Water Shortage Situation Research Articles

Physiological and molecular responses to drought stress in teak (Tectona grandis L.f.).

Drought stress is an increasingly common and worrying phenomenon because it causes a loss of production in both agriculture and forestry. Teak is a tropical tree which needs alternating rainy and dry seasons to produce high-quality wood. However, a robust understanding about the physiological characteristics and genes related to drought stress in this species is lacking. Consequently, after applying moderate and severe drought stress to teak seedlings, an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) was used to measure different parameters in the leaves. Additionally, using the root transcriptome allowed finding and analyzing the expression of several drought-related genes. As a result, in both water deficit treatments a reduction in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content was found. As well, an increase in free proline levels and intrinsic water use efficiency was found when compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, 977 transcripts from the root contigs showed functional annotation related to drought stress, and of these, TgTPS1, TgDREB1, TgAREB1 and TgPIP1 were selected. The expression analysis of those genes along with TgHSP1, TgHSP2, TgHSP3 and TgBI (other stress-related genes) showed that with moderate treatment, TgTPS1, TgDREB1, TgAREB1, TgPIP1, TgHSP3 and TgBI genes had higher expression than the control treatment, but with severe treatment only TgTPS1 and TgDREB1 showed higher expression than the control treatment. At the end, a schematic model for the physiological and molecular strategies under drought stress in teak from this study is provided. In conclusion, these physiological and biochemical adjustments in leaves and genetic changes in roots under severe and prolonged water shortage situations can be a limiting factor for teak plantlets’ growth. Further studies of those genes under different biotic and abiotic stress treatments are needed.

Coupling Coordination Evaluation of Water-Soil Resource Utilization and Eco-environment: The Case of Southeast Yunnan Province

Understanding past and current relationship between water-soil resources utilization and eco-environment is essential for predicting how these relationships may be affected by future human activities change. Combined with GIS technology and statistical analysis, based on the actual situation of water shortage, limited land resources and the prominent contradiction between the supply and demand of water-soil resources in the karst mountain area of southeast Yunnan province. This paper studies the coupling coordination relationship between the water-soil resources utilization and eco-environment in karst rocky region and evaluated the coupling coordination degree between the utilization of water-soil resources and the eco-environment by using the entropy weighting method and the system coupling theory. Results show that the model estimated the spatial and temporal variation between water-soil resources utilization and eco-environment parameters precisely. On this basis, the stress response mechanism of social and economic development and water-soil resources under the constraint of water-soil resources is further discussed by using impulse response function simulation, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for the sustainable development of regional water-soil resources.

Removal of Iron in Groundwater Using Marble Column Filter

Water shortage during dry season has become a big issue affecting the daily activities of the public as well as the world’s attention. The potential of groundwater as a secondary water source can ease the situation of water shortage since the current water supply comes from surface water. However, groundwater pollution is inevitable because of human induced and natural occurrence. Therefore, this project studies to overcome excessive iron from the groundwater using marble in pebble size based on previous studies of calcium carbonate and sand size is in this study. Both sizes are compared to investigate the highest efficiency in removing iron without chemical use. The filtration is run with 4 different flow rates which are 0.017 ls-1, 0.011 ls-1, 0.008 ls-1 and 0.007 ls-1. The highest removal percentage of iron, 93.83% is for the sand size marble column filter when the flow rate is 0.007 ls-1. The marble is possible to be a cheap and effective filter media for iron removal in development of groundwater pre-treatment.

Response of Landscape and Ecological Characteristics to the Optimal Rainwater Harvesting Dual-Element Mulch Covered Soil Model in Beijing

The implementation of energy conservation and emissions reduction in Beijing prompted yearly increases in the area of urban green space, leading to direct increases in urban water consumption. This aggravated an already tense situation of water shortage. Considering the low irrigation water utilization effectives of the urban green space system, the typical urban greening shrub (Ligustrum vicaryi) was selected as the research object of this study. In a pot experiment, three mulch materials were selected: gravel (CH1), pine needles + gravel (CH2), and bark + gravel (CH3). These materials were set to a uniform thickness of 3 cm, and soil water was maintained between 75% and 85% of the field capacity. Using the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics model, the physiological and ecological response characteristics of Ligustrum vicaryi were investigated under different combinations of mulch material. The results for various processing, regarding plant growth, showed CH3 > CH2 > CH1 > CK (Control Check). The leaf area, total leaf area, and leaf area index of CH3 were, respectively, 21.4%, 21.9%, and 62.5% larger than those of the control check (CK). Regarding physiological characteristics, photosynthetic rate, evaporation rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of CH3 were better than for the other treatments. Regarding ecological services, carbon fixation, oxygen release, cooling, and quantity of humidification of CH3 were optimal. Considered comprehensively for the landscape function, physical characteristics, and ecological services of Ligustrum vicaryi, the preliminary thought is that bark and gravel dual-element mulch, with a layer thickness of 3 cm, was the optimal soil cover treatment for the typical city greening shrub Ligustrum vicaryi. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy mathematical model for the evaluation of the effects of different soil cover treatments on the landscape function, ecological service function, and physiological characteristics of Ligustrum vicaryi was reliable and feasible. The model evaluation results match the actual ones.

