Site-specific Adaptation Research Articles

Microbiome flexibility enhances the resilience of the potentially invasive coral Tubastraea aurea to abrupt environmental changes: Insights from a shallow water hydrothermal vent transplantation study

To comprehend the effects of potentially invasive coral Tubastraea aurea on marine ecosystems, it is crucial to understand their adaptive strategies to survive environmental changes and perturbations. Therefore, a cross-transplantation study was conducted to assess the microbiome's role in the resilience of T. aurea to sudden environmental changes.Hydrographic analyses revealed distinct ecological conditions at two sites: a hydrothermal vent (HV) site, characterized by harsh environmental conditions serving as a natural laboratory for future oceanic changes, and a regular coastal site Fulong (FU). Both sites showed significant differences in pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Using Oxford Nanopore Technologies, we examined bacterial dynamics in coral tissue, mucus and ambient sediment samples following cross-transplantation experiments. We observed a rapid shift in dominant bacterial groups post-transplantation with transplanted corals acquiring microbiomes similar to native corals from their respective sites within 16 days. The bacteria Endozoicomonas euniceicola and Ruegeria profundi were dominant in both native and transplanted corals, suggesting their critical role in coral resilience. Furthermore, the enrichment of certain bacterial taxa post-transplantation suggests that opportunistic species also contribute to host acclimatization. Functional profiling data indicated that there was site-specific adaptation because corals had acquired beneficial bacterial assemblages to assist them cope with environmental stressors. More specifically, there was a switch towards sulfur and nitrogen metabolism in corals that moved to high sulfidic environments, while corals transplanted into normal coastal environments showed enriched photoautotrophic processes due to their symbionts. Our study underscored the highly flexible microbiome of T. aurea and its pivotal role in facilitating host resilience to environmental perturbations, particularly in the context of its potential invasiveness. Hence, these findings contribute to the understanding of coral-microbiome dynamics and emphasize the necessity of considering microbially-mediated resilience in managing potentially invasive coral species in marine ecosystems around the world, especially as ocean conditions continue to change.

Trends in extreme rainfall and their relationship to flooding episodes in Vhembe district, South Africa

Extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfall, are being increased by climate change in various regions, and such events often cause floods. This study examined the trends and variability of extreme rainfall indices using daily rainfall data (1981–2023) from three study sites at different socio-economic development spectra in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The analyses focus on indices such as the annual total rainfall from wet days (PRCPTOT), the maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD) and wet days (CWD), annual maximum 1-day and 5-day rainfall (RX1 day and RX5 day), the Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII), the number of days exceeding varying amounts of precipitation (R10, R20, R40) and the annual number of wet days with rainfall greater than the 95th and 99th percentile (R95p and R99p) of the 1981–2023 daily rainfall. We discuss the observed trends in extreme rainfall indices in light of the actual flood occurrences to establish linkages. Several statistically significant and marginal changes in extreme rainfall trends were identified and provided key insights into reported flooding events in the district—flooding episodes were mainly attributed to the significant increases in total precipitation (PRCPTOT) and rainfall exceeding the 99th percentile of daily rainfall (R99p). Other significant contributors were declining CDD and increasing RX1day at Duthuni, increasing R40 at Musina as well as increasing R1 and declining CDD at Sane. However, the low altitude, urbanization, poor waste management and inadequate drainage systems were among the key non-climatic drivers of flood risk across the study sites, but these warrant further investigation. The complex interplay between climatic and non-climatic drivers of flood risk underscores the importance of localized climate studies and the need for adaptive strategies to minimize loss and damage. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into localized extreme rainfall trends, which are essential for developing site-specific flood mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, such initiatives require placing vulnerable communities at the centre in order to develop solutions that are locally led and relevant.

The immune landscape of the inflamed joint defined by spectral flow cytometry.

