Sites In Java Research Articles

Karst Aquifer Characterization by Means of Its Karstification Degree and Time Series Analysis (Case: Ngerong Spring in Rengel Karst, East Java, Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to define the characteristics of the karst aquifer, which is approximated by the parameters of (1) degree of karstification (Dk) and (2) time series analysis (cross-correlation and auto-correlation). This research focuses on the Ngerong Spring, the largest spring in Rengel Karst, East Java, Indonesia. Pendant rain gauge RG-3M and HOBO U20L-02 water-level data loggers were installed over one year with a recording interval of 15 minutes. Furthermore, after one year of time-series discharge data was obtained, the discharge recession coefficient was applied to make the recession formula. It was then used to estimate the karstification degree scale from 1 to 10. The aquifer memory system and the spring response to rainfall events were analyzed by auto-correlation and cross-correlation. The results of this study indicate that the karstification degree (Dk) of the Ngerong Spring system is 4.8-5.0, with one laminar and one turbulent flow subregime type. The aquifer system comprises a subregime with turbulent and laminar flow, where the substantial role in groundwater discharge plays the subregime with laminar flow. Meanwhile, time series analysis shows that the capacity of aquifer storage in the Ngerong Spring is large enough. It has a memory effect for 26.41 days, followed by a rapid response to rainfall events within 8 hours. Compared with several other karst sites in Java, the Ngerong Spring aquifer has the youngest development level with the best storage and the slowest release.

Partitioning of Ambrosia Beetle Diversity on Teak Plantations in Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands

Ambrosia beetles are the largest group of beetles living mutualistically with ambrosia fungi. Increased global shipments of forest and agricultural products have expanded the distribution of some species of ambrosia beetle. We investigated the partitioning diversity of the ambrosia beetle community on teak plantations in Indonesia’s Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands. The ambrosia beetles were collected on the twelve sites of teak plantations with different managements (un-thinned and thinned) in Java, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa Islands. Ambrosia beetles were collected ten times at 7-day intervals. The diversity of ambrosia beetles recorded in teak plantations across twelve sites in Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands were 17 species and 6154 individuals. Xyleborus affinis (47.17%), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (27.64%), and Hypothenemus sp. (12.33%) were the three dominant species. The highest and lowest species richness were found in the teak plantations in Java and Sumbawa Islands, respectively. The highest and lowest populations of ambrosia beetles were in Sulawesi and Sumbawa islands, respectively. Three factors contribute to the species richness of ambrosia beetles, i.e., temperature, rainfall, and altitude. Stand age, temperature, rainfall, altitude, and teak management contribute to ambrosia beetle abundance. Ambrosia beetle communities among islands show differences between each group, as confirmed by analysis of variance based on homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (sig. 0.001) and permutation test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (sign. 0.001). For the group of teak managements, there are differences between both teak managements, as confirmed by analysis of variance based on homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (sig. 0.001) and permutation test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (sign. 0.01). Based on the eigenvalues for PCoA axes by the Bray–Curtis method, Sulawesi Island is separate from both Java, and Sumbawa islands. However, Java and Sumbawa islands overlap each other. For groups of teak managements (thinning and non-thinning), there are overlap with each other based on the eigenvalues for PCoA axes by the Bray–Curtis method. The β-1 (Within bottle trap/local scale) contributes the highest to γ-diversity (42.46%). The relative contribution of species replacement (β-sim) in multiple sites across Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands (regional scale) provides a high contribution (85%) to overall beta diversity, and the relative contribution of β-nes to the β-sor among sites is 14.03%.

Emerging contaminants detected in aquaculture sites in Java, Indonesia

Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern (acetaminophen (ACM), trimethoprim (TMP), oxytetracycline (OTC), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) were detected in water samples from aquaculture environments and nonaquaculture sites in four regions located on the northern coast of Central Java. ACM was the most prevalent pharmaceutical, with a mean concentration ranging from not detected (n.d.) to 5.5 ± 1.9 ngL−1 (Brebes). Among the target antibiotics (TMP, OTC, SMX), OTC was the most ubiquitous, with a mean concentration varying from n.d. to 8.0 ± 3.3 ngL−1. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between TMP and SMX concentrations. Based on ecological risk assessment evaluation, the use of OTC requires serious consideration, as it presented high health risks to algae, while ACM, TMP, and SMX posed an insignificant to moderate risk to algae, invertebrates, and fish. The findings obtained from this study highlight OTC as an emerging contaminant of prominent concern. More attention needs to be given to managing and planning for the sustainable management of shrimp farms, particularly in the northern part of Central Java.

