Distress Situations Research Articles

Bouncing back to the surface: Factors determining SME recovery

ABSTRACT Limited attention has been devoted to the key determinants of survival in situations of severe financial distress for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Against this backdrop, drawing from turnaround management literature, we develop hypotheses about SMEs investigating the importance of prior financial blockages, financial indicators, personnel characteristics, and the dynamics between SMEs and their personnel on recovery probability. By relying on advanced machine learning techniques, we analyze and select key predictors of recovery likelihood for SMEs in situations of severe distress. The results provide empirical support for our hypotheses, showing the significant roles of prior bank account blockages, creditworthiness, mean employee age, firing ratio, and the share of permanent work contracts in influencing recovery odds. The implications extend knowledge on SME turnaround strategies and offer practical suggestions for managers and policymakers in tailoring interventions.

RescueNow: Real-time SOS and Predictive Women's Safety System

This paper presents a comprehensive women’s safety application designed to address the growing concerns of personal safety through technological intervention. The system integrates multiple advanced features such as real-time SOS alerts, geofencing to detect high-risk areas, AI-driven crime predictions, and multiple SOS activation methods, including voice commands, shake detection, and button press. Additionally, the app employs silent recording functionality to gather evidence in distress situations and incorporates secure communication channels for contacting law enforcement. The application also supports community-driven safety ratings and crime reporting. Tested with real-world scenarios, the system demonstrates high accuracy in predictive analytics and provides a seamless, scalable solution for enhancing women’s safety. This project contributes to the field of personal safety technologies by introducing a multi-faceted, AI-enabled framework for real-time risk mitigation. Key Words: Women’s safety, SOS alerts, AI crime prediction, geofencing, real-time GPS tracking, predictive analytics, Firebase Cloud Messaging, Twilio, silent recording, crime reporting.

The Relationship Between Perceived Comfort Level with Moral Sensitivity and Moral Distress Among Oncology Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived comfort level with moral distress and moral sensitivity among oncology nurses MethodsThis is a descriptive-correlational study on 210 oncology nurses. The samples were selected through the convenience method from September 2020 to February 2022 in the oncology centers of Ahvaz, Iran. Data were collected via a demographic form, Lutzen's Modified Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, Corley's Moral Distress Scale, and Kolcaba's Nurses Comfort Questionnaire (NCQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS V24, descriptive statistics, Independent t, Mann-Whitney-U, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and linear regression tests. ResultsNurses experienced a moderate level of perceived comfort (67.91 ± 8.75), moral sensitivity (58.4 ± 13.3), and moral distress (57.54.8 ± 8.9). Moral sensitivity was significantly inversely related to the intensity of moral distress (P < .001). A statistically significant relationship was found between nurses' perceived comfort level with frequency of distress (P < .001) and moral sensitivity (P = .046). Moral distress explained 13.8% of changes in perceived comfort level (R2 = 0.138, F = 6.51, sig < 0.001, R = 0.371). ConclusionNurses’ perceived comfort level, moral sensitivity, and moral distress were at a moderate level and intercorrelated. It is suggested that factors contributing to moral distress should be eliminated. Also, moral sensitivity should be refined as a decisive factor. Implication for Nursing PracticeOncology nurses are exposed to morally distressing situations that may be a source of discomfort. This study guides nurses, managers, planners, and policymakers to identify the contributing factors and use strategies and solutions to enhance nurses' perceived comfort level.

