Singular Words Research Articles

Web-Based Google Translate Inconsistencies in Bahasa-Arabic Translations from the ‎Arabic Thesis Writer's Perspective

This research aims to reveal the inconsistencies of machine translation from the perspective of students who use web-based Google Translate in their Arabic thesis. This research has an impact on translation machine users from Arabic teachers and researchers to be more careful in using Google Translate when translating from Bahasa to Arabic, especially in inconsistent aspects. The researcher used a mixed method with an Explanatory Sequential Design‎ because after distributing questionnaires in collecting quantitative data to collect patterns of inconsistencies that occurred, it was important to explain the initial findings from the quantitative data qualitatively through interviews. ‎Quantitative data is analyzed using simple percentage statistics, then qualitative data is analyzed through four steps, namely data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The results of this research found that inconsistencies in web-based Google Translate translation results were found in four patterns. First, Google Translate is very inconsistent in translating terms that have the same meaning (mutarodifat), but the terms that appear in the translation results are often different, even within the same paragraph. Second, inconsistencies very often also occur in the aspects of mufrad, mutsanna and jamak, the Google translation machine cannot differentiate between the singularity and plurality aspects of the object being translated, so translation errors often occur where a singular word that should be translated as mufrad will instead become plural or on the contrary. Third, the translation machine does not recognize the gender of the subject in the translated sentence, so translation inconsistencies in the mudzakkar and mu'annats aspects occur very often. Inconsistencies in the gender aspect, as well as the mufrad, mutsanna, and jamak aspects, have an impact on the fourth error pattern, namely grammatical inconsistencies, namely errors in using the verb (fi'il) in a sentence. Of the four patterns of inconsistency, the term inconsistency is a new thing that has not been revealed much. The grammatical aspect is closely related to aspects of the singular or plural form as well as the masculine or feminine form which is the subject of the translated sentence and needs to be discussed further by other researchers.

Syntactic Metaphors as Common Features of Most Nigerian Indigenous Names

African names are reflections of many factors at work, because beyond the fact that they identity symbols, the indigenous Nigerian Society believes that names shape a person’s character, mold their social identity and even influence an individual’s destiny. This explains why this study examined the peculiarities associated with most Nigerian indigenous names, focusing especially on the syntactic features of these names. The names used in this study were drawn from the two major Nigerian Languages of Yoruba and Igbo, and the third language, is the Edo Language of the Benin Kingdom. Consequently, when these names were translated into the English Language, using the parsing tools of Systemic Grammar of S- Subject, P- Predicator, C- Complement and A- Adjunct, the findings revealed that while most Nigerian indigenous names are singular words in their native entities, when these names are translated into English Language and analysed, they are complete sentences in the shape of subject, predicator and complement or subject, predicator and adjunct, in some cases a subject and a predicator. The findings buttress the fact that Nigerian indigenous names are classics, because they are like film – reels that reveal the cosmopolitan world view of the Nigerian indigenous societies. This highlights why these meanings are connotatively metaphoric, because a peoples thought, experience and what they do every day is very much a matter of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 3).

The Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Dwayne Johnson’s Speech: Morphology Perspective

This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word.

Analysis of Figurative Language and Imagery in Songs Lyric of Sam Smith’s Album ‘The Lonely Hour’

This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word

Views of the exegetes in the appearance of the singular word Al-Mathal (an example) in the sense of the word Al-Sifah (an attribute) Study and outweighing

