Tuberculosis Situation Research Articles

Analysis of Tuberculosis Control (Case Study in The City of Mojokerto) Year 2024

This study aims to analyze the tuberculosis (TB) situation in Mojokerto City, focusing on the increase in cases among children and identifying effective countermeasures. TB, a preventable and curable infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is particularly problematic in developing countries like Indonesia due to high incidence and mortality rates, necessitating a comprehensive control strategy. Employing qualitative methods, this research delves into the practices, perceptions, and social dynamics affecting TB control efforts in Mojokerto, illuminated by the latest data showing a significant increase in pediatric TB cases and the public health situation. Findings reveal a TB incidence rate of 385 per 100,000 inhabitants, a case detection rate of 75%, and a notably high pediatric TB case proportion of 32%. The effectiveness of case tracking by health centers varies, with an average of only 54% receiving Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT). Major obstacles include limited access to radiology services, social stigma, and the need for adequate health facilities. Innovations such as the "Mbak Desi Fights TB" program and enhanced cross-sector cooperation are deemed crucial to strengthen control strategies. The study concludes that a multifaceted strategy is essential for combating TB in Mojokerto, which should include enhanced case detection, health system strengthening, and community integration in control efforts. Increased collaboration across sectors and advancements in research and development are expected to accelerate TB elimination. This research offers efficient recommendations to improve TB control strategies, based on an in-depth analysis of the current conditions and social dynamics in Mojokerto.

Pattern of situation of tuberculosis in the Islamic republic of Afghanistan

Purpose of the study: to study the incidence of tuberculosis depending on gender, age and regional characteristics over the past 6 years (2017-2022) in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Material and methods: Data from the official statistics of the National Tuberculosis Program of Afghanistan, as well as the WHO assessment of the incidence of tuberculosis in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan over the past 6 years (2017-2022) were analyzed. Results: In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the situation with tuberculosis remains a cause for concern. Over the past 6 years, the difference in the frequency of detection of new cases of tuberculosis between the WHO estimate and official statistics ranges from 26.7% to 36.9%. It should be noted that in 2017-2019, the detection of tuberculosis improved slightly; in 2019-2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, the detection of new cases of tuberculosis decreased, and in 2020-2022 it increased again.. Over the past 6 years More women than men suffer from tuberculosis. The difference in incidence is 4490 cases in 2017, 7936 in 2018, 10990 in 2019, 4230 in 2020, 12453 in 2021 and 5690 cases in 2022 and is significant. In 2022, as in other years, more (40%) were diagnosed with tuberculosis in young people aged 15-34 years. Moreover, about 11% of new cases (5562 out of 51654 cases) were registered in the age group 0-4 years, which should be paid special attention to. The most serious situation regarding the incidence of tuberculosis is in the Khost, Nangarhar and Nimroz regions, which are 350, 324 and 315 per 100 thousand population, respectively. The best situation for tuberculosis incidence is in the Panjshir, Maidan-Wardak and Bamiyan regions, which are 47, 72 and 83 per 100,000 population, respectively. Conclusions: The difference in the incidence of new cases of tuberculosis between the WHO estimate and official statistics ranges from 26.7% to 36.9%. In 2019-2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, the number of new cases of tuberculosis decreased, and in 2020-2022 it increased again. Women are more prone to tuberculosis than men. 40% of new cases of tuberculosis are registered among young people aged 15-34 years, about 11% of new cases are registered in the age group 0-4 years. Among the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, the worst situation is in the provinces of Khost, Nangarhar and Nimroz, and the best situation for tuberculosis is in the provinces of Panjshir, Maidan Wardak and Bamiyan.

A Snapshot of the Tuberculosis situation in Mongolia: in Association with COVID-19.

A Snapshot of the Tuberculosis situation in Mongolia: in Association with COVID-19.

