Situational Crime Prevention Theory Research Articles

Implementing Situational Crime Prevention Theory in the Matter of Financial fraudulent

Fraud and financial crime continue to pose significant challenges for private companies, making prevention efforts essential through the identification of their root causes. This study examines the relationship between situational crime prevention and financial fraud, with a focus on employee tenure as a moderating variable. An empirical research method was employed, with data collected from employees of PT Budi Jaya and its subsidiaries through questionnaires. A total of 60 valid responses were analyzed using WarpPLS. The findings reveal that situational crime prevention—measured through indicators such as minimal benefits, high risks, limited opportunities, and strict sanctions—has a significant negative impact on financial fraud. Additionally, the study demonstrates that employee tenure moderates the relationship between situational crime prevention measures and financial fraud. This research makes a theoretical contribution to situational crime prevention theory by incorporating the concept of rationalization, which fraud perpetrators often use to justify their actions. The study offers practical insights, suggesting that companies and regulators should implement robust internal control systems to minimize opportunities for fraud and establish clear, stringent rules and sanctions to deter fraudulent behavior.

Peran Patroli Perintis Presisi dalam Mencegah Terjadinya Tawuran di Wilayah Hukum Polda Metro Jaya

The phenomenon of brawls in the DKI Jakarta area is increasing due to environmental, economic, and population density factors in the region. The literature references that form the main basis of this research are situational crime prevention theory, iceberg theory, social conflict theory, youth identity theory, as well as the concepts of community policing, and precision inspector patrols. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques of interviews and document studies. The results showed that the role of the Precision Inspector Patrol in preventing fighting in the jurisdiction of Polda Metro Jaya is to ensure that patrols and general guards can run smoothly, be responsible for each assignment, training, and supervision of patrol teams in other units, be the front guard to carry out various preventive and responsive efforts, conduct routine patrols, respond to reports from the public, and maintain the situation in the jurisdiction of Polda Metro Jaya to remain conducive and under control. Through this role, the strategies that can be carried out by the Metro Jaya Police Precision Inspector Patrol Team in preventing fighting crimes are preemptive, preventive, and repressive strategies that are investigative in nature. The community policing policy model in an effort to maximise the implementation of the Precision Pioneer Patrol to prevent horizontal conflicts in the Polda Metro Jaya jurisdiction can be realised through several management stages which include communication and synergy, cooperation, handling, and performance evaluation. Thanks to this, the Precision Pioneer Patrol has been able to reduce the number of horizontal conflicts that occur in the Polda Metro Jaya jurisdiction. The suggestions are for the Precision Pioneer Patrol Team to increase the frequency of patrols at night in the red and yellow zones, for future researchers to apply GIS as an early detection map of conflict-prone areas, and for cooperation partners to expand the scope of programme implementation P2TP2A Unit, PPA Unit, and FKDM to provide an understanding of the importance of Precision Pioneer Patrol in preventing horizontal conflicts.

Evaluating the Role of Electronic Security Surveillance in Enhancing Safety in Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

Secondary school safety is critical to sustaining comparable academic performance outcomes. However, there are so many threats that affect the safety of schools that make up this necessity throughout the world. Security challenges in secondary schools in Kenya includes fires, theft and radicalization have been witnessed in school. Nevertheless, the application of electronic security surveillance systems still remains rather low. They work under very high risks and many schools in Trans Nzoia County are especially vulnerable leaving the school community at risk. This research aimed at evaluating the extent to which these systems enhance safety. Based on Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Contingency Theory, the study adopted descriptive survey research design and targeted 14 second schools with previous security threats and deployed with surveillance systems. Participants were 14 principals, 14 boarding teachers, 14 security personnel, 70 students- 10 students from each of the 7 schools, County Director of Education, and the Chief Fire Officer. The sample size for the study was 128 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions. The data was analysed through using Social Package for Social Sciences version 25. Regarding electronic surveillance system improvement of school security, 80.8 percent of respondents supported its effectiveness. When national ICT and school safety policies had been included, it was found that the improvement of these systems for the safety of schools has proved 40.9% different (R² = 0.409, F (2, 75) = 26.003, p = 0.000). Of all the forms of surveillance, the study noted that CCTV cameras were the most widely used in secondary schools. That being said, the efficiency of their use in achieving safety objectives was somewhat hampered by operational obstacles. The study therefore suggests that while emphasizing on the use of additional technologies like fire alarms, burglar alarms, Metal detectors and Biometric systems, the school management boards in collaboration with Ministry of education and ICT should devise way of extending the use of such gadgets. Secondly, to guarantee full coverage of the school premises, it is necessary to step up investment in electronic security systems, and improve the support of personnel pertaining to the detection of threats.