Active future rule curves for multi-purpose reservoir operation on the impact of climate and land use changes

Future optimal rule curves are required for operating reservoir under uncertainty situation. This study applied the genetic algorithm (GA) connected a reservoir simulation model with smoothing function and adjusting of expert participation to search for future optimal reservoir rule curves for the Ubolrat Reservoir, which is located in the Northeast of Thailand, in period 2015–2064. The future optimal rule curves considered the impact of climate change with the PRECIS model under two emission scenarios, A2 and B2, and future land use maps using the CA Markov model. The future streamflow into the reservoir was determined using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The results showed that the average future streamflow for the A2 and B2 were increased in comparison to the baseline year (1997–2014) due to the increase of average rainfall and temperatures, including widest land use change from rice and forest area to the sugarcane. The smoothing function applied to be the constraint can reduce the fluctuation of the upper and lower obtained rule curves from the GA. Further, the future rule curves can mitigate the frequency of water shortage situations and the releases of excess water during the increasing streamflow impacted by both climate scenarios and land use changes situation more than the existing and historic rule curves. Moreover, adjusted future rule curves with the expert participation were acceptable to operate the reservoir.

Proactive water shortage mitigation integrating system optimization and input uncertainty

A complete water shortage mitigation plan which includes water shortage indicators and mitigation measures is essential in adaptive water resources management. Current water shortage triggers used to manage water supply shortages typically recognize only past and current hydrologic conditions and system states, e.g., reservoir storage or water levels. A systematic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of water shortage mitigation measures is often lacked. This study proposes a general framework based on daily simulation-optimization computation scheme to develop water shortage mitigation plan. It includes an innovative simulation-optimization based water shortage trigger framework incorporating both demand and supply side uncertainties to evaluate the state of a water supply system. Stochastically generated demand/supply ensembles were used to simulate system decision variables that were used jointly with past and current hydrologic conditions to prescribe water shortage stages. Each water shortage stage was tied to specific demand and supply side adaptive management actions. A mixed integer programming model optimizing source allocation from surface water harvesting, groundwater production and a desalination plant was then used to minimize operational costs and protect the environment while meeting regional demand. Cumulative mitigation actions were implemented as the system moves progressively to a severe water shortage stage. Retrospective analysis using observed flow and demand in the past decade (2005–2015) was used to vet the approach and demonstrate the advantage of forward looking water shortage trigger development scheme. A combination of mitigation measures is evaluated using stochastic flow and demand in the year 2030, revealing that increased magnitude of groundwater production under severe water shortage situations could be largely (50%) reduced, owing to proactive mitigation actions. The framework was applied to Tampa Bay Water and it has general applications to regional water resources management for utilities across US and beyond.

Resilience of farmers at water shortage situations in minor irrigation systems: a case study in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka

Farmers in Minor Irrigation Systems (MIS) experience many difficulties due to severe seasonal or year-round absolute water scarcity that affects their livelihoods. In order to address this problem, the resilience of the vulnerable communities needs to be enhanced through smart investments and appropriate adaptation strategies. Since there is no well-established method for assessing the resilience of the farmers in MIS, this study was aimed to develop a framework and prospective methodology to assess resilience and factors determining the resilience to shocks and stresses of MIS. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out among 188 households belong to eight farmer organizations under 16 MIS located in three Agrarian Service Divisions in the IL3 agro-ecological region in Kurunegala District. The resilience of farming was measured using adaptive capacity or the risk management strategies used at household levels related to farming practices using 20 indicators. Analysis of factors was performed with the principle component method and rotated (from Varimax with Kaiser Normalization technique) factor loadings were extracted to compute resilience index. Using the empirical equation derived from the study, the resilience of MIS was quantitatively determined. The results showed that there is an adequate space to enhance the resilience of farming in MIS by introducing and adapting various risk management strategies. It appears that capacity of the tank, accessibility of services and the trust of farmers both on farmer organizations and the agency officials are some of the key factors which govern the resilience of farming in MIS.