Evaluative analysis of collection, storage, and transmission of statistical data on tuberculosis at district and central levels of health care in the Republic of Tajikistan

Aim. To assess the effectiveness of collection, storage and transfer of statistical information on tuberculosis in the districts of Rasht region.Material and methods. The material for the planned study was data on registered cases of tuberculosis for 2022 according to the National Tuberculosis Register “OpenMRS”, the Unified Health Management Information Network “DHIS2” and the initial data of primary documentation of the anti-tuberculosis service in five districts of the Rasht region (Rasht, Tajikabad, Sangvor, Nurabad, Lakhsh).Results. The studies conducted revealed a significant discrepancy in the official statistical information on tuberculosis in the unified health management information system “DHIS2”, in the national tuberculosis data register “OpenMRS” and in the primary documentation of the anti-tuberculosis service: Form No. 036, Reporting Form 8, Patient Registration Journal - TB-03 and TB-03U, Quarterly Report Form - TB-07 and TB-07U in all five districts of Rasht region.Conclusion. Frequent criticism of the specialists responsible for providing official statistics on tuberculosis for their inconsistency with WHO data, data from the unified health management information system “DHIS2”, data from the national registry “OpenMRS” and data from the primary documentation of the anti-tuberculosis service is justified. One of the ways to bring official statistical data into line with the real epidemiological situation of tuberculosis is to carry out systematic routine monitoring and evaluation of the quality of collection, storage and transmission of statistical information on tuberculosis from the district level to the central level, to organise continuous training of specialists responsible for this component, to minimise paperwork and to prioritise the digitalisation of this process.

Effectiveness and Determinants of Implementing the "Xinjiang Model" for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control: A Quantitative Study.

To analyze the effectiveness of the "Xinjiang Model" for tuberculosis prevention and control in Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and to explore the determinants of the policy implementation effect. The registration data of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in Kashgar Prefecture from 2012 to 2021 were collected to describe the temporal trend of registered incidence. A questionnaire survey was conducted among PTB patients registered and treated in the tuberculosis management information system in Zepu and Shache Counties from January 2022 to July 2023 to collect and analyze "Xinjiang model" determinants of effectiveness. The PTB registered incidence in Kashgar Prefecture showed a significant increasing trend from 2012 to 2018 (APC=18.7%) and a significant decreasing trend from 2018-2021 (APC=-28.8%). Among the Kashgar Prefecture, compared with average registered incidence in 2012-2017, registered incidence in 2021 in Shufu, Maigaiti, and Zepu Counties had a greater decline rate of 58.68%, 57.16%, and 54.02%, respectively, while the registered incidence in 2021 in Shache County increased by 6.32%. According to the comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the effect of policy implementation, the proportion of PTB patients in Zepu County whose health status has now significantly improved compared with that before treatment was significantly greater than that in Shache County (P<0.05); patients in Shache County were significantly less aware than those in Zepu County of how to take tuberculosis drugs, precautions, adverse reactions, and regular reviews during treatment; the factors that accounted for the greater proportion of heavy treatment burden in both Shache and Zepu Counties were discomfort caused by taking or injecting drugs, accounting for 12.8% and 8.7%, respectively. The "Xinjiang model" can effectively control the epidemic situation of tuberculosis in Kashgar, and the knowledge of tuberculosis treatment, adverse reactions to tuberculosis drugs, and treatment costs were the determinants of the effectiveness of policy implementation.

Tuberculosis in Poland in 2021.

