Situation Of Minorities Research Articles

Research on The Status Quo And Problems of Mental Health of Sexual Minorities in China

In recent years, with the development of the Internet, the originally marginalized sexual minorities have appeared more and more frequently in the public field of vision, but due to the existence of proximal pressure and distal pressure, the psychological problems of sexual minorities still cannot be ignored. In order to better understand the living situation and mental health level of sexual minorities, reduce public opinion and disputes caused by gender knowledge errors, through literature collection, case interview, questionnaire survey, spss statistical analysis and other research methods, we integrated the definition, status and type of sexual minorities, stressors, social support status, mental health status and influence. The results show that the stressors faced by sexual minorities can reduce their perception of social support and thus reduce their mental health level. Therefore, increasing social support for sexual minorities can improve their mental health level. Finally, through the form of innovative programs to let more people pay attention to and understand this marginalized group, and strive to eliminate the public's cognitive bias towards sexual minorities.

Языковое законодательство в межвоенной Польше как элемент национальной политики: историография проблемы

The paper deals with the language policy of Poland as an element of national policy. The international treaties on the protection of national minorities, the Constitution of Poland of 1921 and the laws adopted on July 31, 1924 “On the State language and working language in State institutions and self-government institutions”, “On language and organization of school work for national minorities”, “On language in courts, prosecutor’s office and notary institutions” are considered. In the Second Polish Republic, one third of the population consisted of national minorities, for whose rights the Polish Sejm adopted these laws. The laws provided for the limited use of the languages of national minorities – Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. In certain cases, Polish civil servants were required to use the languages of national minorities in their activities. Due to their inconsistency and half-heartedness, the laws were not actually implemented and caused discontent both among representatives of national organizations and among the majority of Polish political circles. Among historians and in journalism, the laws “On Language...” also caused a discussion. Most researchers believe that the Polish language legislation did not aim to actually improve the situation of national minorities, but only to imitate their protection in order to form a positive image of a “democratic” Poland in the international arena.

The Measurement of Inter-Minority Empathy

ABSTRACT This study introduced the concept of inter-minority empathy, defined as empathy for the experiences of other minorities based on one’s own experience as a minority, derived from interviews with LGBTQ+ allies. In addition, it developed the Inter-Minority Empathy Scale to measure this concept. The scale’s reliability and validity were examined, and hypothesis testing was conducted. In Study 1, the Minority Perception Scale, measuring the degree of awareness of one’s minority situation, and the Inter-Minority Empathy Scale were developed, and their reliability and validity were evaluated and confirmed with 60 graduate students. In Study 2, three hypotheses were formulated and tested using a survey of 150 Japanese undergraduate and graduate students. The affirmative minority experience and interest in other minorities were positively correlated, supporting Hypothesis 1. Furthermore, inter-minority empathy was positively correlated with the individual’s number of minority statuses and with being a visible and easily recognizable minority, supporting Hypotheses 2 and 3, respectively. The lack of positive experiences as minorities did not affect these associations. This concept can be applied not only to LGBTQ+ people but also to other minorities. Developing this concept would allow minority groups to understand the dynamics of discrimination and oppression experienced by other groups.

Changes and Factors Associated with the Social Stratification and Material Situation of Hungarian Minority and Majority Youth (2001-2020)

Changes and Factors Associated with the Social Stratification and Material Situation of Hungarian Minority and Majority Youth (2001-2020)

Analysis of the Types of Retracted COVID-19 Articles Published in PubMed-Listed Journals.

Periodically, medical publications are retracted. The reasons vary from minor situations, such as author attributions, which do not undermine the validity of the data or the analysis in the article, to serious reasons, such as fraud. Understanding the reasons for retraction can provide important information for clinicians, educators, researchers, journals, and editorial boards. The PubMed database was searched using the term "COVID-19" (coronavirus disease 2019) and the term limitation "retracted publication." The characteristics of the journals with retracted articles, the types of article, and the reasons for retraction were analyzed. This search recovered 196 articles that had been retracted. These retractions were published in 179 different journals; 14 journals had >1 retracted article. The mean impact factor of these journals was 8.4, with a range of 0.32-168.9. The most frequent reasons for retractions were duplicate publication, concerns about data validity and analysis, concerns about peer review, author request, and the lack of permission or ethical violation. There were significant differences between the types of article and the reasons for retraction but no consistent pattern. A more detailed analysis of two particular retractions demonstrates the complexity and the effort required to make decisions about article retractions. The retraction of published articles presents a significant challenge to journals, editorial boards, peer reviewers, and authors. This process has the potential to provide important benefits; it also has the potential to undermine confidence in both research and the editorial process.