Crime Prevention System and Mechanisms for College Students

In recent years, with the popularization of education and the continuous increase in the national level of education, the number of college students accounts for 10% of the total population. However, at the same time, we have also observed a peculiar phenomenon: the crime rate among college students is increasing year by year, reaching 2.5%. Therefore, we use content analysis and systems theory analysis to analyze the causes of college student crime in recent years and summarize its characteristics among newly added and frequently occurring cases. Through improving traditional legal education and implementing a three-in-one crime prevention model encompassing family, school, and society, we aim to reduce the current crime rate among college students. Simultaneously, we utilize situational crime prevention theory to effectively control criminal opportunities by reducing crime profits, upgrading crime risks, lowering crime incentives, and increasing crime difficulty. This facilitates the establishment of the next step in the prevention system and provides constructive suggestions for the further construction and implementation of the crime prevention system for college students in Huzhou City.

Policy Approaches to Combat Livestock Theft and Enhance Security

Purpose: This study sought to analyze policy approaches to combat livestock theft and enhance security. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to policy approaches to combat livestock theft and enhance security. Preliminary empirical review revealed that a multi-faceted approach is essential to effectively address livestock theft. It emphasized the importance of integrating legislative measures, technological innovations, community-based initiatives, and enhanced law enforcement efforts. Technologies like GPS tracking and RFID tags were found effective but required financial support for widespread adoption. Community involvement and education were highlighted as critical for local surveillance and theft prevention. The study also underscored the need for robust legislative frameworks and international cooperation to deter theft and ensure consistent enforcement Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Routine Activity Theory, Rational Choice Theory and Situational Crime Prevention Theory may be used to anchor future studies on policy approaches on combating livestock theft and enhance security. The study concluded that an integrated approach, including advanced security technologies, community involvement, and robust legislative frameworks, was essential for effectively reducing livestock theft. It highlighted the need for financial incentives to help farmers adopt GPS tracking and RFID tags, expanded community-based initiatives like Farm Watch, and stricter penalties for theft. The study also emphasized the importance of international cooperation for standardizing livestock identification practices and supporting cross-border law enforcement efforts. These recommendations aimed to enhance livestock security, mitigate financial losses, and improve community resilience Keywords: Livestock Theft, Livestock Security, Legislative Measures, Advanced Security Technologies, GPS Tracking, RFID Tags

An exploration of dark and light triad personality traits towards situational crime prevention and compliant information security behaviour

PurposeThis investigation serves a dual purpose: providing preliminary results and serving as a pilot study to confirm the viability of the hypotheses advanced towards a full-scale study. This paper aims to present the preliminary findings of an investigation that explored the constructs of personality traits and situational crime prevention theory (SCPT) as antecedents to social cognitive determinants (attitude, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms using the theory of planned behaviour [TPB] framing) and how these elements subsequently estimate compliant information security behaviour. Moreover, this paper delves into the contrasting influences of light and dark personality traits on insider information security compliance.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey was conducted to study SCPT measures and the personality factors dyad using a diverse but limited sample (n = 82).FindingsThere were ten significant direct relationships between SCPT factors and personality traits related to the components of the TPB. Seventeen hypotheses were not supported. However, these findings highlight the complexity of the topic under study.Practical implicationsUnderstanding individual differences within the compliance model could be used for custom training protocols, employee selection, assignment and specific types of information security interventions.Originality/valueThere is a scarcity of studies considering the effects of situational and personality factors, specifically the dark versus light triad of personality traits within the information security domain. Therefore, this preliminary result provides early insight that could guide further studies. This research could have important implications for organisations at risk of insider attacks.

Fraud prevention in the Indonesian banking sector using anti-fraud strategy

Fraud and financial crimes involving banking employees have become serious and complex problems throughout the world, including Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze a fraud prevention through anti-fraud strategy and modified situational crime prevention theory. Data were obtained using a questionnaire distributed and interviewed to accounting officers, marketing departments, customer services, tellers, operational supervisors and risk management of banks in Indonesia. Respondent filled in 217 questionnaires completely. The data analysis technique used is a path analysis technique with the WarpPLS. The results show that anti-fraud strategies have a positive effect on fraud prevention. Banking in Indonesia has succeeded in implementing anti-fraud strategy through a whistleblowing policy, which focuses on efforts to protect whistleblowers and disclose potential fraud, compliance with the implementation of internal controls in activity units, and the proper functioning of risk management. The modified situational crime prevention theory also has a positive effect, and religiosity is a moderating variable. The results have also informed that banks have attempted to create conditions and awareness for perpetrators that the benefits of fraud are less and not commensurate with the high risks borne, and narrowing opportunities and providing strict sanctions to perpetrators can prevent fraud.

