Sites North Research Articles

THE USE OF OCHRE IN CERAMIC PRODUCTION IN THE NORTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA

A lot of evidence to the use of ochre in the manufacture of neolithic, eneolithic ceramics of the Urals and Western siberia are accumulated. the article discusses the cases of red ochre use as an inclusion in the clay and paints for ceramics. the main problem was to learn to distinguish between accidental and intentional use of ochre in ancient times. this problem was solved through a series of experiments. the focus of the study was the means of obtaining the ochre from limonite, methods of staining pottery and modeling of ochre as an inclusion in the texture. Besides, clay from various sources from the territory of Western siberia was investigated in order to determine the presence of limonite, which is ochre in its natural state. this allowed to identify archaeological sites where existed the tradition of using ochre for the manufacture and decoration of pottery. Based on the analysis of 35 samples of clay from russia and the results of experiments were identified criteria for distinguishing natural and artificial ocher impurities in the texture. as a result of technological analysis of ceramics from 50 archaeological sites north of Western siberia, it was found that there was a tradition use of ocher as inclusion in clay. it could be incorporated into the texture in the form of crushed fired limonite or hematite and dried red clay in the neolithic. these recipes are not mass, so the question about the function of ocher in the clay is very interesting, but this is a task for future research.

Characterisation of the transmissivity field of a fractured and karstic aquifer, Southern France

Geological and hydrological data collected at the Terrieu experimental site north of Montpellier, in a confined carbonate aquifer indicates that both fracture clusters and a major bedding plane form the main flow paths of this highly heterogeneous karst aquifer. However, characterising the geometry and spatial location of the main flow channels and estimating their flow properties remain difficult. These challenges can be addressed by solving an inverse problem using the available hydraulic head data recorded during a set of interference pumping tests.We first constructed a 2D equivalent porous medium model to represent the test site domain and then employed regular zoning parameterisation, on which the inverse modelling was performed. Because we aim to resolve the fine-scale characteristics of the transmissivity field, the problem undertaken is essentially a large-scale inverse model, i.e. the dimension of the unknown parameters is high. In order to deal with the high computational demands in such a large-scale inverse problem, a gradient-based, non-linear algorithm (SNOPT) was used to estimate the transmissivity field on the experimental site scale through the inversion of steady-state, hydraulic head measurements recorded at 22 boreholes during 8 sequential cross-hole pumping tests. We used the data from outcrops, borehole fracture measurements and interpretations of inter-well connectivities from interference test responses as initial models to trigger the inversion. Constraints for hydraulic conductivities, based on analytical interpretations of pumping tests, were also added to the inversion models. In addition, the efficiency of the adopted inverse algorithm enables us to increase dramatically the number of unknown parameters to investigate the influence of elementary discretisation on the reconstruction of the transmissivity fields in both synthetic and field studies.By following the above approach, transmissivity fields that produce similar hydrodynamic behaviours to the real head measurements were obtained. The inverted transmissivity fields show complex, spatial heterogeneities with highly conductive channels embedded in a low transmissivity matrix region. The spatial trend of the main flow channels is in a good agreement with that of the main fracture sets mapped on outcrops in the vicinity of the Terrieu site suggesting that the hydraulic anisotropy is consistent with the structural anisotropy. These results from the inverse modelling enable the main flow paths to be located and their hydrodynamic properties to be estimated.

Receptor modelling of both particle composition and size distribution from a background site in London, UK

Abstract. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis was applied to PM10 chemical composition and particle number size distribution (NSD) data measured at an urban background site (North Kensington) in London, UK, for the whole of 2011 and 2012. The PMF analyses for these 2 years revealed six and four factors respectively which described seven sources or aerosol types. These included nucleation, traffic, urban background, secondary, fuel oil, marine and non-exhaust/crustal sources. Urban background, secondary and traffic sources were identified by both the chemical composition and particle NSD analysis, but a nucleation source was identified only from the particle NSD data set. Analysis of the PM10 chemical composition data set revealed fuel oil, marine, non-exhaust traffic/crustal sources which were not identified from the NSD data. The two methods appear to be complementary, as the analysis of the PM10 chemical composition data is able to distinguish components contributing largely to particle mass, whereas the number particle size distribution data set – although limited to detecting sources of particles below the diameter upper limit of the SMPS (604 nm) – is more effective for identifying components making an appreciable contribution to particle number. Analysis was also conducted on the combined chemical composition and NSD data set, revealing five factors representing urban background, nucleation, secondary, aged marine and traffic sources. However, the combined analysis appears not to offer any additional power to discriminate sources above that of the aggregate of the two separate PMF analyses. Day-of-the-week and month-of-the-year associations of the factors proved consistent with their assignment to source categories, and bivariate polar plots which examined the wind directional and wind speed association of the different factors also proved highly consistent with their inferred sources. Source attribution according to the air mass back trajectory showed, as expected, higher concentrations from a number of source types in air with continental origins. However, when these were weighted according to their frequency of occurrence, air with maritime origins made a greater contribution to annual mean concentrations.