Characterization of Fine Particulate Matters Collected in the Vicinity of Coal-fired Power Plants in Java using ED-XRF

The number of coal-fired power plant in Java has been increased because of the government policy to supply the electricity in Indonesia to meet the electricity needs. This mega project is assumed to have an impact on the environmental and human health. In this study, the assessment of the air quality near the coal fired power plant has been carried out through characterization of the fine particulate matters. The particulate matters PM2.5 were collected in four sites in the vicinity of coal-fired power plant in Banten, West Java and Central Java, Indonesia. The elemental concentrations in PM2.5 such as Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb have been identified using energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence-EDXRF. The validation of XRF measurement was applied using standard reference material NIST SRM 2783 Air Particulate on Filter Media. The elemental concentration of PM2.5 especially for the toxic elements as well as the mass and black carbon were compared between four sites. For some sites, the level of elemental concentrations was lower than other industrial sites in Java, due to the sampling was carried out before the commissioning/normal operation. Further and periodical monitoring will be needed to obtain a better comprehensive result to assess the impact of coal power plant to the surrounding environment.

Exploring community assembly among Javanese and Balinese freshwater shrimps (Atyidae, Palaemonidae) through DNA barcodes

Species proliferate through evolutionary mechanisms but coexist through ecological dynamics. As such, it might be expected that mechanisms of speciation and species maintenance jointly influence the settlement of ecological communities, a process called community assembly. Disentangling the relative contribution of evolutionary and ecological dynamics might be a difficult task, particularly so for the tropical biotas due to their extreme diversity and large knowledge gaps. Here, we explore genetic diversity and distribution of 23 freshwater shrimp species of the genera Caridina and Macrobrachium in Sundaland to examine patterns of species co-occurrence based on 1583 observations across 19 sites in Java and Bali islands. DNA-based species delimitation methods applied to 204 cytochrome oxidase I sequences detected 30 operational taxonomic units and a few cases of deep intraspecific divergence. Species co-occurrence and phylogenetic community structure show no departure from expectations under a random distribution of species in landscapes and support a lottery model of community assembly. Species age estimates expand beyond the geological settlement of Sundaland, suggesting that species proliferation and community assembly are driven by mechanisms acting at distinct spatial and temporal scales.

In-depth assessment of snacking behaviour in unmarried adolescent girls 16-19years of age living in urban centres of Java, Indonesia.

Adolescence is a critical period characterized by physical, social, and developmental changes that impact on health and eating behaviour. Indonesia is experiencing dramatic economic and infrastructural changes, causing greater access to the global food industry and media. This transition is influencing food intake trends, leading to new nutritional challenges in adolescent girls. Qualitative research was conducted between November 2016 and January 2017 in five urban sites in Java, Indonesia, to examine individual, social, environmental, and macrosystem factors affecting snacking behaviours in unmarried adolescent girls 16–19 years of age. Methods entailed 30 freelisting exercises, nine key informant interviews, and 16 in‐depth interviews. Freelisting results identified over 200 snack foods, with the most salient processed convenience foods such as chips and cookies. Respondents typically snacked multiple times daily. Widespread availability of affordable and “tasty” snacks makes snack foods appealing meal substitutes. Snacks provide a distraction to boredom and loneliness and an enhancement to social gatherings. Girls exhibited limited understanding or concern about potential negative effects of snacking. Parents facilitate acquisition of nutrient‐poor snacks, whereas friends exert pressure for routine consumption of snack foods. Social media infiltrated with promotions of eateries and snack foods is likely contributing to the preponderance of snack food consumption. Routine consumption of snack foods high in sugar, salt, and fat and skipping meals will likely have long‐term consequences on the nutritional status and health of Indonesian adolescent girls. Findings underline the urgent need to develop contextually relevant, targeted behavioural change strategies to modify the potentially harmful eating and activity patterns of adolescent girls identified in this study and to curb the trajectory of overweight in urban Indonesia.

