Definition Of Situation Research Articles

Współzamieszkiwanie. O wykorzystaniu wielostronnego studium przypadku w metodologii badań migracyjnych

The primary objective of this paper is to address the methodology employed in qualitative migration research. It involves a theoretical analysis of the methodological challenges associated with a case study design, necessitating the collection of accounts from multiple individuals participating in the studied process or event. The second aim is to empirically illustrate these considerations through a study focusing on the relationship between Polish hosts and Ukrainian guests (2022–23). The gathered empirical material indicates the effectiveness of applying the technique of cross stories (récits croisés) derived from biographical research, along with the ontological-epistemological difficulties encountered. The paper does not aim to offer a comprehensive analysis of the cohabitation phenomenon. Instead, it contributes to the field by explicitly citing significant portions of raw material and elucidating their context. Its impact on migration studies lies in demonstrating, from a methodological perspective, that the simultaneous examination of various viewpoints and definitions of situations allows researchers to leverage the full potential of qualitative research. Through cross stories, a more profound understanding of interviewees’ perspectives on the world emerges, enabling researchers, when necessary, to question common-sense meanings of certain categories and highlight gaps in biographical accounts.

Typology of pedagogical situations: cross-cultural analysis

Importance. The natural appeal to the possibility of defining certain typological features that would contribute to the differentiation of pedagogical situations leads to the need for a certain systematization of knowledge and experience. It is relevant to consider and compare the classification basis of typologies, since there is still no certainty about how a pedagogical situation should be described.Research methods. The comparative analysis, the content analysis, the method of interpretation and contextual analysis.Result and Discussion. The analyzed typologies of pedagogical situations in Russian pedagogy differ in typological basis, principles, understanding of the essence of pedagogical situations, which makes their systematization ambiguous, complex and practically impossible to use in everyday pedagogical practice. Foreign typologies of pedagogical situations are built on fundamentally different grounds, based on the understanding of the essence of the educational process, participants and the nature of changes. The analysis has shown that all the studied typologies of situations do not simplify the use and systematization of pedagogical situations, but being built on mixed basis, bring confusion in understanding and operating of pedagogical situations.Conclusion. The diversity of descriptions and ambiguity of definitions of pedagogical situations makes it difficult to create a complete typology and choose the clear basis. Based on our definition of the pedagogical situation, we considered it possible to propose clearer and more systematic basis for typology and to identify 3 types of pedagogical situations. Such a logical basis can be the ability of a pedagogical situation to reach the solution of a pedagogical task. Unlike all the analyzed situations, the proposed typology is based on clear systemic typological basis, allows differentiating and ordering of pedagogical situations, is easy to use.

Tchaikovsky, Onegin, and the Art of Characterization

Tchaikovsky enjoyed composing Yevgeni Onegin. He expressed his fulfillment in a famous letter to Sergey Taneyev. What could his enthusiasm convey about the content of the project? Music criticism has taken Tchaikovsky’s words as proof for the thesis that the opera is connected to autobiographical circumstances. In this mode of thinking, the quality of Tchaikovsky’s music is the result of the composer’s identification with the subject matter. Despite the objection of several Tchaikovsky scholars, the autobiographical paradigm remains very much alive in the reception of Tchaikovsky’s music. As an alternative, Tchaikovsky scholarship has explored a hermeneutical approach that would link his music to its context in Russian society and culture. In this paper, I present another possible reaction to Tchaikovsky’s statement: an exploration of the composer’s approach to musical characterization. Analysis of some key scenes reveals that the definition of characters and situations by musical means is more precise than standard interpretations of the opera would concede. This discovery may lead to a new assessment of characterization as a critical tool to refine the definition of Tchaikovsky’s position in European music history. The method may be applied to examples outside his operatic output, such as Serenade for Strings and the Fifth Symphony.

EU governance through funding: What consequences for the scope of application of EU fundamental rights?