Fear of COVID-19 among Frontline Nurses in a National University Hospital in the Philippines: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Nurses are at the forefront of caring for patients during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurses themselves are exposed to serious risk and even death while providing care for these patients. Among other healthcare professionals, nurses are mostly exposed to psychologically distressing situations during this time of crisis. Fear of COVID-19 can affect nurses' overall well-being, which in turn may affect their job performance and lead to a decline in the quality of patient care. To determine the level of fear of COVID-19, and to explore the experiences of COVID-19-related fear of frontline nurses in a national university hospital in the Philippines. To achieve the study objectives, the study utilized a convergent mixed methodology approach. In the quantitative phase, a random sample of participants completed the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) in order to assess their level of fear of COVID-19. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the qualitative strand. Participants in the qualitative phase was selected using maximum variation sampling. Integration of data was done through a narrative contiguous approach. Quantitative data was obtained from 206 frontline registered nurses. The mean age of the participants was 35.5 years (SD =8.17). Overall, the composite score of the fear of COVID-19 scale was 21.76 (SD = 4.92), indicating an elevated level of fear. Having friends and relatives who tested positive predicted fear of COVID-19 (β = -3.658; p = 0.005; CI: -6.213 to -1.104). Three major themes categories emerged from qualitative data analysis: (1) balancing feelings of fear and moral obligation, (2) challenges experienced while providing frontline work, and (3) resilience amidst challenges. For the reporting and integration of our mixed-method results, a narrative contiguous approach was implemented. Frontline nurses reported an elevated level of fear during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was also able to capture the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of nurses, specifically on their fear experiences. Understanding the underlying causes of fear, such as uncertainties surrounding guidelines and protocols, shortage of personal protective equipment, and moral distress, offers invaluable insights for shaping proactive strategies and policies aimed at mitigating these concerns in subsequent pandemics.

Integrating the Principles of Academic Freedom and Patient-Centered Care to Promote Tolerant Listening Skills in Health Care Providers.

Collaboration is a vital skill that needs to be developed in health professions students. Developing tolerance for differing viewpoints and valuing an understanding of others' lived experiences are instrumental skills in learning to provide patient-centered care. Fostering the expression of diverse viewpoints and working through uncomfortable and distressful situations are a part of the experience in acquiring these skills. It is the educator's duty to facilitate these encounters in a way that upholds the tenants of academic freedom and civility to create optimal educational outcomes. Doing so creates opportunities for transformative learning and the facilitation of higher cognitive development when compared with the avoidance of exposing students to divergent viewpoints. It is through freedom of discussion that one must teach students that ultimately the pursuit of truth, even when it may be unwelcome, disagreeable, or deeply offensive, greatly outweighs the discomfort the process of discovering it may bring.

Organizational Virtue Ethics and Moral Distress among Healthcare Workers.

AbstractMoral distress is traditionally defined as situations where one knows the right thing to do but external constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action. Many interventions to mitigate moral distress focus on making healthcare workers more resilient or courageous in the face of adverse circumstances. While these "virtue cultivation" responses might be valuable traits for individuals, I want to argue that cultivating virtue is at best an incomplete strategy for dealing with moral distress in an organizational setting. The individualistic character of these approaches ignores how an organization's policies may be contributing to many morally distressing situations. I will argue that resources from the virtue tradition can still play a valuable theoretical role in addressing moral distress in healthcare settings if we transpose them to the organizational level. The policies of a hospital or healthcare institution can be seen as virtuous to the degree that they further the organization's goals of medicine. Organizational virtue ethics can then illuminate the issue of moral distress in healthcare organizations. If an organization's policies contribute to its members suffering from moral distress, then that policy may well inhibit the organization from carrying out its mission of providing excellent healthcare. Organizations should respond to moral distress and seek ways to mitigate if not eliminate it.

Self-perceived sleep quality during the covid pandemic: risk and protective factors

The situation derived from the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and lockdowns ordered to control the pandemic led to unprecedented problems in different areas of people’s well-being. This study aimed to explore the acute effects of the first lockdown on self-perceived sleep quality, as well as the risk/protective factors that modulated this impact. The sample was composed by 1,275 respondents ranging in age from 18 to 55 years. Participants wererecruited during the COVID-19 first lockdown in Spain. They wereevaluated regarding theirself reported sleep problems before and during lockdown, as well as other areas related to the impact of lockdown (e.g., on diet, physical activity, or use of digital media), psychological states (positive and negative affect), and traits (impulsivity). Most participants (66.7%) reported a decrease in their self-perceived sleep quality during the pandemic. Correlational analyses showed that maintaining good levels of physical activity and diet quality during the pandemic were positively associated with sleep quality; furthermore, greater levels of positive affect, living in bigger homes during lockdown, and age were positively associated with sleep quality as well. On the contrary, negative affect, female sex, and the impact of the pandemic on various domains (mental health, relationship quality, personal finances, and the use of digital media) were negatively related to self-perceived sleep quality. In brief, this study supports the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-perceived sleep quality and provides a preliminary foundation for identifying protective and risk factors contributing to sleep quality during lockdowns and other situations of distress.

