Agricultural Situation Research Articles

Measurement and Analysis of Agricultural Products Trade Level between China and Ukraine

The analysis of intra-industry trade and inter-industry trade in international trade in different regions can fully explain the status of export trade and the advantages and disadvantages of products in different regions. The purpose of this research is to analyze the overall agricultural trade situation between China and Ukraine and the nature of the specific trade. To analyze agricultural import and export trade data between China and Ukraine, the author uses the Grubel-Lloyd index (intra-industry trade index) and the Brulhart index (the marginal inter-industry trade index in a specific period). The Grubel-Lloyd index measures the intra-industry trade of a particular product. The Brulhart index is closely related to that of intra-industry trade, that being the export and import of the same items, but concerns changes in exports and imports between two points in time as opposed to their values at a given point in time. The research is based on data for 2011-2020, which are contained in the UN Comtrade database. The research results show that agricultural trade between China and Ukraine is mutually beneficial. The difference in agricultural resource endowment and agricultural structure directly affects the trade of agricultural products between the two countries. The agricultural products exported from China to Ukraine are mainly unprocessed or primary processed agricultural products. Seafood, meat products, fruits, and vegetables account for a large proportion. The main imports are also primary processed agricultural products such as grains and vegetable oils. The agricultural product trade between the two countries is mainly based on intra-industry trade, and the difference in agricultural technology level is an important factor in determining bilateral agricultural exports.

«ТУГО ЗАТЯНУТЫЕ ПОЯСА» АГРАРИЕВ КАК УСЛОВИЕ РЕНТАБЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

The contradiction between the profitable work of agriculture and the lack of its simple reproduction is revealed. Profits of agricultural enterprises are secured by a strict restriction on all major items of expenditure, including labor costs, which farmers are forced to go to due to the low profitability of the industry. They have to tighten their belts more and more, saving even on the necessary things. At the same time, monopolized suppliers of resources to agriculture and network trading networks, which are oligopolies, continue to siphon resources from producers of products. The author emphasizes the nature of perfect competition of the mass of agricultural producers, to which the market economy should strive. The term “market hinterland” is introduced, which characterizes the current situation of agriculture, which is economically disadvantaged by its counterparties. This intersectoral imbalance is not eliminated and is not compensated by the state, since the subsidies allocated are not enough even to bring the wages of agricultural workers to the average size in the Russian economy. The conclusion is made about the weak state regulation of intersectoral relations, which should limit monopolies and oligopolies and create equal economic conditions for different industries and also about the need for a significant increase in state support for agriculture.

Analysis of the poverty alleviation status of farmers’ cooperatives in Lianghe County, Yunnan Province

This paper analyzes the poverty alleviation status of cooperatives in Lianghe County, Yunnan Province as an example, first introduces the poverty alleviation situation of Lianghe County, followed by a statistical analysis of the basic situation of farmers’ cooperatives in Lianghe County in terms of type of operation, demonstration level, financial support, proportion of poor households, distribution of surplus, etc. The conclusion of the study not only helps Lianghe County to stop the return to poverty, but also helps farmers to cooperate and standardize the development.

Delineation and characterization of land resources to assess agro-climatic zone based farming situation in Chhattisgarh plains

Delineation and characterization of land resources to assess agro-climatic zone based farming situation in Chhattisgarh plains

Assessment of different cropping system to enhance the productivity under rice fallow

In Chandel district of Manipur, vast areas are lying fallow after the rice crop is harvested. Rice fallow areas can be better utilized in establishing winter (rabi) crop, utilizing the residual soil moisture through different cropping sequences. To exploit these rice fallow areas with winter crops, location specific and economically viable technology for better performances of crop are required to be standardized through proper assessment of different cropping system to enhance the productivity. A Field experiments with four cropping systems were evaluated for two years during 2018-19 and 2019-20 at three locations of the farmers’ field at Chandel district, Manipur state. The results revealed that the highest rice equivalent yield of 97.48 q/ha was recorded in rice-lentil cropping system followed by rice-fieldpea cropping system with 89.60 q/ ha and rice-rapeseed-mustard cropping system with 85.52 q/ha respectively, over the farmers’ practice i.e. rice–fallow. On the other hand, the highest benefit: cost ratio of 2.93:1 was recorded in rice-fieldpea cropping system over all other cropping sequences which might be due to higher production and comparatively lesser production cost. Hence, there is a need to disseminate the improved technologies amongst the farmers with effective extension methods like training and demonstrations to utilise the existing farming situations rice fallow and convert monocropped area into double cropped areas for increasing the cropping intensity as well as to increase crop production and productivity.