The definition of the national situations that are covered by the scope of EU law for the purpose of applying EU fundamental rights is not an easy task. Therefore, it will be sometimes difficult for Member States and individuals to understand to what extent national action is constrained by EU law. The difficulties in drawing the line between what is in or out of the scope of EU law are amplified by the diversification of EU law making by EU institutions, which brings new situations in the border area. This trend in particularly remarkable in the field of governance through funding, which is now entering a new phase of its evolution. The use of EU funds, where old and new forms of EU law and governance are combined, constitutes the perfect testing ground to analyse the current reach of EU fundamental rights to national situations and, consequently, the limitations imposed on national actors implementing EU law.

Relations as Immunity: Building Community Resilience

Resilience—a term that originated in mathematical ecology—now commonly refers to the ability to thrive in the face of trauma and adversity. This Position Piece reflects on both the charisma and political lability of resilience in the early 21st century. On the one hand, resilience is easily compatible with neoliberal discourses that demand that individuals protect themselves in the absence of state or community support. On the other hand, resilience can be an important corrective to narratives about the damage caused by trauma, focusing attention on our innate ability to heal. We argue that the ambivalence of resilience requires theoretical and empirical attention to both the wider appeal of the term and the situated definitions deployed by diverse actors. In particular, we look at the rise of the term ‘community resilience’ popularised by academics, community leaders, and activists, which seeks to avoid the pitfalls of the neoliberal definition of resilience and argues that strong interpersonal relationships can support health equity. Despite the ambivalence of resilience, we find “community resilience” to be promising in a time when collective visions of health and immunity are desperately needed.

A drought and heat risk assessment framework for urban green infrastructure

AbstractUrban green infrastructure (UGI) is a prominent concept toward climate adaptation and urban resilience, but it is also affected by droughts and heat. Hence, this study aims to advance the multi‐assessment of drought and heat risks (DHRs) for UGI through the DHR assessment framework with conceptual and methodological features, paving the way toward knowledge creation and decision support. The framework was systematically developed, starting with defining the situation, analyzing concepts, and finally, constructing the framework. The situation is interpreted as a coupled human and natural system to represent the biophysical and immaterial elements, processes, and interrelations. Further, the concepts of risk, UGI, and ecosystem services lead to a risk system showing the compound hazards, the exposure, and the cascading vulnerabilities of the UGI. The DHR assessment framework distinguishes two stages, multi‐risk analysis and multi‐criteria risk evaluation. The analysis includes the definition and interpretation of the UGI situation under drought and heat conditions, analyzing the hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities of the system, and translating the risk system into an indicator‐based information system. Hereby, the vulnerability analysis of the biophysical UGI aspects comprises the susceptibility and resilience of UGI entities, as well as the degree to which providing ecosystem functions and services can be affected. The multi‐criteria risk evaluation covers the assignment of thresholds and weights for indicators, in addition to the aggregation methods. The resulting framework intends to support local actors in the risk assessment of current and future conditions, fostering evidence‐based decisions and interventions to deal with compound DHRs.

Meaning of Problem in School Mathematics: From Exercise and Application to the Learning-Triggering Problem

Background: There are, in the school context, especially in mathematics education, different historical and cultural meanings that are being produced and impregnated in the term Problem, as well as different understandings regarding the roles of Problems in teaching practices, which justifies studies focused on to the analysis of the implications of such conceptual meanings in the training of teachers who teach mathematics. Objectives: The aim is to answer the question: What are the meanings of Problem present in research and publications that dialogue with training for teaching mathematics? What would be, specifically, the meaning of Problem from a cultural-historical perspective? Design: The research was carried out with students of the degree course in mathematics of a Brazilian public institution, in which they participated in a training movement that had Problems as mediators. In the context of that research, theoretical and bibliographical studies were developed to understand ideas impregnated in didactic-pedagogical proposals that exalt the importance of Problems in teaching practices. We recognise these ideas as meanings based on the analysis that considers the theoretical and methodological assumptions of the cultural-historical theory. Setting and participants: Publications that circulated in the context of the training course for mathematics teachers were analysed, which contextualised the research that gave rise to this clipping about the understandings of the authors of those texts regarding their understanding of the possible relationships between the Problem and the teaching of mathematics. Data collection and analysis: The texts were selected from the bibliographies present in the teaching plans of the subjects of that degree course or that were used as a textual reference during the formative experiment carried out to produce research data and were analysed according to the assumptions of the cultural-historical theory to the concept of meaning. Results: The results point to the constitution of meanings according to which the Problems are usually adopted, in teaching practices, as lessons already presented or as opportunities to apply concepts in supposedly everyday situations. There is also a process of meaning from which the Problems are understood, from a cultural-historical perspective, as triggers of mathematics learning. Conclusions: The main conclusion points to the understanding that the Problems play, historically and culturally, some roles in mathematics teaching practices, among which, three stand out: they are opportunities to practice lessons already taught; they are opportunities to apply techniques, algorithms, or definitions in simulated situations (problem solving); or they are learning-triggering problems.

