Sinking Of Titanic Research Articles

Data set analysis of Titanic distress data

The main purpose of this paper is to study the sinking of Titanic, and the Titanic data set, which is open source on kaggle, is the background support resource for this research. This paper makes use of random Forest and Cox proportional risk models as well as survival and cumulative risk functions, which have been carefully calibrated and calibrated accordingly, so as to analyze in detail the factors affecting the survival of passengers on Titanic and what allowed them to survive. It's the class of shipping space or the port of departure or the family and friends you're bringing with you. These are all necessary factors that will affect the survival of passengers. Through the corresponding code display of the open-source data set, this paper draws the corresponding conclusion and finds that the factors of passenger survival have a relatively large relationship and considerable impact on fare and berth level.

Early innovations in maritime telemedical services: the KDKF Radio Medico Station.

"MAN PUT HIS TONGUE AGAINST REFRIGERATOR PIPE AND GOT IT FROZEN; HAVE THAWED IT OUT AND IT IS NOW BLISTERED AND SWOLLEN BUT NOT PAINFUL. ARRIVING HONOLULU FRIDAY; HOW CAN I HELP HIM MEANWHILE?" Thus read a message relayed via radiogram across the ocean to the physician stationed at the Seamen's Church Institute's (SCI) KDKF radio station, established by the Institute in 1920 on top of its thirteen-story seafarer services center at the southern tip of Manhattan. Though radio was in its infancy, radio telegraphy had already proven its revolutionary power, featuring prominently in far more serious maritime emergencies such as the sinking of Titanic. SCI's KDKF radio station aimed to address a less dramatic but no less important problem in blue water navigation: access to medical care.

Casualty on the Titanic based on Machine Learning Methods

The Titanic sank on April 15, 1914, with 2224 people on board, and only 32% survived. The survivors are somewhat random, but they are somewhat the same. Studying the types of people who are more likely to survive in a disaster will promote an understanding of the values and ideology of the society at the time. Therefore, this study collected data on some of the passengers on the Titanic and the survivors through Kaggle. This study predicts the survival of passengers through data cleaning, feature engineering, dimensionality reduction processing, and different models such as Random Forest, Decision Tree, KNN, and Logistic regression. In this study, it was found that Age, gender, representation of socioeconomic status, and whether they traveled alone were associated with survival rates. Among them, the decision tree and random forest models scored 98.65, which performed the best and had the highest prediction accuracy. After visualizing the data, this study concluded that survival rates were higher for females, children younger than ten years old first-class passengers, and non-solitary travelers.

Comparative analysis for survival prediction from titanic disaster using machine learning

Among the most notorious shipwrecks in history is the Titanic. Out of the 2,224 passengers and crew, 1,502 perished when the Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, during her maiden voyage, following an iceberg collision. Ship safety laws have improved as a result of this dramatic disaster that stunned the world. Scientists and investigators are beginning to understand what could have caused some passengers to survive while others perished in the Titanic catastrophe. A contributing factor in the high death toll from the shipwreck was the insufficient number of lifeboats available for both passengers and the crew. An intriguing finding from the sinking is that certain individuals, such as women and children, had a higher chance of surviving than others. Since the accident, new regulations were drafted mandating that the number of lifeboats match the number of passenger seats. Numerous machine learning techniques were used to forecast the passengers' survival rate. Preprocessing and data cleaning are essential measures to reduce bias. In this paper, decision trees and random forests, two machine learning techniques, are used to determine the probability of passenger survival. The primary goal of this work is to distinguish between the two distinct machine learning algorithms to analyze traveler survival rates based on accuracy. Machine learning technologies are utilized to forecast which passengers would survive the accident. The highest accuracy achieved is 81.10% for Gradient Boost Trees.

Review of Ice Characteristics in Ship-Iceberg Collisions

The International Ice Patrol (IIP) was established after the Titanic collided with an iceberg off the eastern coast of Canada in 1912 and sank, killing more than 1,500 people. Recently, the IIP has analyzed satellite images and provided safe operation information to vessels by tracking the occurrence and movement of icebergs. A large number of recent arctic studies mainly deal with sea ice formed by freezing seawater related to sea routes and resource development. The iceberg that collided with the Titanic was land-based ice that dislodged from a glacier and fell into the sea. The properties of these two types of ice are different. In addition, vessels operating in ice-covered waters such as the Arctic sea have an ice-breaking function or minimum ice-strengthened functions. Ships operating on transatlantic routes including the eastern coast of Canada do not necessarily require ice-strengthened functions. Hundreds to thousands of icebergs are discovered each year near the area where the Titanic sank. In this study, the status of ship-iceberg collision accidents was investigated to provide useful information to researchers, and the physical and mechanical characteristics of icebergs were investigated and summarized.