Ord's Kangaroo Rats in North-Central Kansas: Habitat Associations and Unexpected Locations

During 1976–2003, we trapped small mammals in a wide array of herbaceous and wooded habitats in northeastern Russell Co. and western Lincoln Co., Kansas. Herein, we focus on the distribution and habitat associations including soil association of captures and direct observations of Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) in this small geographical area of north-central Kansas. In contrast to our expectation that all kangaroo rats would be observed or captured on the sandy soils of flood plains, we also observed and captured them in loamy upland sites as well as areas where both uplands and flood plains were present in the Saline River valley. Most kangaroo rats (n = 43; 1.75 individuals/1,000 trap nights [TN]) were recorded in traps in the Saline River valley during 1985–1986; many fewer (n = 3; 0.04 individuals/1,000 TN) were captured in loamy sites north and outside of the Saline River valley during other years. In the Saline River valley, we captured kangaroo rats in wheat fields, plum-cedar plantings, fal...

Nesting by Canada Geese on Baffin Island, Nunavut

Outside of northern Quebec, there is little evidence to confirm reports of nesting by Canada Geese in Arctic habitats of North America, but they nest regularly in the Arctic tundra of West Greenland, from about 62˚ N to as far north as 76.96˚ N, 71.11˚ W. In 2013, we documented successful nesting by a pair of Canada Geese on northern Baffin Island (71.36˚ N, 79.59˚ W), approximately 1200 km north of the nearest known site of regular nesting by this species in northern Quebec. Photographs, egg measurements, and mitochondrial DNA evidence confirmed that these were Canada Geese. Egg laying began around 17 June, the nest of five eggs hatched on 18 July, and we determined that fledging should have occurred around 20 September. Daily mean temperatures on northern Baffin Island fell below freezing after 5 September 2013, and we suspect that the probability of recruitment for this brood was very low. Climate warming in the Arctic is likely to favor northward range expansion by Canada Geese.

Measurements of the Aerodynamic Normal Forces on a 12-kW Straight-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The knowledge of unsteady forces is necessary when designing vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Measurement data for turbines operating at an open site are still very limited. The data obtained from wind tunnels or towing tanks can be used, but have limited applicability when designing large-scale VAWTs. This study presents experimental data on the normal forces of a 12-kW straight-bladed VAWT operated at an open site north of Uppsala, Sweden. The normal forces are measured with four single-axis load cells. The data are obtained for a wide range of tip speed ratios: from 1.7 to 4.6. The behavior of the normal forces is analyzed. The presented data can be used in validations of aerodynamic models and the mechanical design for VAWTs.

The DISR imaging mosaic of Titan’s surface and its dependence on emission angle

The DISR (Descent Image/Spectral Radiometer) imagers took about 300 images during the descent of the Huygens probe in Titan’s atmosphere. We combined them into a photometrically calibrated mosaic of Titan’s surface within 100km of the Huygens landing site with a resolution ranging from 1km at 100km distance from the landing site to 50cm near the landing site. We analyzed how the reflectivity of each location varies with the changing phase angle and emission angle during the descent. We found strong variations with the emission angle but no significant variation of the surface phase function. The latter is possibly obscured by the diffuse nature of illumination by Titan’s sky at visible wavelengths. We constructed a map of this emission angle dependence, which represents a measure of surface reflectivity and roughness of the terrain. Titan’s surface probed by the images shows various terrain types with a small correlation between reflectivity and roughness. We propose that variations in the emission angle dependence might be correlated with average tilt angles of the surface. We detected elevated terrain in the bright highland north of the landing site as published by Soderblom et al. (Soderblom, L.A. et al. [2007]. Planet. Space Sci. 55, 2015–2024), but their high ridges in the lakebed appear mostly flat in our analysis. We integrated the color information from the DISR spectrometers into our mosaic to create a color map. We also compared the features seen in maps of the reflectivity, the emission angle dependence, and color to features seen in Cassini RADAR images. Finally, we provide a refined version of the images from Huygens after landing down to a resolution of 2mm.