Shaping entrepreneurial gender play: Intersubjectivity and performativity among female entrepreneurs

This paper aims to enrich both the Entrepreneurship as Practice (EAP) and female entrepreneurship literature by advancing the existing insight that gender and entrepreneurship are interconnected practices. It contends that the enactment of entrepreneurship and gender is contextually contingent. To this end, we reinitiate the discourse on situational definition within the EAP framework, employing Butler's performativity and intersubjectivity concepts. We posit that the interplay of gender and entrepreneurial endeavors yields distinct practices influenced by the individual's identity and social affiliation within intersubjective and performative processes. A participatory ethnographic study spanning three years, conducted within a women-centric technology incubator, exposes the incubation process as a hub of interactions facilitated by intersubjectivity. It functions both as an educational medium for "praxis" and as a catalyst driving progressive performativity, distinctively expressed by each female entrepreneur contingent upon their individual attributes. This research enriches the EAP literature by revealing divergent gender enactments across industries and individuals. Furthermore, it augments female entrepreneurship literature by enhancing our understanding of how women, irrespective of contextual variables, effectively cultivate micro ventures through practical engagement.

FEATURES OF THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF COUNTERING CRISIS SITUATIONS AT THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of the article is to study the features of the adoption and implementation of managerial decisions in the system of counteracting crisis situations at enterprises. In the study, to study the features of making and implementing managerial decisions in the system of countering crisis situations at the enterprise, general scientific research methods were used, namely the method of theoretical and comparative analysis, induction and deduction, and the graphical method. It has been proved that the timely application of tools to prevent crisis situations and eliminate their consequences is a condition for achieving long-term stability and efficiency in the functioning of any socio-economic system, including enterprises of various forms and types of activity. Research aimed at developing such tools meets specific difficulties due to the complexity and versatility of the crisis as a phenomenon in the functioning of the company. This has led to discrepancies in the definition of crisis situations, which, in turn, leads to inaccurate diagnosis, and blurring of the mechanisms for preventing and overcoming crisis situations. Therefore, work on managing crisis situations for such socio-economic systems as enterprises should begin using a systematic approach. It has been established that crisis situations management at an enterprise is a set of measures for analyzing, monitoring, and eliminating the negative impact of crisis phenomena and consequences, designed to destabilize all elements of the socio-economic system. It has been determined that crisis situations management is a complex process that requires appropriate skills, means, capabilities, and other priority elements to achieve the maximum socio-economic effect, one of which should be effective counteraction to any manifestations of the formation of a crisis. The key threats in the crisis situations management system at the enterprise are identified.

Reinterpreting identity: The influence of bureaucracy, situation definition, discrimination, and elites in Islamic education

The aim of this research is to understand in depth the phenomenon of identity reinterpretation, exploring how bureaucracy influences the definition of the situation of students and teachers, the role and effects of elite groups in determining the direction of Islamic education, and how this influences social interactions in Islamic societies. The research also discusses the changes and improvements needed to create a more inclusive and equitable Islamic education. This study uses a qualitative method. This method was chosen because this research aims to understand the phenomenon of identity reinterpretation in Islamic education in depth. This research uses in-depth interview techniques to collect data. Interviews were conducted with various informants: teachers, students, and Islamic education officials. This research explores how bureaucracy in the Islamic education system influences the definition of the situation of students and teachers, especially in the context of the emergence of discrimination or inequality. In addition, this research can examine the role and impact of elite groups in determining the direction of Islamic education and how this influences social interactions in Islamic societies. This research will discuss changes and improvements that may be needed to create more inclusive and equitable Islamic education.