Ethnic Aspects of the 2022 Hungarian Parliamentary Elections with Special Reference to the Slovene National Minority

Abstract The 2022 parliamentary elections in Hungary offered for the third time an opportunity for national minorities to elect their representative by casting a preferential vote for their Member of Parliament. However, the failure of the list of representatives of the most numerous ethnic group, the Roma, and the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights concerning the violation of multiple elements of the electoral system underscored the need for a comprehensive assessment of hitherto experience and for a reform of the preferential minority mandate and the institution of advocacy. This study aims to contribute to this process by examining the institutional framework and the electoral results, with a particular focus on the analysis of minority-related aspects of the last parliamentary elections and the situation of the Slovene national minority.

A Road to “Unity in Diversity”: The Case of Indonesia’s Chinese Minority Group

Indonesia is well-known for its diverse ethnic groups. The lovely motto bhinneka tunggal ika (unity in diversity) has long been used to foster national identity and demonstrate how these many ethnic populations may cohabit peacefully. However, this is not always the case, especially among the Chinese-Indonesian community. This article examines the history and current situation of the Chinese-Indonesian minority, which has faced various forms of violence and discrimination since the Dutch colonial era, to understand why Chinese Indonesians are frequently used as a scapegoat for problems in the country, particularly those related to economic disparity. It explores the causes and implications of the unfavourable sentiment against this ethnic group using Johan Galtung's concepts of direct, structural, and cultural violence. It also evaluates the Indonesian government's legislative and social actions to solve the issue, concluding that they are insufficient to promote constructive peace and justice. The article argues that a genuine reconciliation process is required to heal the trauma and promote mutual understanding among Chinese Indonesians and other ethnic groups.

National Minorities in the Odesa Oblast – Applying the European Model to Ensure Peaceful Coexistence

Abstract The article deals with the situation of national minorities living in the Odesa oblast and in the town of Odesa with the main focus before the Russian war against Ukraine started on 24 of February 2022 but using also the relevant events happened afterwards. It explains what are the historical reasons that made Odesa a region so diverse from the national identity perspective, with a lot of national minorities living here from centuries. Although there are a significant number of studies on the issue of the national minorities in this region, none of them captured, so far, the complex relationship of Ukraine with the kin-states – Romania, Bulgaria and in some extent Turkey. The number of idp s in Ukraine was already high before the war started, with an important impact on the relationship of the Ukrainian majority with the national minorities and it will certainly be much higher after the war. The article takes into account this situation particularly for the Odesa oblast. The article examines how the institutions and the religious actors have influenced this relationship but how the war will shape it remains an open question. The article offers a perspective on the 2017 Ukrainian law in education, how it was applied until 24 of February 2022 and also on the 2022 Law on minorities, in order to find an answer to the question why a new framework for the national minorities in Ukraine after the end of the war is very important.

Studies of the Discrimination Faced by the Sexual Minorities

Although the affirmative action movement of sexual minorities is gradually rising in the world, the survival situation of sexual minorities is still not optimistic. The number of sexual minority groups in China is huge. With the development of society, they have received more and more attention, but these groups are still in the shadow. Society still has a lot of misconceptions and stereotypes, which not only makes them discriminated against, but also aggravates their life pressure, and even affects their survival and life. Based on previous research reports on sexual minorities, this paper analyzes the plight of neutral minorities in China from the current aspects of workplace, marriage and campus, and the causes of such problems —— socioculture and family style and school spirit. Finally, the paper summarizes and points out that the solution is to improve institutional guarantees and give full play to the guiding role of the media and education.