To evaluate the main features of epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in 2021 in Poland and to compare with the situation in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries. Analysis of case-based data on TB patients from National TB Register, data on anti-TB drug susceptibility in cases notified in 2021, data from Statistics Poland on deaths from tuberculosis in 2020, data from National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute (NIPH NIH - NRI) on HIV-positive subjects for whom TB was an AIDS-defining disease, data from the report "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2022 - 2021 data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe and Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2022." In 2021, 3704 TB cases were reported in Poland. The incidence rate was 9.7 cases per 100,000 with large variability between voivodeships from 5.4 to 12.6 per 100,000. A decrease in the incidence with respect to 2020 was found in 8 voivodeships, the most significant in lubuskie voivodship (42.6%). The number of all pulmonary tuberculosis cases was 3,553 i.e. 9.3 per 100,000. Pulmonary cases represented 95.9% of all TB cases. In 2021, 151 extrapulmonary TB cases were notified (4.1% of all TB cases). Pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 2,970 cases (83.6% of all pulmonary TB cases, the incidence rate 7.8 per 100,000). The number of smear-positive pulmonary TB cases was 2,085 i.e. 5.5 per 100,000 (58.7% of all pulmonary TB cases). In 2021, there were 54 cases (25 of foreign origin) with multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) representing 1.9% of cases with known drug sensitivity. The incidence rates of tuberculosis were growing along with the age group from 0.6 per 100,000 among children (0-14 years) to 15.8 per 100,000 among subjects in the age group 45-64 years, the incidence rate in the age group ≥65 years was 11.7 per 100,000. There were 37 cases in children up to 14 years of age (1.0% of the total) and 51 cases in adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age - rates 0.6 and 2.8 per 100,000 respectively. In 2021, there were 2,690 cases of tuberculosis in men and 1,014 in women. The TB incidence in men - 14.6 per 100,000 was almost 3.0 times higher than among women - 5.1. The biggest difference in the TB incidence between the two sex groups occurred in persons aged 55-59 years, 30.5 vs. 6.6 and in age group 60 to 64 years, 26.0 vs. 5.7. In 2021, there were 132 patients of foreign origin among all cases of tuberculosis in Poland (3.6%). In 2020, TB was the cause of death for 474 people (mortality rate - 1.2 per 100,000). The incidence of tuberculosis in Poland in 2021 was 10.2% higher than in 2020. The percentage of tuberculosis cases with bacteriological confirmation was 82.6%, higher than the average in EU/EEA countries (72.0%). The percentage of MDR-TB cases was lower than the average in EU/EEA countries (1.9% vs. 3.8%). The highest incidence rates are found in Poland in the older age groups (in EU/EEA countries in people aged 25 to 44). The percentage of children up to 14 years of age among the total number of TB patients was 1.0%, the average in the EU/EEA countries was 3.5%. The incidence of tuberculosis in men was nearly three times higher than in women in Poland. The impact of migration on the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Poland in 2021 was smaller than in the EU/EEA countries (in Poland, the percentage of foreigners among all TB patients was 3.6 vs. 33.8% in the EU/EEA).

Pediatric tuberculosis in Mexico and the COVID-19 phenomenon: Past and present.

In endemic regions, tuberculosis in children constitutes a bigger fraction of total cases as compared to those in low endemic regions, regardless of the implications, this phenomenon has been historically neglected. Pediatric tuberculosis has an insidious onset and quickly develops into disseminated disease and the young are at a special risk for dissemination. Some studies suggest that measures to contain adult tuberculosis are not enough to manage tuberculosis in children, meaning that pediatric tuberculosis needs dedicated attention. Children are harder to diagnose than adults, because collecting samples is difficult, and their bacterial yield is low. In endemic countries, such as Mexico, where contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common, immunological tests are inconsistent, especially in immunocompromised children. With the disruption of Mexican healthcare services by the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an uncertainty of how the situation has evolved, current data about tuberculosis indicates a drop in the national report of cases: 15.4 per 100,000 persons in 2021, compared with pre-COVID 2019 17.7 per 100,000 persons, a small increase in mortality: 1.7 per 100,000 in 2021 compared with 2019 1.6 per 100,000, a drop in treatment success: 80.4% in 2021 compared with 85.4% in 2019, and a decrease in national vaccination rates: an estimate of 86.6% children between 1 and 2 years-old were vaccinated in 2021 compared with 97.3% reported national rate in 2018-2019. There is a need for new research on regions with high tuberculosis incidence, to clarify the current situation of pediatric tuberculosis and improve epidemiological surveillance.

Modern Features of the Epidemiological Situation of Tuberculosis in Ukraine (Review)