The success of assisted colonization and assisted gene flow depends on phenology.

Global warming will jeopardize the persistence and genetic diversity of many species. Assisted colonization, or the movement of species beyond their current range boundary, is a conservation strategy proposed for species with limited dispersal abilities or adaptive potential. However, species that rely on photoperiodic and thermal cues for development may experience conflicting signals if transported across latitudes. Relocating multiple, distinct populations may remedy this quandary by expanding genetic variation and promoting evolutionary responses in the receiving habitat--a strategy known as assisted gene flow. To better inform these policies, we planted seeds from latitudinally distinct populations of the annual legume, Chamaecrista fasciculata, in a potential future colonization site north of its current range boundary. Plants were exposed to ambient or elevated temperatures via infrared heating. We monitored several life history traits and estimated patterns of natural selection to determine the adaptive value of plastic responses. To assess the feasibility of assisted gene flow between phenologically distinct populations, we counted flowers each day and estimated the degree of temporal isolation between populations. Increased temperatures advanced each successive phenological trait more than the last, resulting in a compressed life cycle for all but the southern-most population. Warming altered patterns of selection on flowering onset and vegetative biomass. Population performance was dependent on latitude of origin, with the northern-most population performing best under ambient conditions and the southern-most performing most poorly, even under elevated temperatures. Among-population differences in flowering phenology limited the potential for genetic exchange among the northern- and southern-most populations. All plastic responses to warming were neutral or adaptive; however, photoperiodic constraints will likely necessitate evolutionary responses for long-term persistence, especially when involving populations from disparate latitudes. With strategic planning, our results suggest that assisted colonization and assisted gene flow may be feasible options for preservation.

Air quality impacts and health-benefit valuation of a low-emission technology for rail yard locomotives in Atlanta Georgia

One of the largest rail yard facilities in the Southeastern US, the Inman and Tilford yards, is located in the northwestern section of Atlanta, Georgia alongside other industries, schools, businesses, and dwellings. It is a significant source of fine particulate (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) (Galvis, Bergin, & Russell, 2013). We calculate 2011 PM2.5 and BC emissions from the rail yards and primary industrial and on-road mobile sources in the area and determine their impact on local air quality using Gaussian dispersion modeling. We determine the change in PM2.5 and BC concentrations that could be accomplished by upgrading traditional switcher locomotives used in these rail yards to a lower emitting technology and evaluate the health benefits for comparison with upgrade costs.Emissions from the rail yards were estimated using reported fuel consumption data (GAEPD, 2012b) and emission factors previously measured in the rail yards (Galvis et al., 2013). Model evaluation against 2011 monitoring data found agreement between measured and simulated concentrations. Model outputs indicate that the line-haul and switcher activities are responsible for increments in annual average concentrations of approximately 0.5±0.03μg/m3 (39%) and 0.7±0.04μg/m3 (56%) of BC, and for 1.0±0.1μg/m3 (7%) and 1.6±0.2μg/m3 (14%) of PM2.5 at two monitoring sites located north and south of the rail yards respectively. Upgrading the switcher locomotives at the yards with a lower emitting technology in this case “mother slug” units could decrease PM2.5 and BC emissions by about 9 and 3t/year respectively. This will lower annual average PM2.5 concentrations between 0.3±0.1μg/m3 and 0.6±0.1μg/m3 and BC concentrations between 0.1±0.02μg/m3 and 0.2±0.03μg/m3 at monitoring sites north and south of the rail yards respectively, and would facilitate PM2.5 NAAQS attainment in the area. We estimate that health benefits of approximately 20 million dollars per year could be gained.