Cellular phenotype and function are altered in different microenvironments. For targeted therapies it is important to understand site-specific cellular adaptations. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is characterised by autoimmune joint inflammation, with frequent inadequate treatment responses. To comprehensively assess the inflammatory immune landscape, we designed a 37-parameter spectral flow cytometry panel delineating mononuclear cells from JIA synovial fluid (SF) of autoimmune inflamed joints, compared to JIA and healthy control blood. Synovial monocytes and NK cells (CD56bright) lack Fc-receptor CD16, suggesting antibody-mediated targeting may be ineffective. B cells and DCs, both in small frequencies in SF, undergo maturation with high 4-1BB, CD71, CD39 expression, supporting T cell activation. SF effector and regulatory T cells were highly active with newly described co-receptor combinations that may alter function, and suggestion of metabolic reprogramming via CD71, TNFR2 and PD-1. Most SF effector phenotypes, as well as an identified CD4-Foxp3+ T cell population, were restricted to the inflamed joint, yet specific SF-predominant CD4+Foxp3+ Treg subpopulations were increased in blood of active but not inactive JIA, suggesting possible recirculation and loss of immunoregulation at distal sites. This first comprehensive dataset of the site-specific inflammatory landscape at protein level will inform functional studies and the development of targeted therapeutics to restore immunoregulatory balance and achieve remission in JIA.

Learning for collaborative action: learning domains and processes in place-based climate adaptation workshops

Communities facing complex social and environmental challenges may benefit from opportunities for collaborative learning. Place-based climate adaptation workshops, which help stakeholders to incorporate climate projections into site-specific adaptation strategies, are one space where learning can occur. We studied learning in eight facilitated climate adaptation workshops held in-person (n = 2) and online (n = 6) in the United States between 2021 and 2023. Workshops averaged 24 participants and included state and local government employees, representatives from non-governmental organizations, interested citizens, academics, and others. We examined declarative, procedural, and relational learning and the processes through which knowledge was created and shared. We found evidence for learning across domains. Participants linked learning to a range of workshop elements, including collaborative workbooks, plenary presentations, and handouts. We found no meaningful differences between online and in-person workshops, suggesting that a range of workshop formats support meaningful learning. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for understanding and fostering learning.

Toxicity Evaluation of Water and Pore Water from a Pilot-Scale Pit Lake in the Alberta Oil Sands Region to Daphnia Species.

Significant amounts of tailings and oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are generated by bitumen extraction in the Alberta Oil Sands region. These by-products are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms and require remediation. The study site was Lake Miwasin, a pilot-scale pit lake integrated into broader reclamation efforts. It consists of treated tailings overlaid with blended OSPW and freshwater, exhibiting meromictic conditions and harboring aquatic communities. This study assessed the potential toxicity of Lake Miwasin surface water (LMW) and pore water (LMP) using saline-acclimated Cladocera, including lab strains of Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex and native Daphnia species collected in brackish Humboldt Lake (HL) and Lake Miwasin (LM). The pore water evaluation was used to represent a worst-case water quality scenario during pond stratification. Additionally, the inclusion of native organisms incorporated site-specific adaptations and regional sensitivity into the toxicity evaluation. Our results showed that LMW did not display acute or chronic toxicity to lab species and native Daphnia sp. (HL). Conversely, LMP was acutely toxic to both lab species and native D. pulex (LM). In chronic tests (12days exposure), LMP negatively affected reproduction in D. pulex (lab), with reductions in the number of offspring. Limited ability to acclimated organisms to the high salinity levels of LMP resulted in a shortened exposure duration for the chronic toxicity test. In addition to salinity being identified as a stressor in LMP, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phase I findings demonstrated that the observed toxicity for D. magna (lab) and D. pulex (LM, native) might be attributed to ammonia and metals in LMP. Further investigations are required to confirm the contributions of these stressors to LMP toxicity.

Spatio-Temporal Trends in Precipitation, Temperature, and Extremes: A Study of Malawi and Zambia (1981–2021)

Analyzing long-term climate changes is a prerequisite for identifying hotspot areas and developing site-specific adaptation measures. The current study focuses on assessing changes in precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and potential evapotranspiration in Zambia and Malawi from 1981 to 2021. High-resolution precipitation and temperature datasets are used, namely, Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (0.05°) and Multi-Source Weather (0.1°). The Mann–Kendall trend test and Sen’s Slope methods are employed to assess the changes. The trend analysis shows a non-significant increase in annual precipitation in many parts of Zambia and Central Malawi. In Zambia and Malawi, the average annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures show a statistically significant increasing trend (up to 0.6 °C/decade). The change in precipitation during the major rainy seasons (December–April) shows a non-significant increasing trend (up to 3 mm/year) in a large part of Zambia and Central Malawi. However, Malawi and Northern Zambia show a non-significant decreasing trend (up to −5 mm/year). The change in December–April precipitation significantly correlates with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (Indian Ocean Dipole) in Southern (Northern) Zambia and Malawi. To minimize the impact of the observed changes, it is imperative to develop adaptation measures to foster sustainability in the region.