Investigation of Sheriff Stuart’s black granite quarries in Charlotte County, southwestern New Brunswick: implications for the source of the titanic headstones in Halifax, Nova Scotia

Robert Albert Stuart, the High Sheriff of Charlotte County, deserves credit for establishing the black granite monument industry in New Brunswick. In the late 19th to early 20th centuries, he opened three quarries in mafic plutonic rocks in the vicinity of the Chickahominy Mountain, north of St. Andrews: the Bocabec black granite quarry (1893), the Steen Lake black granite quarry (1895), and the Glenelg porphyry quarry (1906). Much of the information in brief articles in local newspapers lacks sufficient detail to gain a full understanding of the historical development of these quarries. To obtain a clearer timeline for production of stone from the quarries, the rock type in each was examined and compared to black granite monuments in nearby cemeteries known to be sourced from these specific quarries. Previous investigations did not entirely rule out the possibility that the Stuart quarries may have been a source for the headstones placed in the Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to mark the graves of some of those who were lost when the Titanic sank in 1912. Our detailed analysis of rock textures and production histories leads us to conclude that none of the Stuart quarries could have been a source for the Titanic headstones and supports the previous assessment that they came from Charles Hanson quarry.

What the Public Knew About Wireless Before Titanic [Scanning Our Past

When the Titanic sank and took the lives of 1500 people in 1912, the coverage in the American press reflected the shock of the public that such a disaster could occur. The ship represented the acme of maritime transportation, including a state-of-the-art wireless telegraphy station. Much of the surprise arose from the discovery that the operation of this station and the international maritime wireless system were not as effective as people had learned over the previous five years. Wireless enthusiast and publisher Hugo Gernsback claimed that 400000 people were articipating in wireless in some form in 1912, but that left about 92 million Americans who were not.1 What did this other 99% know about this technology, especially in its maritime uses? How did the form and delivery of that information shape their assumptions about its capabilities? The answers lie in the technology's publicity after the promotion.

The Reliability of the Human Factor

It seems that ironically, as the complexity of products and electronic methods of protection and control increase, the systems aren’t less vulnerable to errors, especially to human ones. Major events, some with catastrophic consequences, are becoming more common, most likely due to human errors (the sinking of Titanic, the 1965 blackout in United States, an important industrial catastrophe in Bhopal – India, the Chernobyl nuclear accident or the Costa-Concordia sinking). For decades, the methods of reliability assessment and design have focused on technical factors. The present paper aims to identify a statistical model able to capture, more accurately, the overall performance of human errors in the human-machine system.

Flooding and structural forensic analysis of the sinking of the RMS Titanic

To mark the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, a new detailed flooding and structural engineering study was commissioned by James Cameron and his Blue Planet Marine Research Institute. The goal of the study was to accurately model, simulate and evaluate the progressive flooding, sinking and structural failure of the Titanic following its collision with the iceberg. Detailed computer flooding analysis models were developed, and new novel techniques for dynamic flooding simulation using the commercial software GHS™ were developed and implemented. The results of these detailed flooding simulations were used in conjunction with detailed structural finite-element models developed using the commercial ship structural design and analysis software MAESTRO™ for conducting detailed stress and hull failure analyses. This paper provides technical documentation of the development of the detailed computer models, including sources of information, assumptions, conventions and methods. The paper also provides technical discussion of simulation and analysis methodologies, results of the detailed progressive flooding and sinking analyses, and results of the detailed structural stress and failure analyses, along with important ‘lessons learned’ that are applicable to future marine forensic analyses.

The sinking of the unsinkable Titanic: Mental inertia and coordination failures

This study investigates the sinking of the Titanic from the theory of human agency derived from Austrian economics, interpretation sociology and organizational theories. Unlike most arguments in organizational and management sciences, this study offers a subjectivist perspective of mental inertia to understand the Titanic disaster. Specifically, this study will argue that the fall of the Titanic was mainly due to a series of coordination and judgment failures that occurred simultaneously. Such systematic failures were manifested in the misinterpretations of the incoming events, as a result of mental inertia, by all parties concerned in the fatal accident, including lookouts, telegram officers, the Captain, lifeboat crewmen, architects, engineers, senior management people and owners of the ship. This study concludes that no matter how successful the past is, we should not take experience for granted entirely. Given the uncertain future, high alertness to potential dangers and crises will allow us to avoid iceberg mines in the sea and arrived onshore safely.