This research deals with the study and analysis of the vocabulary of the word Al-Mathal (an example) in the Holy Qur’an when a group of exegetes states that it means Al-Sifah (an attribute) or Al-Wasf (description), discusses that, and concluding to the most correct saying. The problem of the research lies on the existence of an apparent difference between the exegetes in the interpretation of the word Al-Mathal in some of its places, which makes it important to consider this repeated vocabulary due to its relationship to the Holy Qur’an, especially with the abundance of delusion when talking about this vocabulary, so the researcher wanted to study the different views of exegetes about this vocabulary, and come up with a satisfactory result about it, to reach to the knowledge of what Almighty Allah means by this word based on human capacity, after collecting the sayings on its meaning, It became clear to the researcher that it is not correct to say that the word Al-Mathal appears in the meaning of the word Al-Sifah (attribute), but it may contain it, and that the two main reasons why the interpreters use the word Al-Mathal in the sense of the of the word Al-Sifah are: appearance of the word Al-Mathal with the alphabet of (Kaf Al-Tashbih), and disappearance of Al-Mushabbah bihi (simile) in the verse. The researcher recommends further studies on the Qur'anic vocabulary, especially those mentioned in the books of (Al-Wujooh Wal-Nadha`ir).

Étude des références pronominales à soi dans les témoignages d’événements traumatiques de guerre et d’attentats

Étude des références pronominales à soi dans les témoignages d’événements traumatiques de guerre et d’attentats

Bridging the Gulf: A Critique Rajiv Khandelwals,’ Conch Shells And Cowries Reference: Love Poem, ‘Word’

As an unconventional and innovative poet in contemporary modern Indian Writings in English, Khandelwal’s Conch Shells and Cowries, his first Anthology, holds him apart from other present-day writers. In appending such a title to his anthology of love poems, Khandelwal has rationally developed a unique style of his own. His poem ‘Word’, and others in the anthology are not only cloaked in numerous symbols and other figures of speech but are also innovative in their unique structure, form and content. In this manner, he has paved the path for a new concept of writing in expressing his ‘love thoughts,’ pertinently in singular pounding words that nail him as an innovative poet of the 21st century. Khandelwal has thus, effectively established the trend for post-modernist, futuristic poetry in the realm of Indian Writings in English for which he deserves recognition as an eminent poet.

الريح في القرآن الكريم


 
 الريح في القرآن الكريم
 Wind, in Arabic language is the running of the air, it is a feminine word.
 Wind has eight kinds, four are blessing and four are punishment.
 Wind, the singular word means punishment and wind, the plural word means blessing.
 Since human was born on the surface of the earth he thought about the changes of daily weather.
 Arabs took care of geography since pre-Islam period .
 Wind is told during Holy Qura’n as an evidence of deity, abenefit that leads to worship God, as the same as meaning of power, a force under the domination of prophet Suliman-peace be upon him, an evidence to prophet Yaagoab-peace be upon him-that the prophet Yousif- peace be upon him - was still living during that period, as exam that leads to faith and Allah frightened non-muslims by sending wind as a punishment, as an example to explain the wrong way that non-Muslims are going on and the useless of their gifts .
 And wind was told also during the Holy Qura’n as an evidence for returning of the life ٠ Al baath".
 
 
 
 
 
 

Conceptualising inclusive development by identifying universality, plurality, sociality, and relationality

AbstractThis article aims to conceptualise contemporary understandings of ‘inclusive development’. The article draws upon two conceptual models: plural/universal rights (Mégret, 2008, 10.1353/hrq.0.0000) and social–relational inclusion (Gupta & Vegelin, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-016-9323-z) to demonstrate how ‘inclusion’ is understood concerning economic, social, and human development. The article then draws upon these disparate, yet interconnected understandings of inclusive development and maps four contemporary inclusive development approaches (participation of stakeholders, representational politics, social protection, and economic redistribution). The purpose of this mapping is to provide context for how the singular word ‘inclusion’ can be used to pursue multiple desired outcomes, some of which may conflict with one another.