Situational Crime Prevention Dalam Kejahatan Pencurian Kelapa Sawit di PT Bintara Tani Nusantara, Sumatera Barat

This article discusses crime prevention strategies with a situational approach in palm oil theft atPT Bintara Tani Nusantara (BTN). Situational Crime Prevention theory focuses on theopportunity, the place or context in which the crime is committed, and the target of the crime. Thisanalysis explains the factors of palm oil theft in PT BTN's plantation then the application of crimeprevention strategies in security implemented by PT BTN. The method used in this research isdescriptive qualitative research method. The research was conducted in the plantation of PT BTNSungai Beremas Sub-district and was conducted within five months. This research obtained datafrom three sources. The first source is an Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil System (ISPO) staff atPT BTN, then the second source is PT BTN plantation security, and the last source is a formerconvict of palm oil theft at PT BTN. The results of this study show that the security measuresimplemented by PT BTN in guarding the plantation area include guard posts, barrier portal, ditchessurrounding the plantation area and roving security guards who conduct surveillance by walkingaround the PT BTN plantation area.

Digital policing in Nigeria: A study of Jigawa State Police Command

The application of digital technologies in police practices can engender a number of benefits, which include round-the-clock surveillance, intelligence collection (in real time), community policing (through regular online briefings and trust-building by policing agencies) and disruption of crimes, among others. This study used situational crime prevention theory and examined the use, benefits and challenges of digital policing in Jigawa State Police Command, Nigeria. A sample of 230 respondents was utilized in the study. From the sample, 215 police personnel were administered questionnaires, and 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with 5 police personnel, 5 information technology professionals and 5 policing scholars. The study revealed that use of digital technologies in police practice is low in Jigawa State, because the study discovered insufficient digital technologies in the police command. Furthermore, the majority of police personnel sampled were not skilled in information and communications technologies. No doubt, poor use of digital technologies may pose a serious setback to crime prevention in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Therefore, it is recommended that the police should acquire and leverage on emerging policing technologies. Police personnel should be given adequate training and retraining on the use of digital technologies. Collaboration and information sharing with relevant agencies should also be improved.

Radicalized Environmental Extremism and Situational Decision Making

Objective: In this study, we investigate extremists’ appraisals of and sensitivity to perceived sanction risk during the commission of arson. We pay specific attention to the decision-making processes of extremists leading up to and during the offending opportunity. Methods: We examined data collected from self-reported communiqués ( n = 275) describing acts of arson committed by radical environmental extremists. Results: We found that extremists, like other criminals, are sensitive to situational factors that affect the certainty of apprehension. Additionally, extremists work to reduce the risk of detection by engaging in crime-specific risk management techniques prior to and during the offending opportunity. Conclusions: Analysis of the communiqués is consistent with recent works on extremism, situational crime prevention, and restrictive deterrence. We discuss our findings in the context of rational choice and situational crime prevention theory and the advancement of preventative policies aimed at ideological and political crime.

Influence of Training Levels of Private Security Service Providers in Crime Prevention in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya

This study aimed to examine the role of private security providers in crime prevention in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was necessitated by private security providers' presence and use to protect life, property, and maintenance of law and order in Lurambi Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya. The Routine Activity and Situational Crime Prevention Theories of criminology informed the study. Specifically, this study intended to establish resource availability for private security service providers in crime prevention in Lurambi Sub-county, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The primary target population constituted 358 respondents, both male and female, drawn from six registered and regulated private security service providers in Lurambi Sub-County, 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations across Lurambi Sub-County, and 133 clients of private security services. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 6 registered and licensed private security firms which provided the study population. Proportionate sampling with a statistical framework of 30% was used to identify 108 private security service providers who formed the sample size to ensure that the private security officers from the 6 firms were represented in the same proportion that they existed within the population. Questionnaires were used to collect data from three groups of respondents, including 108 private security officers, 6 managers each in charge of each private security firm that participated in the study, and 40 clients sampled from the 6 private security firms that participated in the study. Interview guides were used to collect data from 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations spread across Lurambi Sub-County. The study findings revealed that private security service providers were not adequately trained, hence impacting crime prevention negatively in Lurambi Sub-County. The study recommended that private security service providers consider providing relevant and timely training programs to strengthen crime prevention efforts. Key Terms: Training Levels, Private Security, Crime Prevention DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-6-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