When will the News of the World moment arrive for medical journals?

What does the demise of Britain's most famous Sunday tabloid mean for medical journals? Probably nothing much except reminding us that any publication, like any employee, is dispensable. Some editors describe bigger medical journals as tankers that just keep steaming ahead regardless of what they publish and whether or not anybody bothers to read them. But the Titanic sank and so have super-tankers, reminder enough that even the most famous journals should never become complacent. The world of scientific publishing tends to look down at the lowly ethics of tabloids, and recent events might serve to reinforce that view. Equally, you might argue that medical journals have plenty to learn from tabloids. Sydney Bolam, editor of the Daily Mirror in the 1940s, believed that tabloids fulfilled a ‘necessary and valuable public service.’ Instead of distorting the truth, Bolam argued that a tabloid's mission was ‘the vivid and dramatic presentation of events so as to give them a forceful impact on the reader. It means big headlines, vigorous writing, simplification into familiar everyday writing.’ Tabloids might have deviated from Bolam's guidance in important ways but they have refined their ability to impact on their readers. The tabloid agenda has only thrived because the public has encouraged it; tabloids give readers what they want. The News of the World failed to remember, however, that there are limits to the public's tolerance of intrusion and law-breaking in pursuit of the next sensational headline. In many ways, medical journals have pursued an agenda diametrically opposed to that of the tabloid press by virtually ignoring what readers want. Medical journals have preferred to pander to the whims of their editors and an unwritten code of scientific publishing that values the inscrutable as well as the obscure. The number of journals that primarily attempt to satisfy the needs of their readers is small. Indeed, the challenge for medical journals is more complex since the needs of authors tend to dominate. But falling subscriptions and the Internet information revolution have forced more foresighted publishers into thinking hard about their publication portfolios. Medical publishing has been a cash cow, it remains so but the cow is struggling to refill its udders. As a consequence, those journals and even publishers who fail to adapt to the challenges of the modern world, and properly balance the needs of authors and readers, might best serve a necessary and valuable public service by following the News of the World out of existence.

All Stations! Distress!: April 15, 1912: The Day the Titanic Sank , and: Let It Begin Here!: April 19, 1775: The Day the American Revolution Began (review)

All Stations! Distress!: April 15, 1912: The Day the Titanic Sank , and: Let It Begin Here!: April 19, 1775: The Day the American Revolution Began (review)

A206 海の中を音で視る

Almost nothing is visible in water because of the large attenuation of light. This paper presents the brief history of underwater acoustics and the latest acoustic technology for underwater visualization. Aristotle(384-322 B.C.) has recognized that sound could be heard in water as well as air. Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) observed that one could hear ships from afar. Paul Langevin(1872-1946) detected a submarine for the first time, in 1918, as deep as 1500 meters with his piezoelectric transducer.Underwater detection systems were developed for the purpose of underwater navigation by submarines in World War I and in particular after the Titanic sank in 1912. Many types of SONAR(SOund NAvigation and Ranging) were developed, Echo sounder, Side scan sonar, Multi-beam echo sounder(MBES), Scanning sonar.Today new acoustic equipments produce the 3D image of seabed, and the underwater movie.