Realising higher lentil productivity through farmer participatory action in submountainous zone of Punjab

Cluster frontline demonstration (CFLD) program is an effective technology transfer tool to bridge the yield gaps. The technological and extension yield gaps in lentil crop were studied for three years during rabi 2017–18 to rabi 2019–2020 under CFLD program in submountainous zone of Punjab, India. Technology gap and extension yield gap of 2.20 and 1.40 q ha−1, respectively were recorded in lentil during the study period. Improved technology package has also enhanced the profitability of lentil in terms of gross (Rs 44,905/- and Rs 38,928/- in DP and FP, respectively) and net returns (Rs 20,972/- and Rs 16,362/- in DP and FP, respectively) besides additional returns in the range Rs 4010–5200 ha−1, enhancing incremental benefit–cost ratio (3.13–3.80). Technology index in lentil (22.09%) has implied that demonstrated farm technology in lentil is quite feasible under prevailing farming situations in Punjab, but it needs to be popularized in an intensive manner to educate farmers to adopt technologically sound and economically viable methods to enhance lentil productivity and farm profitability.

Frontline Demonstration to popularize flower cultivation through Marigold production among the farmers of Samba district

Marigold is one of the important commercial crops among floriculture supplementing the regular income to small and marginal farmers of the Samba district of JandK Union Territory. Jammu being a city of temples consumption of flowers is more, but as compared to consumption production is very less. However, the major constraints of marigold cultivation are low productivity due to the lack of good quality seed, non adoption of recommended package of practices and lack of awareness regarding the economics of the crop as compared to cereals. To solve this problem, front line demonstration were conducted at the farming situation of Samba district with the participation of farmers after the baseline survey. The cultivation practices in this FLD (use of improved variety, proper nursery techniques and balance dose of fertilizers, important inter-culture operations and plant protection measures) increased the yield by 53.78 percent on an average over the farmer practice. The highest extension gaps were 72.75q/ ha while the technology index, which is inversely correlated to the feasibility of the improved technology in the farmer’s field was24.3 percent. The adoption of improved technology under FLDs resulted in higher gross returns (Rs 728000/ha), net return (Rs 643517/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1:7.61) as compared to farmer practice.

ICT for agricultural management: A tool for regional competitiveness in Nigeria

This paper presents some solutions to how Nigerian agricultural sector can become great again, recalling the glory days, when the sector was the national economic backbone. The paper explained some of the challenges that agricultural farmers faces in Nigeria and how scientific application of ICT as a means of quick dissemination of farming skills, techniques and proper resource allocation, could aid the nations farming sector to achieve it aim. The objectives of this paper are to determine an alternative means of farming that would enhance the contribution of the agricultural produce in Nigeria and also to encourage the use of modern day technologies by farmers to improve their farming techniques and produce. The concept of the growth pole technology was adopted as a means of enhancing the current farming situation and ICT is our focal tool in driving the growth pole strategy. The discussions in this study are premised on the concept of ICT, Growth Pole strategy, and the importance of agriculture as an alternative source of Income generation.The methodology aimed at achieving some of the following in the discussion that ICT-enabled service, often use multiple technologies to provide information to rural farmers on forecasts so that they can prepare for weather-related events (Balaji and Craufurd, 2011; Gunda et al, 2017). The proliferation of mobile phones across the globe has not impinged agriculture in various ways. Mobiles are being used to help raise farmers’ incomes, making agricultural marketing more efficient, lowering information costs, reducing transport costs, and providing a platform to deliver services and innovate (Honrao, 2012; Khapayi and Celliers, 2016). Recommendation were made on Knowledge management application, where the study made suggestions to the federal ministry of information and communication technology that they should create a user friendly application that farmers could easily associate themselves with and share knowledge with each other, also the application should create room for researchers to post their own findings to aid farmers with modern ways of farming.