Military community engagement to prevent firearm-related violence: adaptation of project safe guard for service members

BackgroundSuicide, especially by firearm, remains a leading cause of death in military populations in the USA. Reducing access to firearms, especially during high risk times, may help prevent suicide and other forms of violence. The purpose of this study was to adapt a promising existing lethal means safety intervention (Project Safe Guard, PSG) for cross-cutting violence prevention and peer support in active-duty service communities using community engagement methods.MethodsA two-pronged community-engaged research approach was employed, including the Community Translation (CT) process that engaged 15 Service Members from one installation to help adapt PSG successfully. In addition, qualitative data was collected from 40 active-duty service members and military violence prevention specialists through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.ResultsQualitative data and CT feedback led to site-specific PSG adaptations. Participants emphasized the importance of peer-to-peer discussions and highlighted resource allocation, leadership support, and stigma on firearm ownership as potential implementation challenges.ConclusionsFindings demonstrate the feasibility of community-engaged research to adapt lethal means safety interventions within military populations. PSG implementation should consider resource allocation, leadership support, and addressing stigma. This study has implications for future policies and standards for performing research on sensitive topics, particularly among military populations.

Multimodal profiling reveals site-specific adaptation and tissue residency hallmarks of γδ T cells across organs in mice

γδ T cells perform heterogeneous functions in homeostasis and disease across tissues. However, it is unclear whether these roles correspond to distinct γδ subsets or to a homogeneous population of cells exerting context-dependent functions. Here, by cross-organ multimodal single-cell profiling, we reveal that various mouse tissues harbor unique site-adapted γδ subsets. Epidermal and intestinal intraepithelial γδ T cells are transcriptionally homogeneous and exhibit epigenetic hallmarks of functional diversity. Through parabiosis experiments, we uncovered cellular states associated with cytotoxicity, innate-like rapid interferon-γ production and tissue repair functions displaying tissue residency hallmarks. Notably, our observations add nuance to the link between interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells and tissue residency. Moreover, transcriptional programs associated with tissue-resident γδ T cells are analogous to those of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells. Altogether, this study provides a multimodal landscape of tissue-adapted γδ T cells, revealing heterogeneity, lineage relationships and their tissue residency program.

Application of geoinformation systems in the agricultural complex

Precision farming, encompassing coordinated farming, adaptive landscape farming, and precision farming, represents a scientific paradigm in agricultural production that capitalizes on the inherent variability in soil fertility within localized areas. By tailoring practices to specific soil characteristics, precision farming optimizes profitability through the targeted application of fertilizers and plant protection products. Serving as the epitome of flexible landscape farming, precision farming integrates advanced agricultural technologies to achieve heightened productivity levels. Data collected through precision farming practices informs critical aspects of agricultural management, including strategic planting, precise calculation of input quantities, improved crop forecasting, and enhanced financial planning. Successful implementation of precision farming hinges on a thorough consideration of local soil attributes and climatic conditions, underscoring the importance of site-specific adaptation in modern agricultural strategies.

Development of the Centering-Based Group Care Adaptation Framework, a supporting tool when implementing Centering-Based Group Care