Reviewing Symbolic Capital

Reviewing Symbolic Capital

Internet-Savvy Students

LAST AUGUST, the Pew Internet and American Life Project released a study titled Digital Disconnect: The Widening Gap Between Internet-Savvy and Their Schools.1 The Pew study prompted ZDNet News to release a Reuters story with the headline Schools Get an 'F' in Tech Use.2 While this news may be disheartening, the story does warrant wide dissemination and considered discussion. The American Institutes for Research (AIR) was commissioned by Pew to conduct this qualitative study of the attitudes and behaviors of Internet-using in middle and high schools across the country. The study is based on information drawn from 14 focus groups in 36 different schools, along with 200 voluntarily submitted online essays written by students. According to Pew surveys, about 78% of young people between the ages of 12 and 17 use the Internet. (This figure seems high to me since have seen other reports with numbers closer to 60%.) teen survey . . . suggests that perhaps 30% to 40% of teenagers fall into [the] Internet-savvy category. This represents a large and growing cohort of technologically elite students (p. 4). Twelve of the Pew focus groups consisted of Internet-savvy students, and two of the groups consisted of light Internet users. In summarizing the findings, AIR used five metaphors that describe how children use and think about the Internet. As with most qualitative research, the original report is filled with dense descriptions, and urge Kappan readers to read and ponder the study in its entirety. Metaphor 1. The Internet as virtual textbook and reference library. Students think of the Internet as the place to find primary and secondary source material for their reports, presentations, and projects. This is perhaps the most commonly employed (p. 6). As one of the put it: Our science and history textbooks are at least a decade old, while most school projects require up-to-date, reliable information relevant to the new century. . . . Our textbooks are no longer the pillar, the heart of our education. On the contrary, they are a laughable supplement, most of the time ignored. It is time to accept the new brainchild of the printed word. The Internet has become the fastest way to find out about how exactly the Titanic sank . . . , what kind of jewelry the people of ancient Indus Valley wore . . . , or what exactly an anesthesiologist's day is like. . . . (p. 8) Metaphor 2. The Internet as virtual tutor and study shortcut. Students think of the Internet as one way to receive instruction about material they are interested in or about which they are or unclear (p. 6). Here is the view of one student: I really try hard to get good grades in school, but sometimes it's hard. Especially when it comes to homework. But heard about a Web site, think the address is www.about.com. Anyway, it helps you with homework that normally gets you confused (p. 11). Sure enough, the site is about.com, and if you haven't checked out the immense collection of offered there to help kids with schoolwork, you should. looked at the science section and was amazed. The links are embedded quite a few levels down in the directories, but keep looking. You'll find them. Another aspect of this metaphor has to do with online help, and here another student weighs in: I've two teachers in the school who are online all the time, and they're available . . . the fact that they're available for any small questions that might have, that just helps open up additional resources (p. 11). Metaphor 3. The Internet as virtual study group. This metaphor is aptly summed up by the following student comment: So it's not just the paradigm where the Internet is the library. It's not the library, it's a chat room. . . . You talk with people from somewhere else, compare notes, or whatever (p. 11). Metaphor 4. The Internet as virtual guidance counselor. …

Unsinkable Masculinity: The Artist and the Work of Art in James Cameron's Titanic

Not many years before the Titanic sank in 1912, Thorstein Veblen wrote in The Theory of the Leisure Class that the "modern feminine [code] . . . leaves no alternative direction in which the impulse to purposeful action may find expression" (358). This particularly Americanist economy of functionalism and efficiency, threatened by the excesses of the "feminization of American culture" (to borrow Ann Douglas's phrase), shared a similar relationship with the economy of the American arts. Walt Whitman, for example, urgently called attention to what he perceived as the European, decadent (i.e., feminized) art forms infiltrating and endangering America's emerging national aesthetic. For Whitman, the idea of the feminine should strike a commonsense (i.e., masculinist) balance between male and female. 1 Woman's presentation of self, in Whitman's mind, is to suggest both "a strong and sweet Female Race" (328) that must be "raised to become the robust equals" of man (343). 2 To secure America's claim to a financially sound and aesthetically viable culture, a masculinist rhetoric intervenes where cultural feminization purportedly occurs. Titanic the ship and Titanic the film (James Cameron, 1997) reinscribe this tradition in contemporary cultural mythology as moral reminders of the necessity to contain the economies of this feminine excess. In addition, Cameron's Titanic rehearses this cultural ideology through the filter of the American artist and his work of art. At stake here, as we might suspect, is the body of the woman.

The Technological Analysis of RMS Titanic's Coal: The Enhancement of Archaeological Research

ABSTRACTThis research focuses on coal recovered from the debris field created when R.M.S. Titanic sank on 15 April 1912. The primary objectives are to evaluate the variety of different sources of coal represented in the Titanic sample, and to identify the specific location of these sources. The methods used to evaluate the research objectives include a variety of trace element, petrographic, and palynological analyses. The results of this study provide critical insight into the socioeconomic circumstances that contributed to the enormity of the disaster.

RMS Titanic: A metallurgical problem

On 14 April 1912, at 11:40 p.m., Greenland Time, the Royal Mail Ship Titanic on its maiden voyage was proceeding westward at 21.5 knots (40 km/h) when the lookouts on the foremast sighted a massive iceberg estimated to have weighed between 150,000 to 300,000 tons at a distance of 500 m ahead. Immediately, the ship’s engines were reversed and the ship was turned to port (left) in an attempt to avoid the iceberg. In about 40 seconds, the ship struck the iceberg below the waterline on its starboard (right) side near the bow. The iceberg raked the hull of the ship for 100 m, destroying the integrity of the six forward watertight compartments. Within 2 h 40 min the RMS Titanic sank. Metallurgical examination and chemical analysis of the steel taken from the Titanic revealed important clues that allow an understanding of the severity of the damage inflicted on the hull. Although the steel was probably as good as was available at the time the ship was constructed, it was very inferior when compared with modern steel. The notch toughness showed a very low value (4 joules) for the steel at the water temperature (−2 °C) in the North Atlantic at the time of the accident.