Quantum Clone Elite Genetic Algorithm‐Based Evaluation Mechanism for Maximizing Network Efficiency in Soil Moisture Wireless Sensor Networks

In agriculture, soil moisture wireless sensor networks (SMWSNs) are used to monitor the growth of crops for obtaining higher yields. The purpose of this paper is to improve the network efficiency of SMWSNs. Therefore, we propose a novel network efficiency evaluation mechanism which is suitable for soil moisture sensors and design a sensor target allocation model (STAM) for the actual agricultural situation. After that, a quantum clone elite genetic algorithm (QCEGA) is proposed; then, QCEGA is applied to optimize the STAM for obtaining optimal results. QCEGA uses the parallel mechanism of quantum computing to encode individuals, integrates the quantum revolving gate in quantum computing and the concept of cloning in biology to avoid the algorithm from falling into local optimum, and applies the elite strategy to speed up the convergence of the algorithm. Subsequently, the proposed algorithm is compared with simulated annealing (SA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Under the novel network efficiency evaluation mechanism, the simulation results demonstrate that the network efficiency based on QCEGA is higher than that of SA and PSO; what is more, QCEGA has better convergence performance. In comparison with traditional wireless sensor network efficiency evaluation approaches, our methods are more in line with the development of modern agriculture and can effectively improve the efficiency of SMWSNs, thus ensuring that crops can have a better growth condition.

基于暗原色的农田机器人视觉导航提取算法分析

With the development of information technology, precision agriculture has also ushered in new development prospects. The use of farm robots to accurately identify the navigation path is of great significance for achieving accurate positioning of agriculture. In this study, when analysing the extraction algorithm of farm robot visual navigation based on dark primary colours, a method for pre-processing and edge detection of farmland images based on dark primary colours is proposed. At the same time, the least square method of linear fitting is used for the navigation path of agricultural robot, and then the fitting program is executed. On this basis, combined with the actual situation of outdoor farming and greenhouse cultivation of crops, the effectiveness of the robotic visual navigation extraction algorithm was verified. The research results show that for any form of farmland cultivation, image extraction technology based on dark primary colours can effectively distinguish between soil and crops, and the visual navigation path of farm robots fitted with least squares is basically linear, which is consistent with the commonly used crops for farm planting. The legal route is basically the same, and then the effectiveness of the extraction algorithm is verified. It is hoped that this study will provide a certain reference and reference for the analysis of the field navigation robot visual navigation extraction algorithm based on dark primary colours.

ISSUES OF FOOD SUPPLY OF THE POPULATION OF KAZAKHSTAN IN 1920-1930 yy.

The article is devoted to the study of food supply for the population of Kazakhstan in 1920-1930. The author gives a generalized description of the problems associated with the shortage of consumer goods. Considerable attention is paid to the main reasons that influenced the low degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. Based on a wide range of sources, social changes in the behavior of Sharua peasants in the context of an aggravated food problem are shown. As a result, it was determined that the export of raw materials, food, income from agriculture, which were the main sources of financing for industrialization, led not only to an aggravation of the crisis situation in agriculture, but, as a result, to massive famine.

English

English

Analysis of the Problems and Minimization Initiatives Addressed by Bangladeshi Farmers During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic is heavily impacting not only the health sector but also every economical sector all over the world. Bangladesh is among the major agriculture production-based economies and is suffering greatly during this pandemic. This paper presents the current agricultural situation in Bangladesh based on a survey involving various pools of experts. It also visualizes the strategies used to assess the competency of initiatives aimed at minimizing the problems faced by farmers in Bangladesh arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 117 expert agricultural personnel in Bangladesh (75.27% male and 24.73% female). Twenty-eight problems were identified that are faced by the farmers of Bangladesh arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these, twenty two were severe while six were less so. It was found that problems relating to product wastage, low product-level pricing, the absence of traders, and transportation issues were identified as top ranking. Twenty-six initiatives were introduced and adopted by different organizations in Bangladesh to minimize agricultural problems arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these, five were highly effective and the remainder moderately so. It was found that initiatives related to government directives and financial support were identified as the top ranked. Based on analysis of data, this paper concludes with several suggestions aimed at minimizing the problems faced by farmers in Bangladesh arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.

“Adoption of New Technology in Farm Situation with The Special Reference to Vegetable Cultivation” – A Case Study in Darrang Dist. of Assam.

“Adoption of New Technology in Farm Situation with The Special Reference to Vegetable Cultivation” – A Case Study in Darrang Dist. of Assam.