Accounting Conservatism: Firm Size and Financial Distress

This study aims to investigate the effect of firm size and financial distress on accounting conservatism. Accounting conservatism is an approach in which earnings are recorded more conservatively or cautiously, with a tendency to recognise losses sooner than recognise gains. These factors can influence the practice of accounting conservatism in various ways. This study uses financial data from various companies in diverse industries and uses statistical methods to analyse the relationship between company size (both large and small) and level of financial distress with accounting conservatism practices. The results of this study are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that influence accounting conservatism and how accounting practices may change in different situations of company size and financial distress. The type of research in this study is descriptive quantitative with descriptive statistical data analysis and classical assumption testing, hypothesis testing and coefficient of determination test. The results showed that partially and simultaneously company size and financial distress had no effect on accounting conservatism.

A Research Review of Financial Distress Prediction

This study claims that two key points must be addressed in order to increase the success rate and robustness of financial distress prediction: firstly, a simplified financial prediction indicator system must be established based on a correct understanding and clearly distinguish about the concept of financial distress. Secondly, we establish a reasonable and plausible financial distress prediction model. It has been established that machine learning models can enhance financial distress prediction models' predictive power to some degree, bu the outcomes of these models vary. This is mostly due to a lack of knowledge about financial distress and a poor choice of indicators for predicting financial distress. This paper makes the case that there are three distinct, dynamic phases of financial distress. The financial strain stage is the initial phase. The financial distress at this stage is reflected in the financial indicators, as there are now some challenges with loan repayment due to the slowdown in the main business's revenue growth rate, the slowdown in operating cash flow, and the drop in the current ratio. The second stage can be called the financial crisis stage. The enterprise's ability to generate income is still declining, along with the quality of revenue and turnover rate. It’s worth noting that gearing ratio, which will be approaching 50% or above at this stage. The third stage of financial distress is distress situation. In this stage, the firm’s balance sheet structure keeps getting worse, and the gearing ratio keeps rising at an unprecedented rate. In the meantime, with growing revenue-cost-expense ratios and negative profits, profitability is still declining. At this stage, at least two of the three cash flows from financing, investing, and operating operations were negative in terms of cash flow.

Эффективность психокоррекционного воздействия методами имагинативной психотерапии при идиопатическом бесплодии

&lt;p&gt;The article provides results of research into the impact of psychosomatic factors on successful conception in patients with idiopathic infertility who undergo treatment in the department of infertile marriage and ART of the Ural Research Institute of Maternity and Child Care. Infertility-related psychological targets and their correction by imaginative psychosomatic psychotherapeutic techniques can be a way to provide a solution to the infertility problem. A method to reduce the effect of distress hormones on the target reproductive function body organs was developed and tested. This method is rooted in the knowledge of neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive processes. The psychotherapeutic correction was based on the approaches of emotional-figurative therapy as a way to reduce the extremeness of living conditions while undergoing infertility treatment. Psychodynamic indicators of socio-psychological maladaptation, volitional tension, behavior constructiveness in distress situations, psychovegetative coefficient of ergicity were selected as the effectiveness criteria.&lt;/p&gt;

Moral Distress and Moral Agency: Staff Experience of Supporting Self-Determination for People with Dementia

People living in nursing homes have the right to self-determination, and difficulty in accommodating this right can create moral distress in staff. This study aimed to explore experiences of situations of moral distress and to identify nursing home staffs’ needs to act with moral agency. Six group interviews were conducted with nursing home staff. Content analysis of the interview responses showed that moral distress can be rooted in both concrete situations with residents and factors related to the work environment and policy requirements. Personnel can address moral distress through both active and passive means. Staff acted to address moral distress mainly in situations with residents and sometimes in relation to co-workers, but they did not try to influence the policy level.