Application of anti-transpirants temporarily alleviates the inhibition of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in drought-stressed pea plants

Stomatal closure is one of the first plant responses under a water deficit situation. This leads to a decline in transpiration but also in the plant photosynthetic activity. Legume plants grown under symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria present an inhibition of nitrogen fixation that has been shown to occur even before this of photosynthesis. One of the hypotheses to explain this rapid inhibition is the accumulation of nitrogen (N) compounds in nodules due to reduced transpiration, which would provoke the N-feedback inhibition of nitrogenase activity. The current work analyzes the effects of changes in transpiration rates in the regulation of nitrogen fixation through the application of the anti-transpirant Vapor Gard (VG) to pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants subjected to a progressive water deficit. VG produced a rapid inhibition of nitrogen fixation upon application. This inhibition, however, did not coincide with the accumulation of either amino acids or soluble carbohydrates observed at later drought stages in nodules. Results show that the application of VG has a beneficial, albeit temporary, effect in both maintaining the plant water status and apparent nitrogenase activity of nodulated pea plants under water-deficit conditions.

Evaluation of Water Scarcity in Selected Countries of the Middle East

The primary goal of this article is to evaluate water scarcity in selected countries of the Middle-East and assess the impact on agricultural production. To begin with, the Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation (WASP) Index from 1979 to 2017 was spatially computed for Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In order to demonstrate the effect of reduced levels of water, the water shortage situation in cities with the population higher than one million was examined. This was accomplished by utilizing the Composite Index approach to make water related statistics more intelligible. A projection for the years of 2020 to 2030 was created in order to demonstrate possible changes in the supply and demand for water in selected countries of the Middle-East. In regards to evaluating the economic effects of water shortages on agricultural sector, effects of lower precipitation on agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia were estimated. With ever-increasing urbanization, all countries are currently experiencing a moderate to high water risk. Our research points to excessively high water stress for most analyzed cities through the year 2030. Also, it is demonstrated how much precipitation decreases influence agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. From the analyzed countries, some evidence is found that precipitation negatively influences crop production, primarily for Iran.

Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) has a severe water shortage. About 70% groundwater has been exploited for irrigation. Winter wheat – summer maize and pears are typical representative cereal crops and commercial fruit trees in this area, respectively. Water budget for the typical cropland and orchard ecosystems has a significant importance for agricultural production, especially in the NCP. Therefore, evapotranspiration (ET) and water balance were studied in the annual winter wheat – summer maize rotation (cropland) and pear orchard. Latent and sensible heat fluxes were measured by eddy covariance. Annual ET for pear trees was 764 mm and for both crops was 690 mm. The difference of ET between these two ecosystems was about equal to one irrigation. Transpiration was the main loss with the mean proportion of 63% for crops and 76% for pear trees. Wheat growth period is in the dry season and requires much more irrigation than maize. Mainly transpiration (80%) occurred from April through September in the both ecosystems which was also the growing period for pear trees. The annual precipitation was 469 mm and 444 mm in the pear orchard and cropland, respectively, although 80% of it occurred from June to September. Compared with the precipitation, annual mean water deficit was 294 mm for the pear trees and 244 mm for crops. The water shortage was severe in May while surplus water presented in July and August. Energy and ET fluxes were determined by atmospheric demand and the response of plants as controlled by plant phenology and crop selection. As the water shortage situation becomes more serious in the NCP, sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems could be improved by changing crop planting patterns, specifically, increasing the area ratio of maize to pear trees.