Estimating densities and spatial distribution of a commensal primate species, the long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

AbstractKnowledge about distribution of primate species and their densities is crucial for conservation and management. However, such information is often lacking or anecdotal, even for seemingly abundant species. Long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are distributed across southeast Asia and recognized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group (IUCN SSC PSG) as both widespread and rapidly declining. Precise local density and abundance data are scarce across their range. To provide density and abundance estimates for a long‐tailed macaque population we conducted line transect distance sampling throughout Baluran National Park (250 km2), East Java, Indonesia covering all habitats. Long‐tailed macaque density was 41.4 ind/km2 (95% confidence interval, CI: 23.04–74.39), with an estimated abundance of 10,350 individuals (95% CI: 5,760–18,598). A density of 41.4 ind/km2 is lower than previous estimates for other sites in Java. Species distribution and habitat suitability analysis revealed a macaque preference for areas close to or on roads and trails, invasive acacia and/or native savannah. Long‐tailed macaques were provisioned with human food by commuters and tourists along roads and trails, probably structuring their distribution/habitat use. To evaluate if long‐tailed‐macaques have been overestimated for years, we also conducted a nonrandom point distance sampling survey according to macaque presence restricted to roads and trails. This survey provided density and abundance results much higher than the line transect distance sampling survey. Our study provides much needed baseline data for this species. Baluran National Park management and management in other areas can use these results to create informed management decisions regarding long‐tailed macaques. We recommend conducting systematic surveys of long‐tailed macaques throughout their range, and possibly reassessing conservation status, and conservation and management measures for long‐tailed macaques.

ANALISIS DAYASAING JAGUNG DI WILAYAH SENTRA PRODUKSI DI INDONESIA DENGAN PENDEKATAN POLICY ANALYSIS MATRIX (PAM)

The objectives of this research are to analyze competitiveness and the impact of government’s policy of maize farming in several central productions in Indonesia. This research was conducted to analyze maize competitiveness using PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix) method. Data sample was conducted at four maize production centers, including East Java, Central Java, West Java, and South Sulawesi. The results show the forth centre have competitiveness. This showed by PCR values in some production areas less than 1 and for competitive advantage, indicated by DRCR values in production areas also less than 1. Analysis of the Government policy aspect, the government has been able to provide positive incentives for maize farming in North Jawa, Centre of Jawa and West Java. The impact of government policy on inputs and outputs simultaneously can provide a positive incentive to farmers at maize production sites in Java. But the government’s policy hasn’t been able to provide for output in Sulawesi Selatan. The conclusion is the fourth centres of maize production have competitive and comparative advantage. Sulawesi Selatan has high comparative advantages, so Sulawesi Selatan has high potential to improve maize farming.

Kisah-kisah dan Kepercayaan Rakyat di Seputar Kepurbakalaan

<p>Some archeological sites in Java, Bali, and Sumatra do not have historical data. This is because during the research, there has not been found any documents relating to the existence of the artifacts. The reconstruction of the relation between the sites and their history were made through analyzing the folk stories and local beliefs about the artifacts. Some of the artifacts are in the forms of temples, gates, water springs (source of holy water during the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Java), stairs, caves for meditation, and layers of stones, such as found in Candi Bima (the Bima temple), Goa Jaran (the cave of the horse), and Bima Lukar water spring in Dieng; the story of the statue of Kunto Bimo in Borobudur temple; the story of Prince Gunadharma in the vicinity of the Borobudur temple, Moonstone in Kalasan temple, and the story of Prambanan temple and the palace of Ratu Baka in Jogjakarta, the Jalatunda water spring in Mojokerto; the story of the cave of Selamangleng and the story of the statue of Thothokkerot in Kediri; the Brahu temple and the Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan; the first gate of Candi Sukuh in Karanganyar; the big Nekara in Pura Penataran Sasih in Gianyar, Bali; the Karang Kamulyan site in Ciamis, West Java; the Pasemah megalith, in Pagar Alam, South Sumatra. Van Peursen’s ontological approach is used in the research to analyze the relation between the artifacts and the society, thus a study of the past is in the open.</p>