“Just pee in the diaper” - a constructivist grounded theory study of moral distress enabling neglect in nursing homes

BackgroundA growing body of evidence shows that many nursing home residents’ basic care needs are neglected, and residents do not receive qualitatively good care. This neglect challenges nursing staff´s professional and personal ideals and standards for care and may contribute to moral distress. The aim of this study was to investigate how nursing staff manage being a part of a neglectful work culture, based on the research question: “How do nursing home staff manage their moral distress related to neglectful care practices?”MethodsA qualitative design was chosen, guided by Charmaz´s constructivist grounded theory. The study was based on 10 individual interviews and five focus group discussions (30 participants in total) with nursing home staff working in 17 different nursing homes in Norway.ResultsNursing staff strive to manage their moral distress related to neglectful care practices in different ways: by favouring efficiency and tolerating neglect they adapt to and accept these care practices. By disengaging emotionally and retreating physically from care they avoid confronting morally distressing situations. These approaches may temporarily mitigate the moral distress of nursing staff, whilst also creating a staff-centred and self-protecting work culture enabling neglect in nursing homes.ConclusionsOur findings represent a shift from a resident-centred to a staff-centred work culture, whereby the nursing staff use self-protecting strategies to make their workday manageable and liveable. This strongly indicates a compromise in the quality of care that enables the continuation of neglectful care practices in Norwegian nursing homes. Finding ways of breaking a downward spiralling quality of care are thus a major concern following our findings.

Fetal Heart Rate Preprocessing Techniques: A Scoping Review.

Monitoring fetal heart rate (FHR) through cardiotocography is crucial for the early diagnosis of fetal distress situations, necessitating prompt obstetrical intervention. However, FHR signals are often marred by various contaminants, making preprocessing techniques essential for accurate analysis. This scoping review, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, describes the preprocessing methods in original research articles on human FHR (or beat-to-beat intervals) signal preprocessing from PubMed and Web of Science, published from their inception up to May 2021. From the 322 unique articles identified, 54 were included, from which prevalent preprocessing approaches were identified, primarily focusing on the detection and correction of poor signal quality events. Detection usually entailed analyzing deviations from neighboring samples, whereas correction often relied on interpolation techniques. It was also noted that there is a lack of consensus regarding the definition of missing samples, outliers, and artifacts. Trends indicate a surge in research interest in the decade 2011-2021. This review underscores the need for standardizing FHR signal preprocessing techniques to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Future work should focus on applying and evaluating these methods across FHR databases aiming to assess their effectiveness and propose improvements.

Between hope and disillusionment: ECMO seen through the lens of nurses working in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit.

Using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units (PICU/NICU) creates ethical challenges and carries a high risk for moral distress, burn out and team conflicts. The study aimed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors affecting moral distress when using ECMO for infants and children by examining the attitudes of ECMO nurses. Four focus groups discussions were conducted with 21 critical care nurses working in a Swiss University Children's Hospital. Purposive sampling was adopted to identify research participants. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Unlike "miracle machine" stories in online media reports, specialized nurses working in PICU/NICU expressed both their hopes and fears towards this technology. Their accounts also contained references to events and factors that triggered experiences of moral distress: the unspeakable nature of the death of a child or infant; the seemingly lack of honest and transparent communication with parents; the apparent loss of situational awareness among doctors; the perceived lack of recognition for the role of nurses and the variability in end-of-life decision-making; the length of time it takes doctors to take important treatment decisions; and the resource intensity of an ECMO treatment. The creation of a multidisciplinary moral community with transparent information among all involved health care professionals and the definition of clear treatment goals as well as the implementation of paediatric palliative care for all paediatric ECMO patients should become a priority if we want to alleviate situations of moral distress. The creation of a multidisciplinary moral community, clear treatment goals and the implementation of palliative care for all paediatric ECMO patients are crucial to alleviate situations of moral distress for nurses, and thus to improve provider well-being and the quality of patient care in PICU/NICU.