河北省典型区主要作物有效降雨量和需水量特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 河北省典型区主要作物有效降雨量和需水量特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201701100079 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（51579126，51779114）；中国气象局干旱气候变化与减灾重点实验室开放基金项目（IAM201511）；中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室2016年对外开放基金项目（KFKT201602） Effective precipitation and water requirements of crops in Hebei Province over 60 years Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:对作物全生育期内有效降雨量及需水规律的研究是进行合理灌溉及水资源优化配置的重要依据。以河北省鸡泽县为典型区域，利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和分段单值平均作物系数法对冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花的有效降雨量及需水规律进行计算，并通过M-K检验法分析近60 a来鸡泽县有效降雨量及作物需水量序列的趋势变化及突变现象。结果表明：近60 a鸡泽县冬小麦在生育中期需水量最大，为210.2 mm，有效降雨量均集中在生育中期，缺水量以13.2 mm/10 a的速率呈显著性减少趋势；夏玉米在初始生长期需水量最大，为157.7 mm，有效降雨量集中在生育中期，缺水量以7.0 mm/10 a的速率呈不显著减少趋势；棉花在快速发育期需水量最大，为227.9 mm，有效降雨量集中在生育中期，缺水量以22.3 mm/10 a的速率呈显著性减少趋势。在一定程度上对河北省对农田灌溉用水效率和效益以及保障农作物科学高效生产具有重要的指导意义。 Abstract:Effective precipitation and water requirements throughout a growing period are important for planning irrigation and optimal water resource allocation. In this study, Jize County of Hebei Province was selected as a typical region to calculate the winter wheat, summer maize, and cotton effective precipitation and water requirements, using the Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO and the piecewise single value average crop coefficient method. Using the Mann-Kendall test method, we analyzed the trends of changes in effective precipitation and crop water requirements over the 1955-2015 in Jize County. The water requirement of the main crops showed a significant decreasing trend, and the average water requirement of the crops in was in the order of cotton, winter wheat, and summer maize. The maximum water requirement of winter wheat was 593.2 mm in 1968, the maximum water requirement of summer maize was 581.6 mm in 1968, and the maximum water requirement of cotton was 710.4 mm in 1972. An obvious change in water requirements, which was directly related to the improvement of crop varieties, appeared in the 1980s. The different water requirements of crops are related to the physiological characteristics of the crops. The maximum water requirements of winter wheat, summer corn, and cotton were during different growth stages; these were the middle growth stage, initial growth stage, and rapid development stage, respectively. Effective precipitation showed no significant decreasing trend in any of the three crops. The daily precipitation required for crop growth gradually declined over time, and the average effective precipitation of the crops in was in the ascending order of cotton, summer maize, and winter wheat. The maximum effective precipitation of winter wheat was 170.4 mm in 1963, the maximum effective precipitation of summer maize was 320.5 mm in 1961, and the maximum effective precipitation of cotton was 422.7 mm in 1973. Because the winter wheat growth period is concentrated in the winter and precipitation is low in this season, the effective rainfall is far lower than that for the summer maize and cotton. All three crops experienced their maximum effective rainfall mid-season. Water deficits showed a decreasing trend for all three crops, and the average effective precipitation of the crops in was in the order of winter wheat, summer maize, and cotton. There was a change in water deficits over the 60-year period included in this study The moisture loss index of winter wheat fluctuated in the range of -100 to -60 and the moisture loss index of summer maize and cotton fluctuated in the range of -80 to -20. Although the maximum water requirement and effective rainfall appeared at the same growth stage in winter wheat, the moisture loss index is relatively low during that stage, leading to a higher level of drought, so the winter wheat water shortage situation is more serious. It should be noted that the water requirement of the three crops is similar to that of water demand. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Gas embolism during surgery. A complement mediated condition?

Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts and minerals from saline water (such as seawater, brackish water, etc.). The main goal of the desalination process is to produce freshwater for the purpose of drinking, irrigation, or industrial usage. The other outcome of this process is brine (sometimes called concentrated feed or concentrate), which is mostly rejected to the environment in the case of seawater desalination application. In some industrial applications, such as mineral refineries, however, both the concentrate and freshwater production from the evaporation units are valuable and reusable in the process. In fact the concentrate can be more valuable than freshwater in those applications. This chapter briefly explains the history of desalination processes, the world's water shortage situation, and the importance of desalination processes to overcome this problem. The major types of desalination techniques and their pros and cons, the energy consumption, and the environmental impacts of desalination processes will also be explained in this chapter.

Differential physiological and genetic responses of five European Scots pine provenances to induced water stress

Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) is the conifer with widest natural distribution area. Portugal constitutes its westernmost limit of distribution. Most of the Portuguese populations were planted but two autochthonous populations were recently ascribed to ‘Serra do Gerês’ (NW Portugal), and seem to be well adapted to the temperate climate. However, the ongoing climate changes may compromise their survival. With this study we intend to evaluate the anatomic-physiological and genetic responses of Scots pine from five European provenances (‘Gerês’, ‘Puebla de Lillo’, ‘Montes Universales’, Germany and Sweden) to three water availability regimes, in order to determine which one(s) present higher resistance to drought. Individuals from ‘Gerês’ presented the highest stability in photosynthetic reactions as well as the better photochemical and metabolic behaviours under drought (T3). Hence, the relative expression ratio of three water stress-responsive genes during drought was lower and gradual in ‘Gerês’, compared to all other provenances, followed by Germany. The results achieved in ‘Gerês’ and Germany provenances are very interesting since they reflected that the native populations of ‘Gerês’ along with the Portuguese Scots pine planted populations with a probable German provenance, have ability and high adaptive potential to respond to situations of water deficit. Moreover, the present genetic and physiological data demonstrated the urgent demand for the conservation of Portuguese Scots pine genetic resources as well as its use in plantation/afforestation of areas where the warming and drought has been affecting the survival of this species.

Optimal reservoir rule curves under climatic and land use changes for Lampao Dam using Genetic Algorithm

The uncertainties of climate and land use changes have directly impacted the inflows and water resource management in reservoirs. The optimal reservoir rule curve is a tool for the mitigation of droughts and floods, which are situations that occur often. This study applied the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to connect with a reservoir simulation model to search optimal reservoir rule curves during the period 2014-2064 for Lampao Reservoir located in the northeast of Thailand. It considered the impact of climate change with the PRECIS model under two emission scenarios: A2 and B2, and created future land use maps using the CA Markov model, including an assessment of the future inflow into the reservoir using the hydrologic model SWAT in the Upper-Lampao Basin, which is the headwater area of the reservoir. The results showed that the new rule curves were improved by the GA connected simulation model and can mitigate the frequency of water shortage situations and the releases of excess water during inflow changes in the future, including a situation where the water demand increased due to the expansion of irrigation areas.

Impacts of Melamchi Water Supply Project in Socio-Economic Development of Sindhupalchowak District of Nepal

The Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) is considered to have been the most viable long-term alternative to ease the chronic water shortage situation within the Kathmandu Valley. The project has launched the separate project 'Social Upliftment Project' to improve the quality of life of community people. Besides that the project has divided its support field as buffer zone, health, education, income generation and rural electrification etc. to make the program more effective. So, the study aim is to explore the impact of Melamchi Water Supply Project in socio-economic status of local people of study areas. The study was conducted among the 8 VDCs of Sindhupalchowak district. Total, 404 respondents were selected randomly. The study found that MWSP had contributed in the field of agriculture, improving economic status of community people, education, infrastructure development and off-seasonal vegetable farming for income generating activities. There was a significant difference between the respondents of different VDCs regarding the contribution of MWSP. The Social Upliftment Program of MWSP should be continued and needed to extend in other hard-to-reach areas of district.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION REGIMES ON THE QUALITY, GROWTH, AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MANGO

The situation of water shortage in arid and semiarid regions is getting worse due to the unexpected climatic changes, continuous population growth and increasing consumption of fresh water in the agricultural sector. The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of irrigation regimes on quality, tree growth, and mango yield, under semi-arid climate. Therefore, these experiments for mango trees (Eiwas) were carried out during 2013 and 2014 in soil of sandy soil under different irrigation regimes. The drip irrigation system was used. The mango tress was exposed to four water regimes through two years (T1= 100% of available water as a control, T2 = 85% of T1, T3 = 75% of T1 and T4 = 60 % of field T1). Manure was added to all treatments with the same percentage, while compost in addition to manure was added the last three of them.The results showed that, the T2 treatment proved to be the most appropriate, since it allowed the trees to reach the highest yield (6360.9 Kg/ fed) and the best water-use efficiency (1.13 kg/m3). When, the T4 proved to be the lowest values, since it allowed the trees to reach the lowest yield (2166.6 Kg/ fed) and the lowest water-use efficiency (0.55 kg/m3). There were good relationships between water requirements with yield, volume, total acidity and leaf area under four water regimes (R2 equal to 0.72, 0.81, 0.86 and 0.99), respectively. As well as there were good relationships between water use efficiency with yield, volume, total acidity (R2 equal to 0.92, 0.53, 0.81), respectively. It can be concluded that, T2 with farmyard manure and compost was the most appropriate amount of water under the climatic conditions of the study area was, because that achieved high values of growth, productivity and quality of mango. Although the study was conducted through two years conclusive suggestions about the effect of the various irrigation treatments on vegetative and fruit growth and quality can only be made after a longer time period because of seasonal differences in climate and the alternating growth habit of mangoes.