Testing and Not Testing for Coronavirus on Twitter: Surfacing Testing Situations Across Scales With Interpretative Methods

How was testing—and not testing—for coronavirus articulated as a testing situation on social media in the Spring of 2020? Our study examines everyday situations of Covid-19 testing by analyzing a large corpus of Twitter data collected during the first 2 months of the pandemic. Adopting a sociological definition of testing situations, as moments in which it is no longer possible to go on in the usual way, we show how social media analysis can be used to surface a range of such situations across scales, from the individual to the societal. Practicing a form of large-scale data exploration we call “interpretative querying” within the framework of situational analysis, we delineated two types of coronavirus testing situations: those involving locations of testing and those involving relations. Using lexicon analysis and composite image analysis, we then determined what composes the two types of testing situations on Twitter during the relevant period. Our analysis shows that contrary to the focus on individual responsibility in UK government discourse on Covid-19 testing, English-language Twitter reporting on coronavirus testing at the time thematized collective relations. By a variety of means, including in-memoriam portraits and infographics, this discourse rendered explicit challenges to societal relations and arrangements arising from situations of testing and not testing for Covid-19 and highlighted the multifaceted ways in which situations of corona testing amplified asymmetrical distributions of harms and benefits between different social groupings, and between citizens and state, during the first months of the pandemic.

Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Class Management at Islamic Kindergarten (RA) Al-Islamiyah

Teachers play an essential role in managing the class. Actions that need to be taken by the teacher in creating classroom conditions are communication and interpersonal relationships between students and teachers reciprocally and effectively, arranging classroom equipment and children's seats, and planning or preparing for teaching. This research aims to find out and describe planning in-class management, organizing in-class management, implementing in-class management, and supervising PAUD class management at RA Al-Islamiyah Bandarsakti. The research method used is descriptive analysis, namely data analysis, by emphasizing meaning, reasoning, the definition of certain situations, and describing the behavior of the studied object. Data collection tools used are observation, interviews, and documentation. As for concluding using inductive thinking data, namely thoughts that depart from facts or special events, then conclusions are drawn that have a general nature from these particular facts. The results showed that: class management at RA Al-Islamiyah Bandarsakti. First, classroom management planning has been prepared since the beginning of the learning year, such as making daily lesson plans, weekly lesson plans, semester programs, and making class rules of conduct; Second, in organizing classes, the teacher uses resources according to needs, such as organizing or grouping seats for students and selecting one of the students to dare to lead activities; Third, in the implementation of class management, it is still not optimal in leading, directing, motivating, guiding, being a role model for students in the class both in speech, attitude and way of dressing, as well as the arrangement of infrastructure which is still not optimal; Fourth, in supervising class management the teacher always evaluates learning outcomes every day and then makes comparisons of previous learning outcomes.

PENDAMPINGAN BIMBINGAN BELAJAR DI DUSUN SUPITURANG KARANGPLOSO KABUPATEN MALANG

AbstractTutoring is the guidance given by experts to assist individuals in facing and solving problems related to learning.The purpose of tutoring is directing students to his potential optimally. In the process of learning activities, the teacher’s task is to guide students to find various potentials. Tutoring is provided to students of Supit Urang Village Karangploso. the difficulty and cost of an obstacle course for most students. The objective of this activity is to assist students in improving students’ motivation to learn. The method used in this study guidance activities is a method of assisted props discussion. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach that is data analysis that emphasizes the meaning, reasoning, definition of a particular situation (in a particular context) and describes what it is about the behavior of the object being studied. Data collection tool is the method of observation, interviews and documentation, while in the processing and analysis of data steps used are data reduction, data display is the process of selecting and simplifying data, display power is the presentation of data in full and verification of data is the process of drawing conclusions. By using the above methods it can be concluded that the application of tutoring in improving student learning outcomes in Supit Urang Village Karangploso is by showing effective ways of learning that is providing technical guidance about learning so that learning difficulties are experienced can be completed, helping to prepare themselves in carrying out tasks and examinations so that they have preparation in accepting the objectives and tasks given, showing ways to deal with difficulties in learning that is by identifying cases, identifying problems, making diagnoses, making prognoses, conducting treatments and doing evaluation and follow-up and assist in the development of talents and careers in the future, namely by recognizing the potential, interests, talents that exist in learners then provide guidance to determine what options will continue to major after graduating.Keywords: Discussion Method, props, Tutoring, Learning Outcomes