Niche overlap and competition potential among tigers (Panthera tigris), sabertoothed cats (Homotherium ultimum, Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii) and Merriam's Dog (Megacyon merriami) in the Pleistocene of Java

On Java during the Pleistocene, tigers of more than 300kg occurred, but these are restricted to a single Late Pleistocene faunal unit, while Early and Middle Pleistocene tigers possessed body masses comparable to those of historic Javanese and extant Sumatran tigers. However, former studies have excluded carnivores from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sangiran where tigers co-occurred with machairodonts (Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii and Homotherium ultimum) and the large Merriam's Dog (Megacyon merriami). The aim of this study is to test if large tiger individuals occurred already in Early and/or Middle Pleistocene sites in Java and evaluate competition potential among carnivores from Sangiran and its consequences.We calculated body masses and prey mass spectrum for tigers and potential competitors using linear regressions. Niche overlap was then estimated based on the prey mass spectrum after which niche-overlaps were used as indicators for competition potentials. Reconstructed body mass for H. ultimum, H. zwierzyckii, M. merriami are 154kg (comparable to Homotherium from Untermassfeld), 130kg and 52kg, respectively. The niche overlap between tigers and Merriam's Dog is highest (100%) while it is comparatively low (60%) between tigers and H. ultimum. Tigers have not increased body mass before Ngandong faunal level, but competitors like Merriam's Dog seem to have decreased body mass to avoid competition with tigers. The sabertoothed cats on the other hand seem to have been unable to adapt to competition and went extinct.

Efficient runtime tracking of allocation sites in Java

Tracking the allocation site of every object at runtime is useful for reliable, optimized Java. To be used in production environments, the tracking must be accurate with minimal speed loss. Previous approaches suffer from performance degradation due to the additional field added to each object or track the allocation sites only probabilistically. We propose two novel approaches to track the allocation sites of every object in Java with only a 1.0% slow-down on average. Our first approach, the Allocation-Site-as-a-Hash-code (ASH) Tracker , encodes the allocation site ID of an object into the hash code field of its header by regarding the ID as part of the hash code. ASH Tracker avoids an excessive increase in hash code collisions by dynamically shrinking the bit-length of the ID as more and more objects are allocated at that site. For those Java VMs without the hash code field, our second approach, the Allocation-Site-via-a-Class-pointer (ASC) Tracker , makes the class pointer field in an object header refer to the allocation site structure of the object, which in turn points to the actual class structure. ASC Tracker mitigates the indirection overhead by constant-class-field duplication and allocation-site equality checks. While a previous approach of adding a 4-byte field caused up to 14.4% and an average 5% slowdown, both ASH and ASC Trackers incur at most a 2.0% and an average 1.0% loss. We demonstrate the usefulness of our low-overhead trackers by an allocation-site-aware memory leak detector and allocation-site-based pretenuring in generational GC. Our pretenuring achieved on average 1.8% and up to 11.8% speedups in SPECjvm2008.

H5N1 Surveillance in Migratory Birds in Java, Indonesia

We sought to elucidate the role of migratory birds in transmission of H5N1 in an enzoonotic area. Resident, captive, and migratory birds were sampled at five sites in Java, Indonesia. Mist nets were used to trap birds. Birds were identified to species. RNA was extracted from swabs and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) conducted for the HA and M genes of H5N1. Antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test. Between October 2006 and September 2007, a total of 4,067 captive, resident, and migratory birds comprising 98 species in 23 genera were sampled. The most commonly collected birds were the common sandpiper (6% of total), striated heron (3%), and the domestic chicken (14%). The overall prevalence of H5N1 antibodies was 5.3%. A significantly higher percentage of captive birds (16.1%) showed antibody evidence of H5N1 exposure when compared to migratory or resident birds. The greatest number of seropositive birds in each category were Muschovy duck (captive), striated heron (resident), and the Pacific golden plover (migratory). Seven apparently well captive birds yielded molecular evidence of H5N1 infection. Following amplification, the HA, NA, and M genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene showed that the isolates were 97% similar to EU124153.1 A/chicken/West Java/Garut May 2006, an isolate obtained in a similar region of West Java. While no known markers of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance were found within the NA gene, M segment analysis revealed the V27A mutation known to confer resistance to adamantanes. Our results demonstrate moderate serologic evidence of H5N1 infection in captive birds, sampled in five sites in Java, Indonesia, but only occasional infection in resident and migratory birds. These data imply that in an enzoonotic region of Indonesia the role of migratory birds in transmission of H5N1 is limited.