Corporate Governance Practices and Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

Performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objective of the study was to critically appraise the relationship between size of board of directors, composition of board members, frequency of board meetings and return on assets of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The data were sourced through secondary sources from annual reports and accounts of sampled deposit money banks in Nigeria. The stated Null Hypotheses were tested through data analysis by using the correlation analysis as analytical tool. The research findings reveal that board size has a positive and strong relationship with return on assets while board composition has a positive but moderately strong association with return on assets. Furthermore, frequency of board meetings has a negative and very weak relationship with return on assets of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The implication of the findings is that increased board size could result in the improvement of financial performance of deposit money banks. The research found that such increase in number of members of the board will generate the desired outcome if it centers on independent nonexecutive directors with wealth of corporate governance experience, sound and profitable contacts, good and relevant education. The negative relationship with frequency of board meetings implies that banks should begin to trim down on number of board meetings as research has found that frequent meetings signal a crisis or distress situation with perceptions of going concern issues and bank failure. The study recommends that new independent non-executive professionals with critical governance and management attributes could be introduced into the board to improve the quality of decisions, earnings and general performance. Frequency of Board Meetings should be reduced to save cost and time while virtual meetings should be called more often than physical meetings as distance is no longer a barrier.

Development and validation of the physician self-efficacy to manage emotional challenges Scale (PSMEC)

BackgroundMedical students experience emotional challenges during their undergraduate education, often related to work-based learning. Consequently, they may experience feelings of uncertainty and self-doubt, which can negatively affect their well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to support students’ development of their ability to manage distressful situations. Self-efficacy beliefs may be a central aspect of supporting them in this development, and have been shown to relate to resilient factors such as students’ motivation, learning, and well-being.MethodsWe constructed a scale to measure medical students’ physician self-efficacy to manage emotional challenges during work-based learning, the PSMEC scale. The aim of the present study was to evaluate some of the psychometric properties of the PSMEC scale. The scale consists of 17 items covering five subscales: (1) medical knowledge and competence, (2) communication with difficult patients and delivering bad news, (3) being questioned and challenged, (4) educative competence in patient encounters, and (5) ability to establish and maintain relationships with healthcare professionals. Data were collected from 655 medical students from all seven medical schools in Sweden. To investigate the scale’s dimensionality and measurement invariance with regard to gender and time in education, single and multiple group confirmatory factor models were estimated using techniques suitable for ordered categorical data. Measures of Cronbach’s alpha were calculated to evaluate internal consistency.ResultsThe scale showed good internal consistency on both the global dimension and the five subdimensions of self-efficacy. In addition, the scale was shown to be measurement invariant across genders and times in education, indicating that the scale means of male and female medical students and the scale means of students at the middle and end of their education can be compared.ConclusionsThe physician self-efficacy to manage emotional challenges scale demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, with regards to dimensionality, internal consistency, and measurement invariance relating to gender and time in education, and this study supports the usefulness of this scale when measuring self-efficacy in relation to emotional challenges.

Experiences with health care services and HIV testing after sexual assault in cisgender gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and transgender people.

This qualitative sub-study aimed to explore how cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (cis-GBMSM) and transgender people who reported non-consensual sex (NCS) accessed health care services, what barriers they faced, and how this experience influenced subsequent HIV testing. SELPHI is an online randomized controlled trial evaluating both acceptability and efficiency of HIV-self testing among cis-GBMSM and transgender people. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed through a framework analysis, as a qualitative sub-study. We identified narratives of NCS from interviews and investigated experiences of cis-GBMSM and transgender people accessing health care services following sexual assault. Of 95 participants, 15 (16%) spontaneously reported NCS. Participants reported a broad range of NCS, including partner's coercive behaviours, non-consensual removal of condoms, and rapes. All feared HIV transmission, leading them to test for HIV, underlining a marked lack of awareness of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Most had negative experiences in communicating with reception staff in sexual health clinics following these incidents. A lack of confidentiality and empathy was described in these situations of psychological distress. Clinic visits were primarily focused on testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infection, and generally no specific psychological support was offered. Getting a negative HIV result was a key step in regaining control for people who experienced NCS. Sexual health care providers should take care to more fully address the issue of NCS with cis-GBMSM and transgender people when it arises. Recognizing and managing the emotional impact of NCS on affected patients would prevent negative experiences and increase confidence in care.