The show must go on(line): Livestreamed concerts and the hyper-ritualisation of genre conventions

This paper examines audience engagement at livestreamed concerts, a form of mediatised cultural consumption that saw an immense growth in popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerts, as events that draw large groups of people with similar intentions, are the perfect location for the establishment of large-scale interaction rituals – moments of group behaviour characterised by a highly intense collective emotion. Furthermore, as social occasions, concerts are organised around a set of routine interactions that construct and define the collective experience. We argue that in moving online, the definition of the (concert) situation is highly impaired due to a context collapse. In comparing two distinct audiences (classical and Dutch popular music), the first aim of this research is to explore how these differing audiences adapt their cultural behaviour to the virtual sphere. Secondly, by adopting a microsociological perspective, we aim to broaden the theoretical understanding of virtual large-scale interaction rituals, an area becoming increasingly important due to the growth in online communication. This paper uses discourse analysis of the synchronised comments, left on livestreamed concerts on Facebook Live (n = 2,075), to examine the interaction between audience members. We find that both classical and Dutch popular music audiences use a form of hyper-ritualised interaction. In an attempt to combat the plurality of meanings online, they explicitly refer back to the central conventions of the face-to-face concert. This emphasises not only the significance of genre conventions, but also presents a form of virtual interaction distinct form interpersonal interaction.

Economic Development of the Region and Its Structural Components (on the Example of the Orel Region)

Differences in the level of socio-economic development of regions are determined by many conditions and factors, such as: economic, social, political, natural, human, environmental, etc. The main goal of analyzing the socio-economic development of the region is to improve the conditions and quality of life. The article deals with the socio-economic development of the region (on the example of the Oryol region). The author analyzed the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the region, identified the problems of the region's development, outlined the prospects for the socio-economic development of the region. The assessment of the socio-economic development of the region was carried out using the average values of socio-economic indicators for two and three years. The analysis revealed an imbalance in the dynamics of the main socio-economic indicators of the development of the Oryol region. Some indicators characterized the growth of socio-economic development, others — its decline. An important aspect of the analysis was the consideration of the “Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Oryol region until 2035” in the main areas of its functioning. The effectiveness of the implementation of the planned activities was revealed, the selected indicators were studied, and the degree of their achievement was considered. The result of the study was the author’s view on the definition of the current situation of socio-economic development of the region. The main directions for improving the socio-economic development of the region are proposed, as well as the main methodological provisions are developed, cause-and-effect relationships are identified and priority directions for the development of the Oryol region are substantiated. The modern development of the Oryol region, both at the micro and macro levels, should be aimed at the active use of innovative resources, which will ensure sustainability in its socio-economic development.

Republican Freedom and Committees of Safety: Notes on Historicization in Critical Security Studies

AbstractThis paper discusses the historical case of committees of safety and their role in three republican revolutions in early modern western political history in order to conceptually contribute to the historicization of critical security studies. These committees were significant in amalgamating republican understandings of public freedom with demands for security from tyrannical oppression, thus highlighting the constitutive role of security considerations in the formation of republican polities and republican political constituencies. Yet, they also pointed to the seemingly self-defeating effects of those committees’ practices in situations perceived as revolutionary, which regularly involved clandestine, self-legitimating, and oppressive force against “enemies of the revolution” and potential internal opposition alike, and hence undermined normative notions of republican freedom. The paper introduces an analytical triad, consisting of definition of security situation, interpretative frame, and security repertoire, which allows analyzing historical situations of securitization in full complexity while at the same time allowing inter-comparability and the modeling of dynamic invocations of security by interdependent actors. Applied to the historical narrative, two interrelated conceptual consequences for a historicization of critical security studies are derived. First, prominent strands in critical security studies will profit from studying securitization as a politically constitutive, as opposed to a merely transformative, act, precisely as securitization crystallizes in historically specific, politically constitutive organizational forms, such as committees of safety. Second, the paper complicates accounts concerning the security/freedom nexus inherited from conceptual history, analyzing the entanglement of republicanism with security reasoning from the perspective of historically situated practices.