Climate, people and faunal succession on Java, Indonesia: evidence from Song Gupuh

Song Gupuh, a partially collapsed cave in the Gunung Sewu Limestones of East Java, Indonesia, contains over 16 m of deposits with a faunal sequence spanning some 70 ka. Major changes in the range of animals represented show the impact of climate change and humans. The Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene was a period of maximum biodiversity. Human use of Song Gupuh and other cave sites in the region also intensified significantly from ca. 12 ka, together with a new focus on exploitation of small-bodied species (macaque monkeys and molluscs), the first evidence for import of resources from the coast, and use of bone and shell tools. Human activity, especially after the onset of the Neolithic around 2.6 ka, subsequently contributed to a progressive loss of many species from the area, including tapir, elephant, Malayan bear, rhino and tiger, and this extinction process is continuing. We conclude by discussing the biogeographical significance of Song Gupuh in the context of other sites in Java (e.g. Punung, Wajak) and further afield (e.g. Liang Bua).

ESR dating in Song Terus cave (East Java, Indonesia)

Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating on teeth has been used to determine the antiquity of the human presence in the area of Gunung Sewu (East Java, Indonesia). The Song Terus cave is one of the archaeological sites located in this area, which has yielded an important collection of fossil bones and prehistoric lithic industry. ESR dating shows that this cave belongs to a karstic system which has been in place since Middle Pleistocene. The results of coupled ESR/Uranium-series dating indicates closed system for uranium in tooth tissues yielding ages of between 216 and 392 ka for the oldest archaeological levels, confirming the possibility of finding Middle Pleistocene human occupations in such karstic sites in Java.

Concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur species in gas and rainwater from six sites in Indonesia.

Gas mixing ratios of SO2, NO2 and HNO3 and nitrate and sulfate concentrations in rainwater have beenmeasured at six sites in Indonesia. The sites, Jakarta, Serang,Cilegon, Merak and Bogor, in Java, and Bukit Koto Tabang inSumatra, provide a range of pollution regimes in Indonesia.Jakarta and Bogor are heavily polluted sites in Java, whereasBukit Koto Tabang is a clean air station in a relativelyunpopulated area on the west coast of equatorial Sumatra. At thesesites rainwater was collected daily and gas samples weeklyduring 1996. The other three sites Serang, Cilegon and Merakrepresent smaller regional towns in west Java. At these sitesrainwater samples were collected weekly from June 1991 untilJune 1992.The results show that Jakarta has the highest volume-weightedmean sulfate concentrations in rainwater while the lowest weremeasured at Bukit Koto Tabang. Volume-weighted mean nitrateconcentration was about 24 μeq L-1 at Jakarta and Bogor,significantly higher than the 0.8 μeq L-1 measured atBukit Koto Tabang.Sulfur dioxide mixing ratios ranged from 4–7 ppbv in Jakarta toan average of 1.3 ppbv at Bukit Koto Tabang. Nitrogen dioxidemixing ratio was highest in Jakarta averaging 28 ppbv comparedwith the background mixing ratio of 1.2 ppbv at Bukit KotoTabang. Using dry deposition velocities estimated during aseparate study in the similar conditions of Malaysia enabled drydeposition estimates of SO2, HNO3 and NO2.Results of estimated total acidic S and N deposition (wet anddry) were greater than 250 meq m-2 yr-1 at the Jakartaand Bogor sites compared with about 23 meq m-2 yr-1 atBukit Koto Tabang. At Jakarta and Bogor dry deposition accountedfor more than 50% of the total deposition estimates compared with about 20% at Bukit Koto Tabang. Such deposition rates arehigh when compared to critical loads estimated for Indonesia bythe RAINS-Asia model. In this model, critical loads in western Java and equatorial western Sumatra fall into one of twoclasses: 50–100 and 20–50 meq m-2 yr-1. Thus acidic deposition flux at Jakarta and Bogor wasfound to be above the predicted critical loads even for the moreacid insensitive soils.