A Comparative Study of Educational Opportunities for Disadvantaged Children in China and The United States--Taking Disadvantaged Children of Ethnic Minorities in The Two Countries as An Example

The issue of educational equity is a hot topic of concern to the whole society. Some researchers have found that there is a lack of educational opportunities for ethnic minority groups in China and the United States, but there is still a lack of unified explanation for the causes, current situation, and the advantages and disadvantages of solutions to the problem of educational equity for ethnic minorities in both countries. Therefore, this article conducts research on the education situation of ethnic minorities in both countries by collecting relevant data and summarizing and analyzing the data. Research has found significant differences in the causes and current situation of ethnic minority education issues between China and the United States, and there is also room for improvement in existing solutions. Therefore, China and the United States need to develop precise measures that are suitable for their own specific situations based on their respective special circumstances to address the issue of educational equity faced by ethnic minorities.

NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE LABOUR MARKET: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL STUDY

The article provides a comprehensive economic and legal analysis of the position of national minorities in the labour market. To do this, a comparative analysis of the socio-economic and legal status of national minorities is carried out and an analysis of the situation of national minorities in the labour market is conducted while taking into account real and declarative indicators of the level of employment, which were determined by the author's survey and field experiment. It has been proven that discrimination in the labour market is characteristic of certain, but not all, groups of national minorities, in particular, the Roma. It is believed that the efficiency of the labour market of national minorities also affects tax revenues and the distribution of social costs. Ensuring equal opportunities for these groups contributes to the creation of stable social conditions, reducing the costs of social assistance and increasing the efficiency of social capital. The study of the labour market of national minorities also takes into account the importance of socio-economic stability. The main causes of discrimination of representatives of ethno-national groups in the labour market are singled out, and economic and legal measures to stimulate inclusion in the labour market are defined. Through the author's survey and the field method of fictitious questionnaires, the discrimination of certain groups of national minorities in Ukraine, among them Moldovans and especially the Roma, was proven, and it was proved that the unemployment rate in the region provokes an almost proportional decrease in the number of responses from employers from representatives of national minorities. The field of employment was not a significant factor in indicating certain features of discrimination based on the field of the labour market.

Analysis of the Government of Thailand's Policy Against Malay Islamic Minorities in Southern Thailand: A Review of Liliweri's Discrimination Theory

<em>This study discusses the situation of Muslim minorities in southern Thailand and the various policies of the Thai government. Historically, Thai royal relations with Muslims in the south have had a rather complex dynamic. The study highlights the various policies of the Government of Thailand in regulating the enforcement of Islamic law and the education of prayerful Muslims in southern Thailand. This research uses the library research approach in the form of a literature review, i.e., gathering various pieces of literature related to the topics discussed from various sources such as books, journal articles, time media, etc., then the researchers will read one by one the work of the writer, which is then reviewed or analyzed descriptively using the basis of Liliweri's political theory of discrimination as a knife analysis. The results found that, as a state duty, the policy of the Government of Thailand in regulating the application of Islamic law and post-education runs in accordance with the state constitution and the purposes of national education. However, such a policy gives Muslims a loss of value on the part of the custody of religious originality, according to the analysis of the theory of indirect discrimination. This policy is designed with complex procedures that seem to benefit the material side but save the invisible disadvantage.</em>

Does Political Equality Require Equal Power? A Pluralist Account

AbstractIn this paper, I criticize two views on how political equality is related to equally distributed political power, and I offer a novel, pluralist account of political equality to address their shortcomings—in particular, concerning their implications for affirmative action in the political domain, political representation, and the situation of permanent minorities. The Equal Power View holds that political equality requires equally distributed political power. It considers affirmative action—e.g., racial or gender electoral quotas—, representation, and more-than-equal power to permanent minorities pro tanto objectionable. The Equal Status View, in contrast, holds that political equality concerns equal relations and status, and it is only contingently related to equally distributed power. I argue that while the Equal Status View is right that equal power can be insufficient for—or even objectionable from the viewpoint of—political equality, it is wrong to conclude that equal power has no independent significance in an account of political equality. My pluralist account shows that political equality entails not only status-based requirements but also independent egalitarian requirements to distribute political power equally. This account provides a finer-grained understanding of affirmative action in the political domain. It justifies affirmative action but holds that it should only be used to realize equal political status until thorough-going social reform allows us to maintain both equal political status and equally distributed political power at the same time. Similarly, representation should be amended with power-balancing institutions, and permanent minorities should enjoy equal status with minimal compromise to power equality.