Women of courage and the seedbed of autonomy in modernity: On the transnational influence of cultures on social structure in the work of Rose Laub Coser

This paper examines the contribution of Rose Laub Coser to sociological theory in the structural tradition. Laub Coser was one of the most successful women sociologists of her generation. She was born in Berlin in 1916 but left with her family in 1924 for Antwerp in Belgium, and went into exile in 1939 in New York. Thus, Laub Coser was familiar with many cultural worlds and languages. Although she primarily lived in the United States, the transnational influence of the metropolis of Berlin is manifest in her sociological work in several ways. Conceptually, this is relevant for Laub Coser’s reception of Georg Simmel’s Soziologie. In particular, her theory of the complexity of social roles as a seedbed of individual autonomy is founded on Simmel’s theory of the importance of conflict and ambivalence for individualization. Her multiple experiences of emigration and exile influenced Laub Coser’s work, including Women of Courage, an analysis of the social lives of Eastern European and Italian migrants in the metropolis of New York, and her internationally comparative studies on the family and women’s rise in the labor market. Laub Coser investigated the social consequences of having multiple group affiliations and the conditions for such individuals in the cultural and social structure of modernity. In her transnationally comparative work of migrant cultures, she demonstrated the scope of her theory of role complexity. Contrary to images of migration bare of gender and culture, Laub Coser interprets the individuals she studied in Women of Courage as active agents of migration and provides insights on the influence that cultural definitions of situations have had toward creating the social structure of modern society. Starting from Robert K. Merton’s role-set theory and integrating Simmel’s analysis of forms of social differentiation, Laub Coser analyzed the conditions and consequences of multiple group affiliations, their observability, and the ambivalences in “cross-cutting social circles” (Simmel), which create conditions for developing individuality and individualism. The cultural mandate for women to be socialized toward the “greedy institution” of the family offers only restricted role-sets and opportunities for articulating social roles, constraining their social competencies as autonomous individuals. Despite the alienating and anomic consequences of role complexity, Laub Coser valued its liberating potential. Possibly this theoretical orientation was also influenced by her own experience as an immigrant, sociologist, and political activist in the socialist women’s movement. The posthumously published study Women of Courage is based on a research project that began in the 1980s, comprising hundreds of qualitative interviews with women who had migrated to New York in the early 1920s, and who were at least 13 years old when they immigrated. The histories of these women demonstrate their role in enabling the social mobility of their families in the receiving society. They provided insights into how cultures change and how women migrants understood their lives in the New World.

Identification of current needs of psychological and pedagogical support of families with children who have had cancer and hematological diseases