Seasonal patterns of egg parasitism and natural biological control of rice brown planthopper in Indonesia

Summary1 Egg mortality is known to be an important factor in brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens) population dynamics in tropical Asia, but few quantitative data are available on the role of egg parasitoids.2 Field studies are reported at two sites in Java, Indonesia, over a period of 4 years in both wet and dry seasons, where no chemical pesticides were used. Rice plants previously infested in the laboratory with BPH eggs were exposed to natural parasitism and predation in experimental fields for periods of 5 days.3 Egg batches were dissected from both experimental and control plants after field exposure at seven fortnightly intervals through the rice growing season and BPH nymphs and adult parasitoids were allowed to emerge.4 Parasitism by species of Oligosita (Hymenopera, Trichogrammatidae) and Anagrus (Hym., Mymaridae) varied between 18% and 61% in dry, and from 1% to 65% in wet, seasons. There was generally a trend from low to higher rates through wet seasons, contrasting with more uniform higher levels through dry seasons.5 Reduction in BPH survival as a result of egg parasitism varied between 29% and 91%. Generally parasitism was density independent.6 It is suggested that lower initial levels of parasitism in dry seasons may be due to the longer fallow period between dry and wet, than between wet and dry, resulting in lower local populations of appropriate natural enemies.7 Unlike previous studies in Asia, little evidence was found for egg predation as an important mortality factor.8 The conservation of egg parasitoids should form part of any rice pest management programmes in tropical Asia.

Age of the Earliest Known Hominids in Java, Indonesia

40Ar/39Ar laser-incremental heating of hornblende separated from pumice recovered at two hominid sites in Java, Indonesia, has yielded well-defined plateaus with weighted mean ages of 1.81 +/- 0.04 and 1.66 +/- 0.04 million years ago (Ma). The hominid fossils, a juvenile calvaria of Pithecanthropus and a partial face and cranial fragments of Meganthropus, commonly considered part of the Asian Homo erectus hypodigm, are at least 0.6 million years older than fossils referred to as Homo erectus (OH-9) from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and comparable in age with the oldest Koobi Fora Homo cf. erectus (Homo ergaster) in Kenya. These ages lend further credence to the view that Homo erectus may have evolved outside of Africa. If the ancestor of Homo erectus ventured out of Africa before 1.8 Ma, the dispersal would have predated the advent of the Acheulean culture at 1.4 Ma, possibly explaining the absence of these characteristic stone cleavers and hand axes in East Asia.

Observations on a parasitic allodapine bee and its hosts in Java and Malaysia (Hymenoptera Anthophoridae Allodapine)

Braunsapis breviceps (Cockerell 1920), a parasitic species hitherto known from a single specimen, was found in nests of the nonparasitic species Braunsapis hewitti (Cameron 1908) and B. puangensis (Cockerell 1929) in Java and Malaysia. B. breviceps is probably a social parasite; a female probably functionally replaces the egg layer in a host nest. The species has never been taken on flowers in spite of extensive collection near nest sites in Java. Morphological attributes of the parasite and of the related nonparasitic species are described, including shortened mouthparts and head as well as the reduced pollen carrying scopa. Characters of larvae are also illustrated and described.

Diversity of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) in Java based on Planting Sites

The research was to find out similarity among soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars in Java based on site planting by morphological taxonomy evidences. Fresh samples of soybean were collected from 20 sites in Java and 20 samples were collected in every site. Soybean was observed at flowering and seed maturing time. The similarity wasdetermined by Euclidean distance and clustered by average linkage. The result showed that soybean from Bantul wassplit by another 19 cultivars. The remaining cultivars were split into two groups. The first, i.e.: Tangerang, Garut, Wonogiri, Klaten, and Sukoharjo, and the second, i.e. Tuban, Wonosari, Pasuruan, Pati, Karawang, Yogyakarta, Sumedang, Purwokerto, Wates, Bojonegoro, Lumajang, Ngawi, Sleman, and Sukabumi. They were split into several little groups. The cultivars between Tuban and Wonosari, Ngawi and Sleman, also Tangerang and Garut had closed relationships.
 Keywords: soybean, planting site, relationship.