Background: Centering-Based Group Care (CBGC) is an alternative way of delivering antenatal and/or postnatal care, and includes three core components: (1) health assessment, (2) interactive learning, and (3) community building. Despite the increasing interest in CBGC worldwide, implementation can be challenging and adaptations are required for sustainable implementation while maintaining the core components. Examples of site-specific adaptations for implementation are documented but are scattered and a hands-on tool for practice has not been created. This study aims to develop a CBGC adaptation framework that supports sustainable implementation within and across different contexts.
 Methods: We conducted a context-analysis using a Rapid Qualitative Inquiry (RQI) approach in 26 sites in seven participating countries (Belgium, Ghana, Kosovo, South Africa, Suriname, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom) during the pre-implementation phase. We conducted 335 semi-structured interviews with service users (n=150) and with key stakeholders such as politicians, health care managers, health care providers, religious leaders (n=185). 10 focus group discussions with service users and 56 review meetings with the local research teams were included. In addition, national guidelines and documents were analysed for their CBGC-relevant content. RQI included data triangulation and investigator triangulation. We incorporated data from the RQI into the iteratively evolving adaptation framework and systematically discussed preliminary versions with country-specific research teams. Insights and feedback from these teams were incorporated to create the final version of the CBGC adaptation framework. 
 Results: We identified six universal surface adaptations categories (content, materials, timing, location, group composition, facilitators), and five universal deep structure adaptations categories (self-assessment/medical check-up, scheduling CBGC into regular care, enrolment, (possible) partner organisations, financials). The CBGC Adaptation Framework provides an overview of the site’s adaptation needs, expected barriers and facilitators, and encourages the development of an action plan to apply these adaptations in practice.
 Conclusion: The Adaptation Framework is a useful tool to identify surface and deep structure adaptation categories. In this way, it serves as a useful tool to provide the necessary support during the complex implementation of CBGC. Completing the framework raises awareness of multiple levels of adaptations that must be considered if sustainable implementation of CBGC is to be achieved.

Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022

Abstract. Droughts are among the most complex and devastating natural hazards globally. High-resolution datasets of drought metrics are essential for monitoring and quantifying the severity, duration, frequency, and spatial extent of droughts at regional and particularly local scales. However, current global drought indices are available only at a coarser spatial resolution (>50 km). To fill this gap, we developed four high-resolution (5 km) gridded drought records based on the standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) covering the period 1981–2022. These multi-scale (1–48 months) SPEI indices are computed based on monthly precipitation (P) from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station Data (CHIRPS, version 2) and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP, version 2.8), and potential evapotranspiration (PET) from the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM, version 3.7a) and hourly Potential Evapotranspiration (hPET). We generated four SPEI records based on all possible combinations of P and PET datasets: CHIRPS_GLEAM, CHIRPS_hPET, MSWEP_GLEAM, and MSWEP_hPET. These drought records were evaluated globally and exhibited excellent agreement with observation-based estimates of SPEI, root zone soil moisture, and vegetation health indices. The newly developed high-resolution datasets provide more detailed local information and can be used to assess drought severity for particular periods and regions and to determine global, regional, and local trends, thereby supporting the development of site-specific adaptation measures. These datasets are publicly available at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA; https://doi.org/10.5285/ac43da11867243a1bb414e1637802dec) (Gebrechorkos et al., 2023).

Integrating family farmers’ perceptions with meteorological records and national climate change projections to enhance site-specific adaptation knowledge

Integrating family farmers’ perceptions with meteorological records and national climate change projections to enhance site-specific adaptation knowledge

Diurnal urban heat risk assessment using extreme air temperatures and real-time population data in Seoul

Previous heat risk assessments have limitations in obtaining accurate heat hazard sources and capturing population distributions, which change over time. This study proposes a diurnal heat risk assessment framework incorporating spatiotemporal air temperature and real-time population data. Daytime and nighttime heat risk maps were generated using hazard, exposure, and vulnerability components in Seoul during the summer of 2018. The hazard was derived from the daily extreme air temperatures obtained using the stacking machine learning model. Exposure was calculated using de facto population density, and vulnerability was assessed using demographic and socioeconomic indicators. The resulting maps revealed distinct diurnal spatial patterns, with high-risk areas in the urban core during the day and dispersed at night. Daytime heat risk was strongly correlated with heat-related illness ratios (R= 0.8) and accurately captured temporal fluctuations in heat-related illness incidence. The proposed framework can guide site-specific adaptation and response plans for dynamic urban heat events.

Yield performance and agronomic characteristics of several candidate hybrid maize varieties on uncultivated land

Corn is currently a strategic and dominant national commodity used as raw material for animal feed. The increase in productivity was made possible by the continued assembly of hybrid corn which has a higher production per hectare with a wide or site-specific adaptation rate. Due to the wide utilization of maize, the main objective of all commercial maize breeding programs is to obtain new inbred and hybrids which will outperform the hybrids mainly on grain yield characteristics. This research was conducted in Bone Regency to know the yield potential of several hybrid maize on uncultivated land, using a randomized block design, 4 replications, a plot area of 3 x 5 m, and spacing of 70 x 20 cm. The material used consisted of 4 hybrids and 2 comparison varieties. The results showed that the hybrid G1603 (11.61 t/ha) showed the highest grain yield and was not significantly different from the comparison varieties. This result was supported by the character of the number of rows of seeds per ear, the length of the ear, and the diameter. These characteristics need to be considered to get hybrid corn with a high grain yield.