Introduction. The issue of the quality of life of children with life-threatening illnesses is directly related to the emotional trauma experienced by the entire family. In order to overcome the difficulties encountered and to help, a well-coordinated teamwork of specialists: doctors, psychologists, rehabilitation therapists, teachers, social workers, and an understanding of the current picture of the state of the intrafamily situation and the child are needed. The purpose of the study: to identify current needs of psychological and pedagogical support of families with children who have had cancer and hematological diseases in order to understand what corrective, developmental, adaptive measures are necessary to build an effective, harmonious psychological, social and pedagogical support in the post-hospital period. Materials and methods. For gathering of the information we used: the author's questionnaire of definition of the current rehabilitation situation, the technique "Parent's composition" by A.A. Shvedovskaya; family sociogram by E.G. Eidemiller, V.V. Justitzkis. We interviewed 110 respondents, 55 of them were parents and 55 children at the age of 6-14 years old, with a history of oncohematological diagnosis, being in remission at the moment of the study. Results. Specific fears and limitations of parents regarding health, learning and communication issues of their children were identified. Most families (75%) understand that successful rehabilitation requires a comprehensive approach. Problems with attention, assiduity and memorization of children (42%) were identified among difficulties. Second place in prevalence – problems in building contacts with children and new adults 34% (shyness, inability to maintain a dialogue, etc.). In third place was low interest in learning (28%). Actual themes for psychological support were the construction of personal boundaries of the relationship with the siblings, the resolution of school difficulties, the development of independence, the improvement of communication skills, and emotional intelligence. No symptoms of hospitalism and destructive relations were revealed. Conclusions. The data obtained can be used by psychologists, social workers, and health care specialists to provide comprehensive support and assistance to children who have suffered from oncohematological diseases and their families during the rehabilitation period.

A Systematic Review of the Effect of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Programs for Nurses

IntroductionNurses are at an increased risk for work-related stress resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They are susceptible due to frequent exposure to traumatic situations providing care for patients.ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review is to comprehensively review the content and characteristics of intervention programs for reducing the post-traumatic stress of nurses or nursing students, providing a basis for developing a standardized protocol for programs to promote the integrated health of nurses and protect them from stress events in clinical environments.MethodsThis is a systematic review. Participants (P) targeted nurses or nursing students; Intervention (I) included intervention programs for reducing post-traumatic stress; Comparison (C) was control groups provided with usual or no interventions ; and Outcomes (O) referred to changes in physical or emotional reactions toward post-traumatic stress. Two researchers searched four databases including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE with keywords such as “nurse,” “post-trumatic stress disorder,” “program,” and “intervention”. A total of 7,523 studies were searched and 10 studies were included for final analysis (Image 1). The Risk of Bias2 (Image 2) and the Risk of Bias for Non-randomized Study I (Image 3) were used to evaluate the quality the included studies.ResultsThe number of studies is increasing, with four studies published before 2020, and six studies published since, of which three in 2022. Definitions of trauma situations to which nurses are exposed included diverse elements such as patient death, workplace violence, the COVID-19 pandemic, and complex trauma experiences due to working environments. Most studies have provided multiple intervention sessions, which is appropriate considering the characteristics of PTSD. Most studies examined the secondary effects on mental health such as anxiety, depression, and burnout caused by stress rather than evaluating stress itself. The quality of the study was generally highly biased. The risk of bias increased for the two randomized controlled trials in terms of measurement outcomes and outcome description. The other eight non-randomized studies all included a self-reporting questionnaire of participants, leading to a risk of bias in terms of measurement outcomes.Image:Image 2:Image 3:ConclusionsStudies have been conducted to confirm the effectiveness of interventions given heightened concerns about PTSD in nurses. However, the concept of the trauma experienced by nurses was not integrally defined, and information on interventions was often limited. Efforts are required to improve the quality of research in terms of experimental study design.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Framing and related concepts in interactional sociolinguistics

This essay provides an overview of the study of framing in discourse as conducated in the field of interactional sociolinguistics. We review key theorizing on frames and related concepts such as footing, positioning, and speech activity that provides the foundation for this research. We note two basic understandings of frame in our field: interactive frames relate to situational definitions of what is going on in an interaction; knowledge schemas account for participants’ expectations regarding people, objects, and so on. We give examples of how interactional sociolinguists have applied framing to illuminate moment-by-moment constructions of meanings, identities, and relationships across a range of contexts, as well as the role of knowledge and memory in these processes. With examples from studies of cross-cultural communication, everyday conversations among family and friends, and interaction in medical and digital discourse contexts, we emphasize how frames are transformed and laminated (or layered). While social movements have not been a central focus of interactional sociolinguistics research, we note that concern for social justice has been of foundational concern from the inception of this field, and note a number of studies that have demonstrated how micro-level moments of social activism and change are discursively constructed. These studies attest to the relevance of interactional sociolinguistic analysis of framing to researchers interested in social movements.