The Role of Private Security Service Providers in Crime Prevention; A Study of Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya

This study aimed to examine the role of private security providers in crime prevention in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was necessitated by private security providers' presence and use to protect life, property, and maintenance of law and order in Lurambi Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya. The Routine Activity and Situational Crime Prevention Theories of criminology informed the study. Specifically, this study intended to establish resource availability for private security service providers in crime prevention in Lurambi Sub-county, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The primary target population constituted 358 respondents, both male and female, drawn from six registered and regulated private security service providers in Lurambi Sub-County, 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations across Lurambi Sub-County, and 133 clients of private security services. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 6 registered and licensed private security firms which provided the study population. Proportionate sampling with a statistical framework of 30% was used to identify 108 private security service providers who formed the sample size to ensure that the private security officers from the 6 firms were represented in the same proportion that they existed within the population. Questionnaires were used to collect data from three groups of respondents, including 108 private security officers, 6 managers each in charge of each private security firm that participated in the study, and 40 clients sampled from the 6 private security firms that participated in the study. Interview guides were used to collect data from 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations spread across Lurambi Sub-County. Study findings revealed that private security service providers in Lurambi Sub-County did not possess adequate resources needed to prevent crime. The study recommended that private security service providers should consider deploying adequate resources to strengthen crime prevention efforts. Key Terms: Private Security, Resources Availability, Crime Prevention DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-6-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

A global comparison of suicide and non-suicide terrorism

ABSTRACT Suicide terrorism has become an increasingly popular attack strategy among terrorist organisations over the last 40 years. The number of empirical studies on suicide terrorism has increased, but further research is necessary to understand the strategies of terrorist organisations that engage in suicide terrorism. Using the Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) theory as the framework, this study examines whether suicide terrorism differs by region, attack type, target type, weapon type, and type of terrorist organisation from non-suicide terrorism in global terrorist attacks that occurred between 1981 and 2017. Bivariate and multivariate analyses show that relative to non-suicide terrorism, suicide terrorism is more likely to occur in the Middle East and Africa, involve bombing/explosion as attack type, explosives/incendiary devices as weaponry, target security forces, and be committed by religious-based terrorist organisations. The results of this research indicate that situational terrorism prevention approach needs to be revised to consider the role of ideology in terrorist attack strategy since the ideology of a terrorist organisation plays a significant role in suicide terrorism. The findings of the research and its policy implications are discussed, and further research is warranted to expand the base of knowledge about suicide terrorism.

CCTV placement in Gaborone City, Botswana

Public surveillance technology through the installation of Closed-Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) has been widely acknowledged as a tool for monitoring population movements and preventing crime. Based on this technological value, the installation of CCTV cameras has become a growing trend in many cities globally. The year 2018 will be remembered as the year when CCTV cameras were first installed in the city of Gaborone, Botswana, and its surrounding villages for purposes of detecting criminal activities and preventing crime. The value of CCTV cameras in preventing crime and as an investigative tool has been an area of interest among researchers. Among scholarly studies on this field, the focus has been on the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in preventing crime and their value as an investigative tool. Since CCTV cameras have just been installed in the city of Gaborone, it may be too early to evaluate the extent to which they effectively prevent crime in this city. The purpose of this study is to document the use of public surveillance cameras in Gaborone and its surrounding areas and assess their geographic placement in light of the principles of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) theory. Using data collected through site observation and key informant interviews, we argue for a rigorous review and assessment of the current installation and placement of CCTV cameras in Gaborone city and further scholarly study to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of CCTV camera use for crime prevention in this city.

Harmonising Road Transport Legislation in the SADC Region for Crime Prevention

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an organisation that aims to facilitate cooperation between the governments of its Member States through a set of goals. SADC uses protocols as an instrument of coordination of its Member States on Transport, Communications and Meteorology endeavours to harmonise various aspects of traffic and transportation in the region. The researcher relies on carrying out an extensive literature review, consulting secondary data, official government publications and review of case studies. This article is informed by both the routine activity theory and situational crime prevention theory. It was found that the SADC regional body still has several barriers to overcome before a successful harmonisation stage to prevent crime will be achieved by Member States. Regional cooperation is needed amongst Member States to prevent organised borderless crime like human trafficking, drugs trafficking, fraud and money laundering, car-hijacking and terrorism.