Language representations and language attitudes in the Mishar dialect continuum

To forecast the sociolinguistic dynamics of the language, to determine the level of its vitality and to provide adequate measures of language policy and planning, it seems important to analyze the structures of the symbolic components of the language situation, which include language representations and language attitudes, that is, social attitudes towards language. The article presents the results of the analysis of the main types of Tatar language representations and linguistic attitudes among speakers of the Mishar idiom of the Tatar language. The data were collected in the regions where the Mishary Tatars live, namely in the Middle Volga region and in Prisurie. The main research method was a semi-structured interview with subsequent analysis of the obtained data, its classification and interpretation. The paper proposes five clusters of language representations in the minority situation: representations related to the instrumental, symbolic and regulative functions of language, on the one hand, and representations related to the actualized identity structures and to the deontic attitudes of the individual, on the other. In connection with these classes of representations and taking into account language forms, language competences and language practices, a typology of language loyalty is proposed, which includes instrumental loyalty, symbolic loyalty, loyalty according to the forms of language used, loyalty according to language competences and prescriptive loyalty. The material analysis showed the prevalence of positive representations of the Mishar idiom among its speakers, the presence of active positive loyalty in oral spheres of communication at the local level, a high level of idiom preservation, and the integrative nature of sociolinguistic dynamics. At the same time, the situation should be regarded as diglossic both in relation to the Russian language and to the literary Tatar language, which is considered to be prestigious.

1932–1933 жылдардағы Ашаршылық кезіндегі Украинаның оңтүстігіндегі азшылық ұлттар

The article is devoted to the issue of the situation of national minorities who lived compactly in the South of Ukraine during the famine of 1932-1933. The focus of the article is on the lives of German, Swedish and Jewish colonists who lived in national districts or had national village councils. The circumstances due to which natives of Central Asia (Uzbeks, Qyrgyz, and Qazaqs) find themselves at the epicenter of the Ukrainian Holodomor are also considered. It was found that all national communities were affected by the famine in Ukraine. Although they could receive a little help from their states and foreign charities (Germans, Swedes, and Jews), they had to hand it over to the MOPR or exchange it unevenly in Torgsіn. They also faced repression in response to disclosing information that they were on hunger strike in consulates or foreign media. But despite everything, they still did it because of the difficult living conditions. Unlike other national minorities, the people from Central Asia ended up in the South of Ukraine as labor prisoners, so their life was much worse because in 1933 they were practically stopped being supplied with food.

New Challenges and Situation of an Ethnic Minority within a Local Community in the Light of Social Changes

Our memory is largely shaped by the way we look at the peoples currently living within the Carpathian Basin. Once a well-known tobacco-growing village in Historic Hungary, Torda (also known as Torontáltorda in Hungarian) is now a dispersed settlement with a Hungarian ethnic majority located in the Banat region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The shifting of national borders, the two World Wars, the events of the Yugoslav Wars and migratory movements have collectively changed and decimated the lives of Hungarians who had found themselves outside their motherland’s borders after the 1920s. In spite of the decline in population, the emigration of young people, and the everyday struggles resulting from hard living conditions, this village in the Central Banat district could attract further socio-ethnographic interest. In the micro-communities of rural settlements, education and religion play a key role in creating social value, maintaining Hungarian culture in the area and forming a national, local sense of identity within the community. Commemorative rituals, local traditions and national holidays often cross each others’ paths and blend together through education and religion, highlighting the reality and cultural values of the community, as well as the array of connections between community life and ethnic culture. This study discusses Torda’s present in the light of social change and the process of cultural mapping, touching on the importance of the local cultural association in the community’s life. This study also explores the events of the past few decades that have left a deep imprint on the micro-community’s life in a cultural, social and ethnic sense.

Hungarian as a minority and majority language in different language policy contexts

ABSTRACT This study primarily focuses on the situation of Hungarians in minority situations in relation to language varieties, i.e. it interprets the various language policy issues primarily in the context of the Hungarian-speaking community, rather than in the context of Hungary, where the place, role and relationship between standard and non-standard language dialects play a prominent role. In most cases, the preservation of Hungarian identity is equivalent to the preservation of non-standard language varieties, in relation to which several language policy and language planning issues arise. The aim of the study is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the language policy situation of the Hungarian language and the Hungarian language community, especially with regard to the Hungarian autochthonous minority of about 3 million people who live in the countries neighbouring Hungary. On the other hand, the study describes the language policy role of dialects and the related attitudes from the perspective of the entire Hungarian language community, addressing the macro-, meso- and micro-level language planning possibilities.