Agro-morphological and nutritional assessment of chenopod and quinoa germplasm-Highly adaptable potential crops.

Quinoa belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae, a pseudo-grain having high nutritional value and is considered an underexploited vegetable crop with the potential to improve the nutritional security of millions. Therefore, assessing genetic diversity in Chenopodium germplasm to untap nutritional and site-specific adaptation potential would be of prime importance for breeders/researchers. The present study used 10 accessions of two Chenopodium species, that is, C. quinoa and C. album. Quantitative and qualitative phenotypic traits, proximate composition, minerals, and amino acids profiles were studied to compare the differences in nutritional value and extent of genetic diversity between these two species. Our results showed significant variation existed in yield attributing agro-morphological traits. All the traits were considered for hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis. Large genetic variability was observed in traits of Chenopodium accessions. The protein, dietary fiber, oil, and sugar content ranged from 16.6% to 19.7%, 16.8% to 26%, 3.54% to 8.46%, and 3.74% to 5.64%, respectively. The results showed that C. album and C. quinoa seeds had good nutritional value and health-promoting benefits. The C. quinoa was slightly ahead of than C. album in terms of nutritional value, but C. album accession IC415477 was at par for higher test weight, seed yield (117.02 g/plant), and other nutritional parameters with C. quinoa accessions. IC415477 and other potential accessions observed in this study may be taken up by breeders/researchers in the near future to dissect nutritional value of Chenopodium and related species for dietary diversity, which is imperative for the nutritional security of the ever-growing world's population.

Projected impacts of sowing date and cultivar choice on the timing of heat and drought stress in spring barley grown along a European transect

Barley is one of the most important cereals for animal and human consumption. Barley heading and grain filling are especially vulnerable to heat and drought stress, which are projected to increase in the future. Therefore, site-specific adaptation options, like cultivar choice or shifting sowing dates, will be necessary. Using a global climate model ensemble and a phenology model we projected spring barley heading and maturity dates for 2031–50 for climatically contrasting sites: Helsinki (Finland), Dundee (Scotland) and Zaragoza (Spain). We compared the projected future heading and maturity dates with the baseline period (1981–2010) and described corresponding heat and drought stress conditions and how they were affected by adaptation options, i.e. shifting the sowing date by + /- 10–20 days, choosing early or late heading cultivars or combining both adaptation options, with agroclimatic indicators. At all sites and sowing dates, heading and maturity in 2031–50 occurred earlier (up to three weeks with earliest sowing) than in the baseline period. Along the European transect, the projected heading and grain filling periods were hotter than under baseline conditions but advancing heading alleviated heat stress notably. Different indicators signaled more severe drought conditions for 2031–50. At Helsinki, delayed heading periods were exposed to less drought stress, likely because the typical early summer droughts were avoided. At Zaragoza, fewer, yet more intense, rainfall events occurred during grain filling of the early cultivars. Only under scenario RCP4.5, heading and grain filling periods at Dundee were slightly wetter for the early cultivars. Our study provides a unique overview of agroclimatic conditions for heading and grain filling periods projected for 2031–50 along a climatic transect and quantifies the effects of different adaptations for spring barley. The approach can be extended by coupling the agroclimatic indicators with crop modelling.

Analyzing the impact of extreme heat events and drought on wheat yield and protein concentration, and adaptation strategies using long-term cultivar trials under semi-arid conditions