Objective — to study the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Ukraine from 2018 to 2022. Materials and methods. This research utilised a comprehensive source base including official statistical data from the State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, scholarly articles from both international and domestic researchers, materials from periodicals and international conferences and internet resources. Additionally, the insights and analyses were enriched by involving six experts and organisers from the phthisiatric service. These experts were instrumental in interpreting statistical data and identifying causal relationships within the dynamics of the epidemiological indicators. Results and discussion. From 2018 to 2022, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB), including its recur­rences, in Ukraine decreased by 27.3 %. During this timeframe, TB incidence among children aged 0—14 years fell by 16.9 %, and among adolescents aged 15—17 years, it dropped significantly by 45.8 %. Despite these overall reductions, a notable increase in TB incidence was observed across the Ukrainian population by approximately 3.5 % and specifically among children aged 0—14 years by 25.4 % in 2021, compared to 2020. The Odesa Oblast reported the highest morbidity rate across all Ukrainian regions over this five-year period, although it experienced a 36.0 % reduction from 2018 to 2022. Importantly, the prevalence of all forms of active TB across the Ukrainian population decreased by 40.7 % from 2018 to 2022. This decline was also reflected among children aged 0—14 and 15—17 years, with decreases of 34.1 and 49.7 %, respectively. Statistically, the highest morbidity rate among healthcare institution employees in Ukraine was observed in 2018, reaching 6.0 per 10,000 employees. Conclusions. Since 2020, a concerning trend has emerged in Ukraine with an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis by almost 3.5 %, and a sharp rise of 25.4 % among children aged 0—14 years in 2021, reversing the previously declining trend. This uptick is likely influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, there was a notable decrease in the prevalence of all forms of active TB across Ukraine's entire population by 40.7 % from 2018 to 2022. The highest morbidity rate among healthcare workers was observed in 2018, at 6.0 per 10,000 workers. A significant concern remains TB's impact on the working-age population, leading to permanent disability. However, the rate of primary disability due to TB among the adult and working-age population showed a decrease in 2022 by 11.4 and 3.9 %, respectively. The underdiagnosis of TB, potentially exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing conflict, poses a significant challenge to controlling the disease.

The epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Spain according to surveillance and hospitalization data, 2012-2020.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, tuberculosis (TB) was the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. In Spain, TB notifications are registered through the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE). The Minimum Basic Data Set (CMBD) provides information on TB hospital discharges. This study aims to assess both registries to complete the picture of TB in order to improve national control strategies and make further progress toward its elimination. A retrospective study was performed considering CMBD´s hospital discharges with TB as first diagnosis and notifications to RENAVE between 2012 and 2020. After describing the records of both systems and their differences by using descriptive and multivariate analysis, annual incidences rates were calculated in order to evaluate temporal trends and geographical patters. According to the CMBD database, there were 29,942 hospitalizations due to TB (65% pulmonary forms and 66% male) during the study period. RENAVE collected 44,520 reported cases, mostly males (62%) with pulmonary forms (72%). Young children were similar in both groups, showing the high frequency of hospitalization in this group. Almost all autonomous communities showed a downward trend, especially Asturias. Hospitalizations in 2020 were analyzed by month separately, and comparing with previous years, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can be seen. A decreasing trend on TB incidence was observed in Spain since 2012, although this trend might change after COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of both databases, CMBD and RENAVE, has contributed to improve our knowledge of TB in Spain and will help improve the control of this disease.

Comparison of TB in India and Japan

Tuberculosis bacterium (TB) is still a major world public problem, especially in Southeast Asia. Data in 2021 from WHO showed that 10,600,000 population infected with TB and more than 10% among them died. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial disease, is capable of infecting different organs of human body, especially lung, which cause many serious symptoms and even death. It can spread through the air or small liquid drops that produced by breath, speaking and so on. This review firstly describes the characteristic of TB infection in India and Japan, compares the past tuberculosis situation between the two countries, and summarizes some shortcomings of TB control in India including lack of nationwide surveys, lower vaccination coverage, and low-quality welfare system to the health of citizens. The purpose is to provide some possible solutions for India to reduce TB from learn the experience of prevention and control in Japan, such as increasing TB education and providing nutritional supplements to undernourished people.

Thiazole Heterocycle: An Incredible and Potential Scaffold in Drug Discovery and Development of Antitubercular Agents

AbstractIn 2020, 15 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), and 2.4 million died. Additionally, the TB situation is worse with multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended‐drug resistance (XDR)‐TB. Research into innovative anti‐tubercular drugs with improved MDR‐TB activity, lower toxicity, and shorter therapy duration is crucial for solving this issue. Fortunately, numerous novel potential anti‐tubercular candidates are currently under clinical trials. Most of these candidates have five‐membered rings and are most likely effective against sensitive and resistant strains. This review discusses current developments in the five‐membered heterocyclic thiazole ring, emphasizing its anti‐tubercular properties, toxicity, structure‐activity relationship, and mechanism of action. Thiazole ring has a wide range of biological activities and thus gained much synthetic interest. Due to the popularity of thiazole as an anti‐tubercular moiety, it combined with other medicinally active chemical functionality and nuclei to design and synthesize novel hybrid analogues with maximum activity and minimal toxicity. In this review we have done the literature survey of the past 10 years, and compiled the structural and functional studies of thiazole as an anti‐tubercular agent with its potent chemical entities showing prominent pharmacological action.