Survival of High Latitude Fringing Corals in Extreme Temperatures: Red Sea Meteorology

Zaki's Reef is located in the Gulf of Suez, a narrow portion of the Red Sea, with exceptionally dry and hot climate and lacks almost all scientific data. This research intends to describe the area's unique climatology, which may reveal correlations between the reef's existence at high latitude and extreme climate conditions. Air temperature at Zaki's Reef fluctuated between 0.3 and 58.6 o C with a daily range of 25 o C and annual mean of 22.1 o C ±0.075. Spectral analysis revealed half day, daily and yearly return periods, all of which have shown that daily and half daily cycles are dominating the local climate with amplitudes of approximately 5 o C. Frequency histograms revealed a bimodal signal, one peak at 14-15 o C and a second peak at 32-33 o C, both represent nighttime and daytime temperatures half-day cycle. Meteorological data collected at Zaki's Reef were also compared to Hurghada's and Ismailia's, 400 and 200 km south and north of the study site, respectively, to reveal any anomalies. Although air temperature daily means at Zaki's Reef were similar to Hurghada's, maximum daily means exceeded Hurghada's by 7 o C, while minimums were almost equal to Ismailia's. Unexpected temperature trends and short distance between mountain range and Zaki's Reef, prompted us to hypothesize that a Foehn wind may be responsible for the extremely high air temperatures. Air parcel trajectory model results further verified that local wind patterns matched signatures of a Foehn wind. The observed warmer than normal air temperatures may be responsible for securing the survival of these northernmost subtropical coral reefs.

Marine biodegradation of crude oil in temperate and Arctic water samples

Despite increased interest in marine oil exploration in the Arctic, little is known about the fate of Arctic offshore oil pollution. Therefore, in the present study, we examine the oil degradation potential for an Arctic site (Disko Bay, Greenland) and discuss this in relation to a temperate site (North Sea, Denmark). Biodegradation was assessed following exposure to Oseberg Blend crude oil (100mgL−1) in microcosms. Changes in oil hydrocarbon fingerprints of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl-substituted PAHs, dibenzothiophenes, n-alkanes and alkyltoluenes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the Disko Bay sample, the degradation order was n-alkanes>alkyltoluenes (para->meta->ortho-isomers)>PAHs and dibenzothiophenes, whereas, the degradation order in the North Sea samples was PAHs and dibenzothiophenes>alkyltoluenes>n-alkanes. These differences in degradation patterns significantly affect the environmental risk of oil spills and emphasise the need to consider the specific environmental conditions when conducting risk assessments of Arctic oil pollution.

Prauserella soli sp. nov., isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated 12-833(T), was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated site north of Kuwait. The isolated strain showed the ability to degrade crude oil and various hydrocarbons. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 12-833(T) belonged to the genus Prauserella and was closely related to Prauserella muralis 05-Be-005(T) (98.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Prauserella marina MS498(T) (96.9%) and Prauserella rugosa DSM 43194(T) (96.7%). The DNA G+C content of strain 12-833(T) was 71.1 mol%. Phenotypic, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain 12-833(T) represents a novel species of the genus Prauserella, for which the name Prauserella soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 12-833(T) ( = DSM 45819(T) = LMG 28346(T)).

The 5.5–4.5 kyr climatic transition as recorded by the sedimentation pattern of coastal deposits of the Apulia region, southern Italy

Coastal marine Holocene deposits of the Apulia region, considered as indicators of palaeoclimatic conditions, were studied. Our data show that (1) up to c. 5500 cal. yr BP, a phase of accumulation of flint pebbles from the Gargano headland occurred at the Riviera sud di Manfredonia (Adriatic coast); their transport from the Gargano headland (north of the study site) is incompatible with the current northward littoral drift and is best explained by a prevalence and dominance of NE and E winds and (2) after c. 4500 cal. yr BP, there was a rapid accumulation of sediments at the Marina di Ugento (Ionian coast), which is best explained by a prevalence and dominance of S, SW and SE winds. The two different wind regimes identified can be explained by a change in the mean pressure configuration in the central Mediterranean. The first phase (until c. 5500 cal. yr BP) consisted of more frequent cyclogenesis to the east-southeast of the Italian Peninsula, followed by a second phase (from c. 4500 cal. yr BP) of more frequent cyclogenesis to the west-northwest. The period between 5500 and 4500 cal. yr BP represents a transitional phase between the two different regimes. In other words, there was a ‘retreat’ of the central Mediterranean cyclogenesis towards the west-northwest. This pattern is contemporaneous with the termination of the African Humid period. We interpret both the ‘retreat’ of the Mediterranean cyclogenesis and the termination of the African Humid period as the expression of an expansion of the tropical dry Saharan belt.