Financial support of the state for the development of animal husbandry in Kazakhstan

Annotation. Objective. The research is aimed at studying the current state of the animal husbandry industry, identifying the main problems in the animal husbandry industry and substantiating the priority areas used by the state to support agricultural producers. Methods. In the course of the research, analytical and economic-statistical methods; general scientific methods of system, comparative and structural-logical analysis were used. Results. The article presents the results of assessing the current situation in livestock farming in Kazakhstan, the dynamics of the number of livestock and poultry for 2015–2019, which affects the growth of gross livestock production, as well as the number of farm animals by region as of January – December 2019. The dynamics of the production of livestock products is analyzed as one of the priority areas for ensuring the country's food security, as well as the export, import and consumption of livestock products in the domestic market for 2015–2019. The main problems in the livestock industry are identified. The measures applied by the state to support agricultural producers through direct subsidies from local budgets are disclosed. The dynamics of subsidizing the development of livestock breeding and livestock products are presented, and the problems of the subsidy system are indicated. Identified the need to improve state support of the agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan, the importance of state regulation of the agrarian sector of Kazakhstan to ensure the country's food security and sets out some measures of state regulation of development of agroindustrial complex. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it convincingly reveals the main problems of animal husbandry at the present stage, the directions of state financial support for agricultural producers are determined, the need to improve the issues of state support for the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan is substantiated.

Problems of Transport of Agriculture on Innovative Development and Mechanisms of State Regulation on Increasing Efficiency of Introduction of Innovation Technologies

Innovative development is a prerequisite for the long-term sustainable functioning of agro-industrial enterprises. Activation of the innovation process, considered as a prerequisite for economic growth, is constrained by the lack of formalized decision-making apparatus and the assessment of its consequences. In order to manage the innovative development of agroindustrial enterprises in contemporary conditions, it is necessary to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of modeling and forecasting of their innovation activity, which has become a characteristic tendency of the economic situation in agriculture in recent years. The complexity of agricultural production and its specificity determine the peculiarity of approaches and methods of managing innovation activity, combining different types of innovations, strengthening the role of the state in their promotion.
 The agrarian sector of the economy is practically completely dependent on foreign manufacturers of technology, which, of course, also reduces the level of food security of our country.
 The existing innovative potential in agriculture in Ukraine is not used in full. The meaning of state innovation policy is that, while maintaining the accumulated scientific and technical potential to the maximum extent, and develop mechanisms that stimulate not only the development of innovative processes, but also the development of their results.
 The main directions of innovation policy in agriculture include:
 
 provision of legal regulation of innovation development and protection of the interests of its participants;
 implementation of direct and indirect support of agricultural producers in the creation and development of innovations;
 definition and implementation of the priority development of agrarian industrial complex;
 development of effective forms of partnership and cooperation, formation of appropriate organizational and economic structures;
 training of personnel in the field of innovation activity;
 priority development of material and technical base;
 development of international cooperation in the field of innovations.
 
 The state, based on the recommendations of science, should be called in a timely manner to send agribusiness clear and clear signals about the most promising areas of production activity, to orientate and direct its business activity in the necessary direction for society, to indicate ways to overcome the lag of our agriculture from the level of highly developed countries of the world.

Implementation of the doctrine of food security in Russia: assessment and prospects

The increasing politicization of international food trade, as well as the stagnation of the world economy due to the coronavirus epidemic, once again confirmed the relevance of Russia's self-sufficiency in food. The implementation of the Food Security Doctrine has made it possible to overcome the systemic problems of domestic agriculture and increase the sustainable production of basic crop products and aquatic biological resources. However, the situation in livestock farming is not so optimistic: stagnation in resource-intensive cattle production and dairy farming is accompanied by success in import substitution of poultry and pork meat. The revision of the doctrine in January 2020 shifted the focus from self-reliance on agricultural commodities to the production of a wide range of competitive high value-added foods. The article analyzes the dynamics of self-sufficiency in food in Russia, examines the current state of affairs in the main sectors of domestic agricultural production and the fishery complex, and offers promising areas of development.

Human–animal relationship influences husbandry practices, animal welfare and productivity in pig farming