Sign Language to Sentence Formation: A Real Time Solution for Deaf People

Communication is a basic need of every human being to exchange thoughts and interact with the society. Acute peoples usually confab through different spoken languages, whereas deaf people cannot do so. Therefore, the Sign Language (SL) is the communication medium of such people for their conversation and interaction with the society. The SL is expressed in terms of specific gesture for every word and a gesture is consisted in a sequence of performed signs. The acute people normally observe these signs to understand the difference between single and multiple gestures for singular and plural words respectively. The signs for singular words such as I, eat, drink, home are unalike the plural words as school, cars, players. A special training is required to gain the sufficient knowledge and practice so that people can differentiate and understand every gesture/sign appropriately. Innumerable researches have been performed to articulate the computer-based solution to understand the single gesture with the help of a single hand enumeration. The complete understanding of such communications are possible only with the help of this differentiation of gestures in computer-based solution of SL to cope with the real world environment. Hence, there is still a demand for specific environment to automate such a communication solution to interact with such type of special people. This research focuses on facilitating the deaf community by capturing the gestures in video format and then mapping and differentiating as single or multiple gestures used in words. Finally, these are converted into the respective words/sentences within a reasonable time. This provide a real time solution for the deaf people to communicate and interact with the society.

ZHÂHIRAH AL-MAZJI AL-LUGHAWÎ FÎ MUJTAMA’ DZAWÎ AL-USHÛL AL-‘ARABIYAH FÎ INDONESIA: KUNHAHÂ WA MABNÂHÂ WA DALÂLATUHÂ

This article aims to discuss the phenomenon of code blending in society of Arab descent in Indonesia. By using ethnographic research methods, samples of data collected through direct personal interviews was analyzed. The results of the data analysis show that the phenomenon of code blending is rife in their conversations, something that is clearly visible in the mixing of Arabic with Indonesian. So that, they replace nouns with verbs, plural words with singular words, standard words with non-standard, and use the inflection Arabic for Indonesian and vice versa, so that the form and structure of the two languages are changed. This study also shows that this phenomenon is caused by a lack of mastery of Arabic and Indonesian by speakers, continuous communication in this way between families, because parents pass on Arabic and Indonesian vocabulary to their children and do not pass on their forms and structure of the sentence, or there is always the occurrence language contact in various situations such as schools and workplaces.

Using computerized text analysis to examine associations between linguistic features and clients' distress during psychotherapy.

Raw linguistic data within psychotherapy sessions may provide important information about clients' progress and well-being. In the current study, computerized text analytic techniques were applied to examine whether linguistic features were associated with clients' experiences of distress within and between clients and whether changes in linguistic features were associated with changes in treatment outcome. Transcripts of 729 psychotherapy sessions from 58 clients treated by 52 therapists were analyzed. Prior to each session, clients reported their distress level. Linguistic features were extracted automatically by using natural language parser for first-person singular identification and using positive and negative emotion words lexicon. The association between linguistic features and levels of distress was examined using multilevel models. At the within-client level, fewer first-person singular words, fewer negative emotional words and more positive emotional words were associated with lower distress in the same session; and fewer negative emotion words were associated with lower next session distress (rather small f2 effect sizes = 0.011 < f2 < 0.022). At the between-client level, only first session use of positive emotion words was associated with first session distress (ηp2 effect size = 0.08). A drop in the use of first-person singular words was associated with improved outcome from pre- to posttreatment (small ηp2 effect size = 0.05). The findings provide preliminary support for the association between clients' linguistic features and their fluctuating experience of distress. They point to the potential value of computerized linguistic measures to track therapeutic outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Long-timed words, Peirce Triangle, Tetrahedron of Ontological Propis

In this work author analyses names (signs) with the period of existence greater than zero. The whole body of names (signs) is divided into 1) “long-timed words” and 2) “singular words”. It is shown that in Peirce Triangle the name (sign) itself, its denotation and meaning may last in different combinations. Typology of “long-timed words” and “singular words” is described. New notion describing the world of possible and real objects is introduced - Ontological Space or Writing Sample (Propis). Tetrahedron of Propis is also introduced with meaning (concept) rather than name (sign) as its apex. It is shown than neither “name” nor “denotate” can exist without sense whilst sense can exist without “name” or “denotate”. The fact that Writing Sample (Propis) consists of “segments-streaks” is justified. It is also shown that “long-timed words” do (do not) correspond to these “segments-streaks” of the Propis. Analysis of the Propis led to formulating fourteen axioms that its “segments-streaks” and “long-timed words” obey.

