on L/VL levels of evidence. Of the 121, 53 were in categories such as “sensible alternatives do not exist” or recommend “additional research.” KER Unit members then retrospectively applied a recently published schema by the GRADE Working Group of paradigmatic situations where Strong recommendations with L/VL evidence might be appropriate (5). Using this new taxonomy of paradigmatic situations to determine the appropriateness of the remaining 68 Strong recommendations that were based on L/VL levels of evidence, they found that it was appropriately applied to 35 recommendations and inappropriately applied to 33 (6 –16).

The Endocrine Society Guidelines: When the Confidence Cart Goes Before the Evidence Horse

In 2005, the Endocrine Society (TES) adopted the GRADE system of developing clinical practice guidelines. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation working group guidance suggests that strong recommendations based on low or very low (L/VL) confidence may often be inappropriate, and has offered a taxonomy of paradigmatic situations in which strong recommendations based on L/VL confidence estimates may be appropriate. We sought to characterize strong recommendations of TES based on L/VL confidence evidence. We identified all strong recommendations based on L/VL confidence evidence published in TES guidelines between 2005 and 2011. We identified those consistent with one of the paradigmatic situations in the taxonomy. Two hundred six of 357 (58%) of the recommendations of TES were strong; of these, 121 (59%) were based on L/VL confidence evidence. Of these 121, 35 (29%) were consistent with one of the paradigmatic situations. The most common situation (13, 11%) was of a strong recommendation against the intervention because of low confidence evidence for benefit and high confidence evidence for harm. The remaining 86 (71%) comprised 43 (36%) "best practice" statements for which sensible alternatives do not exist; 5 (4%) in which recommendations were for "additional research"; 5 (4%) in which greater confidence in the estimates was warranted; and 33 (27%) for which we could not find a compelling explanation for the incongruence. Guideline panels should beware of formulating strong recommendations when confidence in estimates is low. Our taxonomy when such recommendations are appropriate may be helpful.

Deconstructing context-sensitive nature of Indians' behaviour: a preliminary attempt to develop a taxonomy for three work contexts

Indians are perceived to be highly contradictory and inconsistent in their manifested behavioural patterns. Findings of various research studies have indicated that at the core of perceived ‘contradictions’ in the manifested behavioural patterns of the Indians lies in the fact that Indian behaviour is determined more by the situation or the context rather than the personality. Sinha and Kanungo (1997) mentioned that ‘context sensitivity among Indians manifests itself in relation to three components of the environment, which are desh (place), kal (time) and patra (person). Sinha et al. (2002) have urged scholars to attempt a more systematic taxonomy of situations to develop generalised cultural modes of behaviour. This paper is at best a baby step in that direction. In this paper, we have attempted to deconstruct the context sensitive behaviour of Indians using an ‘interactional’ framework and subsequently presented a behavioural taxonomy, which would help understand how Indians with different worldviews w...

When Tight Blood Pressure Control Is Not for Everyone: A New Model for Performance Measurement in Hypertension

Many patients with hypertension have legitimate reasons to forego standard blood pressure targets yet are nonetheless included in performance measurement systems. An approach to performance measurement incorporating clinical reasoning was developed to determine which patients to include in a performance measure. A 10-member multispecialty advisory panel refined a taxonomy of situations in which the balance of benefits and harms of anti-hypertensive treatment does not clearly favor tight blood pressure control (< 140/90 mm Hg). The panel identified several broad categories of reasons for exempting a patient from performance measurement for blood pressure control. These included (1) patients who have suffered adverse effects from multiple classes of antihypertensive medications; (2) patients already taking four or more antihypertensive medications; (3) patients with terminal disease, moderate to severe dementia, or other conditions that overwhelmingly dominate the patient's clinical status; and (4) other patient factors, including comfort care orientation and poor medication adherence despite attempts to remedy adherence difficulties. Several general principles also emerged. Performance measurement should focus on patients for whom the benefits of treatment clearly outweigh the harms and should incorporate a longitudinal approach. In addition, the criteria for exempting a patient from performance measurement should be more strict in patients at higher risk of adverse health outcomes from hypertension and more lenient for patients at lower risk. Incorporating "real world" clinical principles and judgment into performance measurement systems may improve targeting of care and, by accounting for patient case mix, allow for better comparison of performance between institutions.

The Concept of Situations

AbstractThe concept of situations has a long past, but the conceptualization of situations only has a short history. This article provides a survey of the concept of situations. Based upon Milgram’s [Human Relations 18 (1965), 57] vision toward ‘a compelling theory of situations,’ the authors examine the concept of situations in three specific literatures: definitions of situations, taxonomies of situations, and interrelationships among persons, situations, and behaviors. To further integrate the literature, the authors propose that the essence of a situation is its affordance of human goals, and that situations are largely characterized by two specific principles of goal processes (what happened, is happening, or might happen to people’s goals) and goal contents (the specific goals afforded in the situation).

Public governance of information asymmetries—The gap between reality and economic theory

There are numerous situations where governments take action due to systematic information asymmetries in society, while economics textbooks do not offer an integrated theory to justify these interventions in terms of utility. This paper starts with a taxonomy of situations where governments try to correct for information asymmetries. A distinction is made between government interventions due to information asymmetries between market partners, within political markets and between the government and citizens. It is then shown that Public Choice Theory offers only few and Public Finance Theory not enough explanations for the prevalence of such government interventions. Further explanations for government actions are given by Institutional Economics and Cultural and Behavioural Economics. The latter will probably generate the best progress towards creating better explanations.