Use of an exposure model to explore the impact of residential proximity to a highway on exposures to air pollutants of an ambient origin

Air pollutant exposure models are generally applied to large populations living across wide urban areas, and most do not account for daily variation in activity patterns, which can result in exposure misclassification. Far fewer studies exist where exposure is modeled for specific individuals using detailed time-activity data. We employed a novel application of the US-EPA’s Air Pollution Exposure Model (APEX) to simulate exposure levels for 51 residents living within a small study area (1.5 km2) bisected by a heavily trafficked highway in South Auckland, New Zealand. The model produced daily exposure estimates of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM10) for the month of July, 2010. Inputs included pollutant and meteorological data monitored at sites positioned both upwind and downwind of the highway, as well as city monitoring sites north of the study area to represent work locations. A local resident survey provided time-activity diary input. The simulation was run once using the residents’ home locations and four times with the population artificially placed 50 and 150 m downwind, as well as 50 and 150 m upwind, relative to the highway. For NO x and CO, the population was 31–36 % more exposed when positioned 50 m downwind and 17–18 % less exposed at the upwind side (p < 0.001), compared to their actual home locations. An additional 100 m separation downwind resulted in a 56–71 % drop in total mean exposure (p < 0.001) and the difference in exposure levels for certain occupations varied by up to a factor of eight (p < 0.05). PM10 exposure was comparatively stable across the area. The effect of residential proximity and position, occupation and work location, were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs), followed by post hoc testing. This unique application of APEX shows good promise as a planning tool for assessing the potential benefits of a buffer zone between major roads and residential homes, for particular population groups.

Two-year measurements of surface ozone at Dangxiong, a remote highland site in the Tibetan Plateau

Measurements of surface O3 and carbon monoxide (CO) were made from September 2009 to August 2011 at Dangxiong (30.48°N, 91.10°E, 4187ma.s.l.), a remote highland site in a southern valley of the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The monthly mean O3 mixing ratio ranged from 29.1 to 51.4ppb, with an average of 38.5ppb, and the maximum value was observed in May. The average diurnal cycle of O3 concentration showed a minimum in early morning and a maximum in the afternoon, with a broader “high platform” from the late morning to the late afternoon, and resembled that of surface wind speed. The concentration of surface O3 was highly significantly correlated with tropospheric column O3 over the regions surrounding Dangxiong and with that of surface O3 observed at a site north of the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains, suggesting a good regional representativeness of surface O3 at Dangxiong. In the afternoon when stronger winds blew, surface air showed distinct features of free-atmospheric air, with higher O3, lower CO, and lower relative humidity (RH). The negative O3–CO and O3–RH correlations in most months indicate a significant influence of air masses from the free troposphere. Trajectory analysis suggests that air masses originating from the south of the site make a negative net contribution to surface O3 and a positive contribution to CO and humidity, and those from the northwest sector contribute conversely to the respective quantities.

Long-Term Effects of an Invasive Shore Crab on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Invasive species can cause dramatic changes in the structure of intertidal communities. In some systems, however, abundance or impacts of invaders may peak 10–20 years after invasion and decline thereafter. Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Asian Shore Crab) has been established at Sandwich, MA, on the north side of Cape Cod, since the mid-1990s. This study documented population dynamics of the Asian Shore Crab and 3 species of prey or competitors (Carcinus maenas [Green Crab], Mytilus edulis [Blue Mussel], and Littorina littorea [Common Periwinkle]) over 10 years. An additional goal of the study was to determine whether population growth of the Asian Shore Crab has slowed since its initial establishment. Density of the Asian Shore Crab increased over time, with no evidence of a density-dependent decrease in per capita growth rates. Concurrently, density of the Green Crab and the Blue Mussel declined, but there was no significant temporal trend in density of the Common Periwinkle. If observations at Sandwich are representative of sites north of Cape Cod, populations of the Asian Shore Crab are growing rapidly, and dramatic changes in community structure may be widespread.