The nature of the relationship between humans and farm animals has multiple repercussions on the animals and the farmers and varies with farmers attitudes towards their animals. In particular, this relationship influences animal welfare and human working conditions. The present study, part of a larger research project investigating human–animal relationship (HAR) in pig farming and ways to improve it, had two objectives: 1) to investigate the HAR in a diversity of pig farming situations and to evaluate the possible correlation between farmer attitudes, pigs' reactions to humans, husbandry practices, animal health, welfare and productivity and 2) to find a way to rapidly assign a farmer to a profile, in order to better adapt course content during training sessions on HAR. The study focused on 52 farrow-to-finish farms and consisted of a semi-structured interview with the farmer, observations of the farmer in contact with his/her livestock, two human approach tests conducted on sows and growers and productivity data. Finally, a questionnaire was left at the farm to be filled out by all stockpersons on the farm. Interviews, analyzed using a thematic analysis followed by multiple correspondence analysis and ascendant hierarchical clustering, showed that some farmers develop husbandry practices to improve their HARs and identified three farmer profiles that have been named in relation to the place of the HAR in their profession: Profile 1 farmers for whom HAR is secondary in their work with their pigs, Profile 2 for whom the HAR is useful in their work with their pigs and Profile 3 for whom HAR is central in their work with their pigs. Logistic regression models of the relationships between behavioral tests and productivity data showed that confident sows produce and wean more piglets than fearful sows and that sows of Profile 3 farmers trust more humans than those of Profile 1 or 2 farmers. Farmers' responses to the questionnaire did not predict their profile assignment. Our results confirm the main role of the farmer's attitude towards animals on their farming practices, animal welfare and productivity. The farmers who have more confident pigs and better productivity are those for whom the farm animal is central to their profession, express the most pleasure in working with them and convey empathy for them.

TAXATION OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN POLAND: THE CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

This study is a response to an ongoing debate on changes in the taxation of agricultural income. The current taxes applicable to farms in Poland do not concern income per se – they are property taxes which include: agricultural tax on land, forestry tax and property tax. Although these taxes do not refer to agricultural income, they are paid by it. It is important, therefore, to know how much this income is reduced by these taxes. Studies show that it is about 10%. Therefore, when a new income tax structure is introduced, its rate should not exceed 10%. The calculation of farm income in Poland will encounter many problems, such as establishing a catalogue of costs, which will include depreciation. In order to include it when calculating income, the present value of a farm’s fixed assets should first be established, which may encounter major substantive and organizational difficulties. More problems will surely follow, such as: dividing costs between household and agricultural holding, determining what a fixed asset is in the case of a farm, etc. It seems that calculating farm income is unavoidable. On the one hand, it is necessary for the potential introduction of income tax. On the other hand, having recognized the income situation of farms, one could resign from estimating losses caused by drought or other unfortunate events. Compensation could be granted due to income losses. This would be a clearer, more obvious and objective criterion. According to current practices, losses caused by unfortunate events (e.g. drought) do not always translate into losses in agricultural income, given that these losses are not always objectively estimated by the committees appointed by provincial governors. In the case of income losses, agricultural accounting data guarantee their objective appraisal. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current situation regarding the taxation of agricultural activity and to present proposals for potential changes in the taxation of agricultural activity. Two research hypotheses were put forward: 1. the current level of taxation of income and revenue from agricultural activity with agricultural tax and property tax is symbolic, 2. in order to maintain the current tax treatment, the rate of the new tax on farm income cannot be higher than 10%. The article is based on descriptive, tabular and financial analysis methods. The sources of information were literature and FADN agricultural accounting data collected by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – National Research Institute in Warsaw.

The Walloon farmers position differently their ideal dairy production system between a global-based intensive and a local-based extensive model of farm.

Dairy farming systems are evolving. This study presents dairy producers' perceptions of their ideal future farm (IFF) to ensure revenue, and attempts to determine the reasons for this choice, the environmental aspects related to this choice, the proximity between the current farm and the IFF and the requirements for reaching this IFF. Just before the end of the European milk quota, a total of 245 Walloon dairy producers answered a survey about the characteristics of their IFF and other socio-environmental-economic information. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out using seven characteristics of the IFF (intensive vs. extensive, specialised vs. diversified, strongly vs. weakly based on new technologies, managed by a group of managers vs. an independent farmer, employed vs. familial workforce, local vs. global market, standard vs. quality-differentiated production) to observe the relationships between them. Based on the main contributors to the second dimension of the MCA, this axis was defined as an IFF gradient between the local-based extensive (LBE) producers (26%) and the global-based intensive (GBI) producers (46%). The differences of IFF gradient between modalities of categorical variables were estimated using generalised linear models. Pearson correlations were calculated between the scores on the IFF gradient and quantitative variables. Finally, frequencies of IFF characteristics and the corresponding characteristic for the current situation were calculated to determine the percentages of "unhappy" producers. Some reasons for the choice of IFF by the producers have been highlighted in this study. Environmental initiatives were more valued by LBE than GBI producers. Low similarity was observed between the current farm situation of the respondents and their IFF choice. LBE and GBI producers differed significantly regarding domains of formation (technical and bureaucratic vs. transformation and diversification respectively) and paths of formation (non-market vs. market respectively). Two kinds of farming systems were considered by dairy producers and some socioeconomic and environmental components differed between them.