The Lights of the Titanic

The Titanic sank ablaze with light, almost to the moment of its final plunge. This circumstance is of great credit to both the designers and engineering crew of the unfortunate ship, yet the innumerable authors who have described the tragedy have done virtually nothing to bestow that credit. The virtues of the design are easily discerned in the Board of Trade report on the sinking, and they are reviewed here. The actions of the crew are more obscure, since only a small fraction of the engineering staff survived, and none of the survivors were engineering officers. The lights are evidence of devotion to duty, but only surmise can tell what that devotion required. Surmise it is, then, based on what is known about the machinery and about the sinking, to piece together a story of how the lights were kept burning.

An "attendance upon . . . gentlemen": The B.B.C. Video Adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady

An "attendance upon . . . gentlemen": The B.B.C. Video Adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady by Anthony J. Mazzella, William Paterson College Five years before he wrote his impeccable video adaptation of Henry James's last completed novel, The Golden Bowl, Jack Pulman assayed for B.B.C. television James's first acknowledged masterpiece, The Portrait of a Lady. The six-part video adaptation began its initial B.B.C. telecast on January 6, 1968; and like The Golden Bowl, it was directed by James Cellan Jones. It has since been edited by Margot Eavis, the wife of Cellan Jones, for a four-hour home video release, which has been available in England since the first quarter of 1991. It was never telecast nationally in the United States. The home video release, in its various versions, is the subject of this paper.1 For viewers who may have seen both The Golden Bowl and The Portrait of a Lady, echoes and reverberations will be apparent between the two. For example, several actresses perform in both works: Kathleen Byron appears as Countess Amy Gemini in the Portrait and as Fanny Assingham in The Golden Bowl, while Sarah Brackett plays both Henrietta Stackpole in the adaptation of the earlier James novel and Mrs. Ranee in that of the later novel. In addition, the programs' musical themes are by Maurice Ravel; in the Portrait production, it is his Α-Minor Piano Trio.2 Also, the verbal cadences of James as incorporated in dialogue may be heard in both productions. But there the similarities end. Pulman apparently had not yet discovered the key to adapting James, for there is no equivalent to the narrative function performed by Cyril Cusack as Colonel Assingham in The Golden Bowl. Without this narrative voice, James's voice tends to be diminished. The Portrait video production is an effective, at times moving, passage through the James novel that is its source, but it is not as profound a rendering of the original as was the video Golden Bowl A number of reasons may be adduced to account for the differences, including the casting of the leads and Pulman's apparently as yet still conventional approach to video adaptation. Among the principal performers, several would The Henry James Review 14 (1993): 179-187 © 1994 by The Johns Hopkins University Press 180 The Henry James Review have been known to audiences in the late sixties while several others have come to be known through later productions telecast on Masterpiece Theater. For example, though he is not James's hirsute and imposing landed aristocrat Lord Warburton, who is described by James as having "a noticeably handsome face, fresh-coloured, fair and frank, with firm, straight features, a lively grey eye and the rich adornment of a chestnut beard' ' (NY III, 5), Edward Fox would soon be known internationally for his role as the hired assassin in Fred Zinnemann's 1973 film The Day of the Jackal, based on Frederick Forsyth's novel. And Rachel Gurney as Serena Merle would eventually come to be remembered as the ill-fated Lady Marjorie on Upstairs , Downstairs, who perished when the Titanic sank. (One element of appropriate casting in the Portrait was that of Sharon Gurney as Pansy Osmond, the unacknowledged daughter of Madame Merle. Unaware of her maternal parentage, Pansy nevertheless dislikes Gilbert Osmond's friend. In real life, Sharon Gurney is Rachel Gurney's daughter.) Best known to American audiences, of all the members of the cast, was Richard Chamberlain, the actor chosen to play Ralph Touchett. He had had an enormous success in the long-running, 1961-65 television series Dr. Kildare, and he has since come to dominate major productions in the mini-series format, from The Thorn Birds to The Bourne Identity. Chamberlain in the pivotal role of Isabel Archer's tubercular cousin comes to dominate this production as well.3 With the unknown (to American audiences at least) Suzanne Neve as James's titular heroine , and the absence of two crucial scenes in which she is the central if not the only focus, the home video adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady becomes a picture of gentlemen (an "attendance...