Extreme weather events, lower precipitation and higher temperatures play a relevant role in the assessment of wheat yield and protein concentration under future weather conditions in Mediterranean environments. To explore this topic, a dataset of long-term wheat cultivar trials carried out in 17 locations in Andalusia, southern Spain, between 1990 and 2017, and covering a wide range of weather conditions, has been analyzed.The occurrence of maximum temperatures surpassing 32.5°C during heading showed significant correlations with yield, and generated reductions of up to 30% of the maximum observed yield. Similarly, water stress up to 20 days after heading or numerous days with both high temperatures and water stress up to 45 days after heading, also showed significant correlations with yield, and generated reductions of up to 23% and 41%, respectively. Moreover, irrigation showed a very relevant role, with the minimum relative yield increasing from 9% under rainfed conditions to 56% with irrigation supply higher than 150mm. For protein concentration, frequent joint events combining mild temperatures and severe water stresses around heading showed increases of 3 %-units. The future weather conditions projected for southern Spain will enhance risk of yield reduction and protein concentration increases, with a high spatial variability.Earlier sowing dates reduce the coincidence of extreme weather events with critical crop development stages, and thus the effects on yield and protein concentration, even identifying conditions that the impact was fully reversed. Similarly, irrigation during heading mitigated the negative effects of water stress on yield and the positive effects on protein concentration.The combination of long-term cultivar trials under semi-arid weather conditions, modeling and future climate projections constitutes an excellent tool for the assessment of vulnerable/suitable areas, and for the identification of site-specific adaptation measures to ensure the sustainability of wheat-growing areas in southern Europe.

The Multiple Errands Test: A Guide for Site-Specific Version Development.

Background. The complex and real-world nature of the Multiple Errands Test (MET) makes it a valuable and increasingly popular assessment of cognitive function. However, these same qualities make its local implementation challenging. Purpose. To produce an evidence-based guide for site-specific adaptation of the MET. Method. The CAN-IMPLEMENT© knowledge translation framework informed a structured approach to the creation of a guide to site-specific version development, informed by twenty-two published approaches to MET adaptation. Applicability of the guide was supported by a two-phase revision process, in which a site-specific hospital and community version produced from its recommendations were administered with forty-two neurologically intact participants and stakeholder feedback obtained. Findings. We offer an outline of core components which maintain the integrity of the MET, and adaptable peripheries which may be modified when required by the local setting. Implications. The proposed guide provides a systematic yet flexible guide for site-specific MET development.

Bias-Correction of Diffuse Solar Irradiance Modeled Through Parametric Models

Abstract In this paper, a bias-correction of clear-sky models in prediction of the diffuse solar irradiance is presented. High quality ground date from two networks is used for model input and validation: aerosol optical depth from AERONET and diffuse solar irradiance from BSRN. Four established clear-sky models are tested: REST2, Yang, PS and MAC2. Two types of bias-corrections are developed: i) a correction for multiple aerosol scattering (MSC), accounting for extinction at high turbidity, and ii) a general regression on the model errors as a function of Sun elevation angle (h) and turbidity (β) correction (MOS). While the impact of MSC proves marginal, the MOS correction shows good results. Two versions of MOS are developed, one on the global dataset and a site-specific adaptation. Both versions bring significant improvements over the original implementation of the models, while the site-specific version reduces the errors with a few additional percentage points. The aggregate nRMSE of the REST2 model is reduced from 17.8% (no correction) to 11.3% (global MOS) and 9.4% (site-specific MOS).

An integrated approach for physical, economic, and demographic evaluation of coastal flood hazard adaptation in Santa Monica Bay, California

The increased risk of coastal flooding associated with climate-change driven sea level rise threatens to displace communities and cause substantial damage to infrastructure. Site-specific adaptation planning is necessary to mitigate the negative impacts of flooding on coastal residents and the built environment. Cost-benefit analyses used to evaluate coastal adaption strategies have traditionally focused on economic considerations, often overlooking potential demographic impacts that can directly influence vulnerability in coastal communities. Here, we present a transferable framework that couples hydrodynamic modeling of flooding driven by sea level rise and storm scenarios with site-specific building stock and census block-level demographic data. We assess the efficacy of multiple coastal adaptation strategies at reducing flooding, economic damages, and impacts to the local population. We apply this framework to evaluate a range of engineered, nature-based, and hybrid adaptation strategies for a portion of Santa Monica Bay, California. Overall, we find that dual approaches that provide protection along beaches using dunes or seawalls and along inlets using sluice gates perform best at reducing or eliminating flooding, damages, and population impacts. Adaptation strategies that include a sluice gate and partial or no protection along the beach are effective at reducing flooding around inlets but can exacerbate flooding elsewhere, leading to unintended impacts on residents. Our results also indicate trade-offs between economic and social risk-reduction priorities. The proposed framework allows for a comprehensive evaluation of coastal protection strategies across multiple objectives. Understanding how coastal adaptation strategies affect hydrodynamic, economic, and social factors at a local scale can enable more effective and equitable planning approaches.