The impact of reclamation cover depth on the performance of reclaimed shale overburden at an oil sands mine in Northern Alberta, Canada

AbstractMultilayer covers are widely accepted reclamation designs in the oil sands region of northern Alberta, Canada, with an ultimate goal of revegetating to species characteristic of predisturbance native plant communities. To determine the optimal depth of reclamation material required to reclaim overburden shale from an oil sands mine, an evaluation was made of the long‐term performance of six reclamation soil cover depths all placed over overburden. The measured soil water contents from different cover thicknesses at South Bison Hills located at the Syncrude Mine site north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, were used to calibrate and validate a dual‐porosity model in HYDRUS‐1D. The calibrated and validated model was then used to evaluate the influence of cover thickness and climatic variability on plant available water for forest growth. The frequency distributions of actual transpiration (Tr) for six cover treatments with a range of leaf area index (LAI) cases were developed. These Tr frequency distributions were then modified by coupling Tr and LAI. The modified frequency distributions for annual Tr for the six simulated cover thickness highlight the strong nonlinearity between the distributions of Tr over a long‐term (60 years) climate cycle in that incremental increases in cover thickness do not produce proportional increases in Tr. The results indicated that, once the cover thickness exceeds 100 cm, there is little incremental increase in the median value of Tr over the 60‐year climate cycle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Perioperative fellowship curricula in anesthesiology: a systematic review.

Perioperative medicine is emerging as a unique area of medical practice. Anesthesiology graduates are particularly well suited for this role given their training. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the various fellowships being offered in perioperative medicine and the scope of clinical perioperative practice that currently exists. The common areas of competency covered in these perioperative medicine fellowships are also identified. On July 28, 2014, we conducted a search of the literature from January 1, 1946, to July 28, 2014 through MEDLINE®, EMBASE™ and the World Wide Web for definitions of perioperative medicine and for curricula for fellowships in perioperative care throughout the world. Currently, seven institutions offer postgraduate fellowships in perioperative medicine, including two Canadian universities (University of Manitoba and University of Toronto), two American universities (Stanford University and University of California, Irvine), two Australian institutions (University of Western Australia, and the Alfred Hospital), and one New Zealand site (North Shore Hospital). Apart from fellowships, we also identified other postgraduate training routes. Graduate master's programs in perioperative medicine were identified in the United Kingdom and in Australia. A new intensive five-day perioperative medicine course was also identified. The scope of the curricula of the fellowships, the main focus of our review, is not uniform, although common elements emerged, including a research component and exposure to pain medicine. There is a paucity of published literature on what perioperative care entails as well as what perioperative fellowship curricula should include. While we suggest certain areas of focus to include, the subspecialty of perioperative medicine would benefit from a cohesive and consensus-based curriculum to which academic fellowships could adhere.

A new annelid species from whalebones in Greenland and aquaculture sites in Newfoundland: Ophryotrocha cyclops, sp. nov. (Eunicida: Dorvilleidae)

A new species of Ophryotrocha was discovered on whalebones in Greenland (120 m depth) and at finfish aquaculture sites in Newfoundland (30-70 m depth), where it is considered to be a bioindicator of aquaculture-related organic enrichment. Phylogenetic analyses based on three genes (COI, 16S mitochondrial and H3 nuclear genes) show close affinities with O. lobifera and O. craigsmithi, two species also found on both whalebones and at aquaculture sites (North Sea), and with O. shieldsi from aquaculture sites in Tasmania. The new species is named Ophryotrocha cyclops sp. nov. due to the juxtaposed, quasi-fused central eyes that give the impression of a single eye in live specimens.

EDUCATION LEVEL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF PET OWNERS ON KNOWLEDGE AND ANIMAL WELFARE IMPLEMENTATION

Pet is an animal that lives to partially or completely dependent on humans for a particular purpose. Keep a pet as a companion animal, should pay attention to animal welfare. This study aims to gain insight about the relationship between education level and economic status of pet owners on knowledge andimplementation of the animal welfare principles. The data were collecting by direct interview or a face to face interview to the animal clinic or hospital visitors on site (accidental technique). The data were calculated by statistical methods chi square to examined the relationship or the impact of the two nominal variables and measure the strengthness of the relationships between variables with each other nominal variables.Data showed a significantly correlation between the economic status of n North Jakarta respondentsbehavior (p value is 0.040), with the economic status of the Central Jakarta respondents’ attitudes (p value is 0.020), level of education and attitude of South Jakarta respondents (p value is 0.000). There were no difference significantly between the level of education and economic status of the respondents’ knowledgewas observed in all study sites. However, based on current information and on site observation, North Jakarta and West Jakarta respondents were considered to be able to demonstrate more sufficient knowledge of the animal welfare principles.