The Situation of Unaccompanied Migrant Minors and Young People in Shelters and Protection Centers in Andalusia (Spain)

ABSTRACT This article aims to determine the situation of unaccompanied immigrant minors and young people in reception and protection centers for children in Andalusia, Spain. The study design is qualitative exploratory. The fieldwork was carried out in three provinces of Andalusia and involved interviews and focus groups with minors and young people in shelters and protection centers. The results show the participants’ perception of the care they receive in the centers. Situations of conflict between minors and professionals, disputes generated by cultural differences, lack of quality food, and cases of violence, among other issues, are the experiences reported by those interviewed. The research concludes that there is a need for more significant work inspections in reception and protection centers and more excellent proximity to urban environments that help social inclusion.

The Legal Situation of Unaccompanied Minors in Turkish Law

Türkiye, coğrafi konumu nedeniyle tarih boyunca göç hareketlerine ev sahipliği yapmıştır ve hâlen de yapmaktadır. Bu göç hareketlerinin sonucunda Türkiye sınırları civarında veya dahilinde bulunan yabancıların arasında “refakatsiz çocuk” olarak nitelendirilen çocuklar da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu çocukların Türk yabancılar hukukundaki durumları ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, refakatsiz çocuk kavramıyla bu çocukların korunmasına ilişkin uluslararası alanda benimsenen prensiplerle bunların Türk mevzuatına nasıl yansıdığı incelenmiştir. Refakatsiz çocukların, esasen uluslararası korumadan yararlanacağı öngörüldüğünden, bu çocukların statü belirleme sürecinde yapılacak işlemlerle alınması gereken tedbirler analiz edilmiştir. Bulundukları andan itibaren koruma altına alınmaları, bakım, barınma, eğitim gibi kendilerine sağlanacak hizmetlerle uluslararası koruma başvuru veya statüsü sahibi olarak haklarla yükümlülükleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Geçici korunan refakatsiz çocuklar, uluslararası korumadan yararlanamayacaklarından, bunlara sağlanacak hizmetlerin neler olduğu, hakları ve yükümlülükleri de ayrıca ele alınmıştır.

The emergence of an independent Polish state and the problem of national minorities

The main approaches to the regulation of the status of national minorities in the Polish state restored after the First World War were investigated. They were reflected in the relevant provisions of the first Constitution of independent Poland (March 1921), which was a kind of compromise between the views of the Polish right-wing led by Roman Dmowski, who advocated the absolute dominance of ethnic Poles' interests, and the leaders of Polish socialist parties (T. Goluwko, L. Wasilewski), who wanted to support the national and cultural inspirations of minorities in exchange for their loyalty to the Polish state.
 The legal acts used to regulate the situation of national minorities were analysed. Their compliance with the international legal mechanisms for the protection of national minority rights, which began to operate in Europe within the framework of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations, in particular, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles Minor, was determined. In case of compliance with the proclaimed legal norms, the Polish state had every chance to avoid an open confrontation with representatives of the non-title nation. However, the situation in Poland with regard to national minorities became a classic example of the discrepancy between law-making theory and law enforcement practice.
 It has been proved that due to the lack of mechanisms for monitoring compliance with international norms which were supposed to guarantee the rights of national minorities and imperfections in domestic legislation, the Polish authorities at various levels have repeatedly violated the democratic principles of the March 1921 Constitution and other legal acts designed to ensure equal rights for representatives of national minorities, which, in turn, created constant tension within the Second Polish Republic, destabilising the internal situation in the country.
 This situation was caused by a number of factors: the difficult economic situation, which provoked permanent tensions in society and the Poles' disrespect for members of national minorities. Artificially created borders after the First World War also provoked interethnic conflicts. Finally, it should be considered that the vast majority of Poles were supporters of the concept of the nation-state promoted by the National Democrats, which envisaged the assimilation of national minorities.