Influence of Silicon Fertilization on Maize Performance Under Limited Water Supply

Silicon (Si) is a naturally occurring beneficial nutrient which modulates plant growth and development events and has been known to improve the crop tolerance to abiotic stresses. A pot experiment was conducted during 2011 at the Postgraduate Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. We evaluated growth of two maize hybrids P-33H25 and FH-810 under well watered and water deficit situations as affected by Si application. Silicon was added in soil @ 100 mg/kg. Plants were grown with two levels of soil water content viz. 100 % and 60 % of field capacity. Water deficiency in soil significantly reduces agro-morphological and physiological attributes of maize plants. In drought-stressed plants of hybrid P-33H25 and FH-810 silicon application significantly increased plant height (129.04 cm and 120.00 cm), stem diameter (1.23 cm and 1.22 cm), number of leaves (13.26 and 13.20), cob length (13.96 cm and 12.83 cm), number of grains/cob (235.05 and 215.35), 100 grain weight (19.65 g and 18.51 g), grain yield (46.18 g and 39.88 g) and biological yield (115.46 g and 102.34 g) along with improvement in photosynthetic rate and lowered transpiration rate, respectively. In conclusion, silicon application to drought stressed maize plants improved the growth and yield which could be attributed to improved photosynthetic rate and lowered transpiration.

Water Resources Monitoring System Construction in Shanxi Province, China

Shanxi province is located in the middle reach of the Yellow River, which is also the important energy and chemical industry base of China. Water resources shortage and over exploitation of groundwater is serious in Shanxi Province. Therefore, Shanxi has promoted the construction of water resources monitoring system since 2010. The monitoring system consists of 262 water source areas, 865 water intake sites for municipal water supply, 115 irrigation areas, 43 river control sections, 259 sewage outlets, and 504 groundwater gauge points. All the monitoring datasets from the above points are integrated into a water resources management information system (MIS). Based on the MIS, a decision support system (DSS) is built for routine management and emergency water regulation. The DSS is divided into two levels. The top level, also named provincial level, can access all the data of the monitoring points and remote control nodes. It is a data storage center, and also a decision-making and command center. The bottom level, called municipal level, can only access the monitoring data of the points under its jurisdiction. The bottom level is also responsible for local water resources dispatch in the scope of authority. The MIS and DSS have greatly improved the scientific and informatization ability of water resources management, and the water shortage situation and the over exploitation of groundwater in Shanxi Province have been greatly alleviated by optimal scheduling based on the MIS and DSS.

Impacts of Climate Changes on Water Resources in Yellow River Basin, China

This study examined the impacts of future climate changes on water resources and extreme flows in Yellow River Basin (YRB), China, using the Coupled Land surface and Hydrology Model System (CLHMS) driven by the IPCC scenarios RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. First, the skill of 14 IPCC AR5 GCMS for simulating temporal and spatial temperature and precipitation in Yellow River Basin has been evaluated. Using the bias-corrected result of RCP storylines, the CLHMS model was developed to predict the 21 century climate and water cycle change. All the three simulation results indicate a reduction in water resources. The current situation of water shortage since 1980s will keep continue, the water resources reduction varies between 30 and 24% for RCP 2.6 and 4.5 scenarios. RCP 8.5 scenario simulation shows a decrease of water resources in the early and mid 21th century, but after 2080, with the increase of rainfall, the extreme flood events tends to increase.

Analysis of formation fracturing for the Maxi-HDD Qin River crossing project in China

A new irrigation pipeline was installed using the Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) method in order to alleviate the water shortage situation in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China. This pipe installation project included two parallel HDD crossings, with a pipe diameter of 1016mm and a driven length of 1750m for both of them. Based on the preliminary detailed geological survey report of the riverbed, hydro-fracturing control under high slurry pressure would be a big challenge for this project. This paper summarizes the prediction methods for the maximum allowable mud pressure in the borehole based on different mechanisms of formation fracturing. Based on the geological data of this crossing project, the Delft equation and another prediction method based on tensile failure (termed here the Xia method) were used to calculate the maximum allowable annular pressure. The real pumping pressure of this project was recorded by the contractor. By comparing the theoretical predictions of allowable pressure with the actual pressures for the horizontal section of the borehole, it indicated that the Xia method is conservative and the limits of the Delft equation could not be verified in this project. As a solution dealing with potential hydro-fracturing, finite element modeling shown that increasing the ground surface load would rise the borehole allowable pressure at which fracturing would occur. This solution was used to deal with a blow-out in the entry section of one pilot hole on this project. Under the guidance of the theoretical and numerical simulation results, the Qin River crossing project was successfully completed.