Exploration and Evaluation of PFA (Psychological First Aid): Potential for Development of PFA Online Services in Academic Setting

In Indonesia, PFA (Psychological First Aid) services are primarily employed in distress situations; however, a relatively small number are used in crisis situations, mainly in academic settings through the use of digital media, or what is commonly referred to as PFA online services. Teman Sehati, a PFA online service provided by UIN Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto, will be addressed in this study. In order to encourage the use of mental health services in academic settings, this research attempts to present an overview of PFA online services. The CIPPO approach (Context Evaluation, Input Evaluation, Process Evaluation, Product Evaluation, and Outcome) was used in the research to apply qualitative evaluation. Research collection methods include documenting, interviewing, and observation. Sorting, classifying, summarising, indexing, and researching primary and secondary sources are all methods used in data analysis. The results of the study indicate that since rooms, networks, and electronic devices serve as the main method of maintaining the service, it is necessary to increase the availability of reliable internet. Every semester, increasing numbers of individuals are in need of this service due to a variety of issues, including physiologic disorders, bullying, financial difficulties, sexual harassment, work-related issues, psychological disorders, academic difficulties, romantic issues, family issues, and personal issues. The online PFA service at UIN Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto is deemed highly helpful by 92% of service users. Online PFA services can aid in treating students' mental health, despite certain technological challenges; for this reason, it is crucial to implement them in the academic setting.

Corporate Governance as Antecedent of Financial Distress: Case Study of Textile Industry of Pakistan

Purpose: The present research studies the effect of corporate governance practices on the level of financial distress of the Textile companies listed at PSX. &#x0D; Design/Methodology: Data from 2019 to 2022 from a sample of 43 companies operating in the weaving, spinning and composite textile industry was assessed in the study. Regression analysis was used to predict the impact of board independence, board size, audit committee independence and duality in the role of CEO and chairman on the financial distress.&#x0D; Findings: The findings reveal that board independence, board size and the duality in the role of Chairman and CEO impacts the financial distress level of the companies and that in companies wherein governance structure is strong, the likelihood of financial distress is lower. However, the effect of Audit committee independence is found to be insignificant in this study.&#x0D; Originality: This study provides support to the companies in understanding the importance of governance structure and its significance in reducing financial distress level. The findings of the study will be of value to the companies operating in textile sector by enabling them to strengthen their governance structure to address the financial distress situation. Further, this study will help the regulators in drafting the governance requirements for the companies and also educating them about the importance of the latter. In future, other studies using different proxies of corporate governance like gender diversity in the board, number of board meetings and characteristics of audit committee may be conducted..

The impact of financial ratios on financial distress in the transportation sector

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various financial ratios on the financial instability of companies, with particular emphasis on the profitability ratio of Return on Assets (ROA), liquidity ratio of Current Ratio (CR), activity ratio of Total Assets Turnover (TATO), and solvency ratio of Debt to Assets Ratio (DAR). The study employs secondary data and selective selection to choose a sample of thirteen transport companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2020 and 2022. The study utilised multiple linear regression analysis methods, employing SPSS as the testing programme. The Altman Z-Score method was employed to prioritise the financial distress component. The results indicated that the liquidity ratio, a component of the activity ratio, had a positive impact on financial distress, suggesting that more liquidity might be associated with increased financial hardship. Conversely, the utilisation of leverage was discovered to have an adverse impact on financial distress, indicating that elevated levels of leverage may reduce the likelihood of financial hardship for the selected entities. This study offers useful insights into the intricate relationship between particular financial statistics and the financial distress situation of organisations. It provides a detailed comprehension of how the interplay between liquidity, leverage, and activity dynamics affects the overall financial health of transport companies in the Indonesian stock market.