Математическая модель оценки вклада вирусных гепатитов в формирование инфекционного пенитенциарного синдрома.

P u r p o s e : to study the role of viral hepatitis in the development and course of comorbid infection (disease caused by HIV, tuberculosis and parenteral viral hepatitis) in persons serving the penalty of deprivation of liberty. M e t h o d s . The indicators reflecting the epidemic situation of tuberculosis, HIV infection and parenteral viral hepatitis in institutions of the Russian penal system were analyzed. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted, followed by an analysis of the quality of the obtained regression models (calculation of the coefficient of determination). R e s u l t s . The following parameters have the maximum correlation between the predictors and the response function in this group of observations, with the subsequent exclusion of factors whose correlation with the variables involved in the calculations was higher than the correlation of these indicators with the response function: the incidence of hepatitis B per 100 thousand people (r = 0,86) [X1], the number of newly diagnosed hepatitis C patients in 2021 (r = 0,85) [X2], the proportion of newly diagnosed HIV-infected people in combination with tuberculosis and viral hepatitis (B, C, B+D), % (r = 0,85) [X3], the number of HIV patients receiving ART (r = 0,85) [X4], the incidence of tuberculosis in Pre-trial detention center (PTDC), per 100 thousand people (r=0,41) [X5], the number of newly arrested tuberculosis patients identified during the initial examination (r = 0,41) [X6]. The model was obtained: simulated mortality from HIV = –6,7 + 0,48 * X1 + 0,39 * X3 – 0,07 * X5 (R2 = 0,86). A similar model was obtained for the absolute values of the number of deaths; it involved the following parameters: the number of newly diagnosed patients with viral hepatitis B [X1], the number of newly diagnosed patients with viral hepatitis C [X2], the number of newly diagnosed HIV patients in combination with tuberculosis [X3], the number of patients burdened by premorbid background (injecting drug users) [X4]: The number of deaths from HIV= –0,36 + 0,06 * X1 + 0.02 * X2 + 0.36 * X3 + 0,03 * X4 (R2 = 0.91). C o n c l u s i o n . The association of HIV mortality rate with viral hepatitis and tuberculosis incidence is shown and estimated. HIV mortality can be considered as a function of the following factors: 1) the incidence of hepatitis B, 2) the proportion of first-time detected persons with HIV-tuberculosis-viral hepatitis coinfection, and 3) the incidence of tuberculosis in pre-trial detention centers.

TUBERCULOCIDAL AND TUBERCULOSTАTIC ACTIVITY OF 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES IN VITRO (DETERMINATION OF MIC (MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION)

In recent years, the epizootic and epidemic situation of tuberculosis in animals and humans has worsened sharply in Ukraine. This is facilitated by the constant change in the morphology and biological properties of the causative agent of tuberculosis, the low efficiency of existing laboratory diagnostic methods (outdated bacteriology standards that do not meet European requirements), the emergence of multi-resistant strains of mycobacteria that are difficult to treat. Therefore, in recent decades, scientists of the world have been actively working on the creation of new chemotherapeutic agents with potential tuberculocidal and tuberculostatic activity.&#x0D; In recent decades, cases of isolation of multi-resistant strains of mycobacteria have been increasingly recorded, causing infection that is difficult to treat, which poses a significant threat to the health of animals and people. The World Health Organization constantly monitors the situation of epidemic and socially significant diseases in the world. Particular attention is paid to tuberculosis. In the last decade, the WHO has developed and successfully applied the so-called DOTS strategy in the world. The essence of DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course) is strictly controlled treatment with a short course of chemotherapy. Therefore, the search for new chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis infection is a priority area of pharmaceutical chemistry.&#x0D; One of the promising similar drugs are triazole derivatives, the active development of which continues at the department of natural sciences for foreign students and toxicological chemistry of the Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Therefore, the direction of influence of these derivatives on epizootic strains of mycobacteria, the causative agents of animal tuberculosis, is promising.