Sociological Implications on Safety of Journalism as a Profession in Nigeria

All over the world, Journalists are known as the fourth realm of the Estate charged with the responsibility of disseminating information to the societal members. Despite the contribution of the noble profession towards nation building, large number of journalist in the past and recent time in Nigeria faces series of challenges ranging from kidnapping, assault, harassment, torture, arbitrary detention, murder, imprisoned at the virtue of saving the nation. The gravity and magnitude of the prevalence insecurity in the profession has gotten to a state of psychological trauma and lost of interest for the profession. Several publications were reviewed; Anomie (Robert Merton) and Situational Crime Prevention (Ronald Clarke) theories were adopted. Qualitative method and purposive sampling technique was adopted in conducting in-depth interviews among 10 public members and 25 journalists from 4 media print Organisations, 3 radio stations and 2 television stations in Nigeria, In Nigeria journalist are faced with numerous insecurity issues and there is an urgent need to readdress the issues to save the nation from retrogressive development. Several recommendations are stated to safe the profession( a) the struggle for the survival of the profession should not be left alone to either the Government or the journalists it should be collectively addressed by all, More so, proactive methods, deterrence measures target hardening, access and facilitators control needs to be in placed to tackle the menace

Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies

There are claims that the societal appetite for ‘child exploitation material’ is increasing. Yet, Australia’s policy response does not include initiatives to dissuade potential offenders from deliberately viewing child exploitation material for the first time (onset). To critically examine this issue, this paper draws on Situational Crime Prevention theory. It argues that (a) many first-time child exploitation material viewers fit the Situational Crime Prevention construct of the Opportunistic Offender and (b) suggests that current policy overlooks the kinds of non-instrumental factors that increase the risk of onset for this group, including doubts about the criminality and harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. The paper then empirically examines social attitudes to child exploitation material viewing by presenting the findings of a survey of 504 Australian internet users. Results indicate that a sizeable minority of the participants were: unaware that it is a crime to view certain types of child exploitation material in Australia; and held doubts about the harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. These findings are used to reflect on how the presence of these non-instrumental factors among ordinary internet users may affect the offending readiness of the Opportunistic Offender. Policy implications are then briefly discussed.

Identification of subgroups of terror attacks with shared characteristics for the purpose of preventing mass-casualty attacks: a data-mining approach

Security and intelligence agencies around the world invest considerable resources in preventing terrorist attacks, as these may cause strategic damage, national demoralization, infringement of sovereignty, and government instability. Recently, data-mining techniques have evolved to allow identification of patterns and associations in criminal data that were not apparent using traditional analysis. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how to use interpretable classification algorithms to identify subgroups (“patterns”) of terrorist incidents that share common characteristics and that result in mass fatalities. This approach can produce insights far beyond those of conventional macro-level studies that use hypothesis-testing and regression models. In addition to this methodological contribution, from a practical perspective, exploring the characteristics identified in the “patterns” can lead to prevention strategies, such as alteration of the physical or systemic environment. This is in line with situational crime prevention (SCP) theory. We apply our methodology to the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). We present three examples in which terror attacks that are described by a particular pattern (set of characteristics) resulted in a high probability of mass casualties, while attacks that differ in just one of these characteristics (i.e., month of attack, geographical area targeted, or type of attack) resulted in far fewer casualties. We propose exploration of the differentiating characteristic as a means of reducing the probability of mass-fatality terrorist incidents.

Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems

The authors laid the groundwork for analyzing the crypto-economic incentives of interconnected blockchain networks and utilize situational crime prevention theory to explain how more secure systems can be developed. Blockchain networks utilize smaller blockchains (often called sidechains) to increase throughput in larger networks. Identified are several disadvantages to using sidechains that create critical exposures to the assets locked on them. Without security being provided by the mainchain in the form of validated exits, sidechains or statechannels which have a bridge or mainchain asset representations are at significant risk of attack. The inability to have a sufficiently high cost to attack the sidechain while mainchain assets can be withdrawn, along with the disconnect between the integrity of the sidechain and the value of the stolen assets are among the top disadvantages. The current study used a vulnerability analysis and theoretical mathematics based on situational crime prevention theory to highlight the attack vectors and prevention methods for these systems. Much of the analysis can be applied to any distributed system (e.g. blockchain network), particularly any supposedly trustless off-chain component. The equations developed in the current study will hold for any two chains that are bridged and pass value back and forth and provides evidence to suggest a public sidechain is likely not a viable option for scalability due to security concerns. Criminal strategies on blockchain networks in the digital realm are similar to criminal strategies in the physical realm; therefore, the application of criminology can lead to more efficient development and ultimately more effective security protocols.

Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems

Blockchain Security: Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Distributed Cyber Systems