Tuberculosis in Spain: An opinion paper.

This document is the result of the deliberations of the Committee on Emerging Pathogens and COVID-19 of the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) regarding the current situation of tuberculosis, particularly in Spain. We have reviewed aspects such as the evolution of its incidence, the populations currently most exposed and the health care circuits for the care of these patients in Spain. We have also discussed latent tuberculosis, the reality of extrapulmonary disease in the XXI century and the means available in daily practice for the diagnosis of both latent and active forms. The contribution of molecular biology, which has changed the perspective of this disease, was another topic of discussion. The paper tries to put into perspective both the classical drugs and their resistance figures and the availability and indications of the new ones. In addition, the reality of direct observation in the administration of antituberculosis drugs has been discussed. All this revolution is making it possible to shorten the treatment time for tuberculosis, a subject that has also been reviewed. If everything is done well, the risk of relapse of tuberculosis is small but it exists. On the other hand, many special situations have been discussed in this paper, such as tuberculosis in pediatric age and tuberculosis as a cause for concern in surgery and intensive care. The status of the BCG vaccine and its present indications as well as the future of new vaccines to achieve the old dream of eradicating this disease have been discussed. Finally, the ethical and medicolegal implications of this disease are not a minor issue and our situation in this regard has been reviewed.

Tuberculosis Situation in Children and Adolescents in the Siberian Federal District in 2020-2022

The objective: analysis of tuberculosis epidemiological rates in children and adolescents in the Siberian Federal District in 2020-2022.Subjects and Methods. Offi cial statistical reporting data (Forms No. 30, 33, 8, and 61) and additional information requested from the regions of the Siberian Federal District were used for analysis.Results. In 2020 in the Siberian Federal District, tuberculosis incidence among children and adolescents aged 0–17 falsely reduced, possibly due to the «deprivation» of the medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 and 2022, the rate increased, there was an increase in the proportion of new patients in the group of 0–14 years old, an increase in the number of cases of secondary tuberculosis which may indicate a deterioration of tuberculosis situation in the District. In 2022, the incidence of extrathoracic tuberculosis increased in adolescents aged 15–17 years. The number of cases of TB/HIV co-infection is growing. There are single lethal cases due to tuberculosis in children in the regions of the Siberian Federal District over the past 5 years, and this rate continues to decline.

The Impact of the War in Ukraine on the Epidemiological Situation of Tuberculosis in Europe.

Ukraine is at the forefront of one of the largest outbreaks of tuberculosis (TB) in Europe, including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Due to the ongoing armed conflict in this area, there is a significant number of refugees from Ukraine to other European countries. The aim of the study is to emphasize the essence of the problem of the increased incidence of tuberculosis, taking into account the impact of the armed conflict in Ukraine, resulting in the intensification of migration movements. A descriptive epidemiological method was used as the research method. The material was collected by analyzing source statistical data from WHO and statistical yearbooks of selected European countries. Particularly, Ukrainian refugees in Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia are at higher risk of contracting tuberculosis due to factors like migration stress, poor nutrition, and comorbidities. Epidemiological data from these countries show a rise in tuberculosis cases among foreigners, emphasizing the need for European specialists to be more vigilant in this unique situation, focusing on refugees and other vulnerable populations. More research and collaborative efforts are essential to closely monitor and prevent the severe outcomes of tuberculosis transmission.

CASES OF DETECTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN KARAGANDA AND ULYTAU REGIONS

The article presents data from our own research on the epizootic situation of tuberculosis in the Karaganda and Ulytau regions for 2021-2024. In 2024, two foci of cattle tuberculosis were identified in the Karaganda region, one of which in the Nurinsky district is the rural district of Akhmetauyly, KH "Kugabaev N." and the other in the Bukhar-Zhyrau district is the rural district of Kokpekty, LLP "Janat". Two foci of cattle tuberculosis were also identified in the Ulytau region, one of which is in the Zhana-Arkinsky district - the rural district of M. Zhumazhanov, KH "Dias" and one in the city of Karazhal - KH "Peshkovets". Based on a veterinary and sanitary examination of the carcasses and internal organs of the slaughtered animals, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed. The qualified conduct of allergic studies by animal veterinary specialists, as well as differential diagnosis of nonspecific tuberculin reactions, make it possible to accurately determine the epizootic situation of tuberculosis. Strict adherence to the instructions for the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis, along with the implementation of the developed veterinary and sanitary and organizational and economic measures, contributes to the improvement of the epizootic situation of tuberculosis. Ultimately, this leads to a reduction in the risk of tuberculosis among people

Tuberculosis Trends in the Sverdlovsk Region

Introduction: Medical and social importance of a continuous decrease in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality remains high implementation of tuberculosis control programs involves the analysis of current regional trends in the epidemic situation and interdepartmental cooperation in taking comprehensive measures to prevent the spread of this infectious disease. Objective: To analyze local trends and features of the spread of tuberculosis in the population of the Sverdlovsk Region. Materials and methods: Based on the results of a retrospective and prospective study for 2012–2022, we analyzed tuberculosis incidence, prevalence and mortality rates, bacterial carriage, drug resistance, combination with HIV infection, and the structure of clinical forms of tuberculosis in the Sverdlovsk Region. The data were retrieved from the reports of the Federal State Statistics Service, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), Ministries of Health of the Russian Federation and the Sverdlovsk Region, the Federal Register of Tuberculosis Patients, and departmental statistics of prison health care. Results: We observed a decline in the regional tuberculosis incidence, prevalence and death rates over the study period that were consistently higher than the national averages. The proportion of patients with bacterial excretion, multidrug resistance, and tuberculosis/HIV coinfection was increasing among the incident cases while the proportion of cases of disseminated and intrathoracic lymph node tuberculosis was rising in the structure of clinical forms. The main regional factors influencing the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis include a large number of prisoners and a higher prevalence of HIV infection among the general population. Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the situation, further implementation of a set of measures for interdepartmental cooperation for monitoring and combating tuberculosis is envisaged by the regional program.

Problems in the diagnosis of Bovine tuberculosis

The results of comprehensive researches in cattle-breeding farms of Ukraine to determine the epizootic situation of bovine tuberculosis are presented. It is proved that the application of the proposed complex of research methods allows to find out the causes of non-specific allergic reactions to tuberculin in animals with minimal economic losses for agricultural enterprises. It has been established that parallergic reactions to tuberculin in cattle are caused by such mycobacterial species as M. phlei, M. smegmatis, M. nonchromogenicum, and pseudoallergic reactions are caused by nocardia and actinomycetes. The presence of non-specific animal reactions is not a reason to consider animal groups unfavorable for tuberculosis. However, special monitoring for this disease is needed

Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in an ethnically diverse area with millions of pilgrims and thousands of immigrants

BackgroundImmigration is considered as a risk factor of tuberculosis (TB). Qom province receives millions of pilgrims and significant numbers of immigrants each year. Most of the immigrants to Qom, arrive from neighboring TB-endemic countries. This study aimed to identify the current circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in Qom province using 24-locus MIRU-VNTR genotyping.MethodsEighty six M. tuberculosis isolates were collected during 2018–2022 from patients referring to Qom TB reference laboratory. The DNA of isolates was extracted and followed by 24 loci MIRU-VNTR genotyping which performed using the web tools available on MIRU-VNTRplus.ResultsOf 86 isolates, 39 (45.3%) were of Delhi/CAS genotype, 24 (27.9%) of NEW-1, 6 (7%) of LAM, 6 (7%) of Beijing, 2 (2.3%) of UgandaII, 2 (2.3%) of EAI, 1 of S (1.2%) and 6 (7%) did not match with profiles present in MIRUVNTRplus database.ConclusionsAbout half of the isolates belong to Afghan immigrants; which warns health policy makers about the future situation of TB in Qom. Also, the similarity of Afghan and Iranian genotypes provides evidence that immigrants partake in the circulation of M. tuberculosis. This study underpin the studies about the circulating M. tuberculosis genotypes, their geographical distribution, the association of TB risk factors with these genotypes and the impact of immigration on the situation of TB in Qom province.