التمثیل باللفظ المفرد دراسة بلاغیة تطبیقیة

بين يدي القارئ الکريم بالفظ المفرد، وهو بحث يبين عن إحدى قدرات لغتنا الباهرة، وکيف أن البيان قد يأتي على اللفظة المفردة فينفث فيها من سحره فإذا بها حية نابضة . وقضية التمثيل باللفظ المفرد اختلف حولها العلماء، وکان أشهر ما يکون بين العالمين الفاضلين سعد الدين التفتازاني، والسيد الشريف الجرجاني، حتى قيل: إنه أشهر من (قفا نبک)، فکان حديث السمار، وسار به الرکبان. وقد أراد الباحث أن يخوض غمار تلک القضية، وهو إذ يقول برأي من قال بالتمثيل باللفظ المفرد فقد طبق لذلک بأنواع اللفظ المختلفة (الاسم، والفعل، والحرف), وجعل لکل نوع من ذلک مبحثا خاصا به، کما بين إجراء التمثيل في کل ذلک . الکلمات المفتاحية: الاستعارة، التمثيل، السعد التفتازاني، الشريف الجرجاني. Representation in the singular An applied rhetorical study Lotfy Khaled Mahmoud El Gohary Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Criticism, College of Islamic and Arabic Studies, Benin, Damamon Sharqia LotfiElgohary.sha.b@azhar.edu.eg Abstract: In the hands of the honorable reader, with singular pronunciation, which is a research that shows one of the abilities of our dazzling language, and how the statement may come on the single word, and it is breathed into it from its magic So it has a vibarant lively. The issue of acting with the singular word was disputed by the scholars, and the most famous among the virtuous worlds was Saad al-Din al-Taftazani, and al-Sharif al-Jarjani, until it was said: It is the most famous of (Qafa Nabak), so the hadith of al-Samar, and the stirrups followed. The researcher wanted to delve into the issue, and he says that in the opinion of those who said representation in a single word, it was applied to that with different types of pronunciation (name, verb, and letter), and he made for each type of that a special topic of his own, as he showed the representation in all of that . Key words:Metaphor, representation, Saad Al-Taftazani, Al-Sharif Al-Jarjani.

Knowledge of Maltese singular\u2013plural mappings

Which factors determine the choice of a plural allomorph for a new singular form? Are regular mappings stored differently from irregular mappings? Do native speakers only rely on analogical mappings to inflect novel word forms or do they use rules? To answer these questions we used data from Maltese, a language with a split morphology, which has a rich and variable set of concatenative and non-concatenative plural patterns.We conducted a production experiment, in which we investigated the mapping of a singular onto a plural. We show that this is driven by an interplay between the similarity of novel singular forms with existing singular words and their corresponding plural forms. Moreover, knowledge of the frequency of the plural patterns in the mental lexicon serves as a basis for generalization to novel words. Our results support an analogical model of morphological processing. We do not find evidence that native speakers use default rules.

Morpheme dislocation in Eastern Andalusian Spanish plurals

This paper examines whether the morpheme of plurality has shifted from word-final to word-initial syllable in Eastern Andalusian Spanish. This would be explained by word-medial vowel lowering caused by vowel harmony, which extends leftwards from the vowel preceding deleted /-s/ up to the stressed vowel. Two experiments are performed: (1) Eastern Andalusian speakers have to decide if each item is singular or plural by listening to the first syllable of paroxytone disyllabic words; (2) Paroxytone disyllabic words are manipulated and the first syllable is taken from a singular word and the second syllable from its plural, and vice versa; the participants have to categorise each item as singular or plural. An analysis of 4503 answers shows that these speakers can identify singular /ˈCV.CV/ words by listening to the first syllable only when the first syllable contains /e/ or /o/ and plural only when the first syllable contains /o/; they can identify singular /ˈCVC.CV/ words when the first syllable contains /o/, /i/ or /u/ and plurals when they contain /e/ or /o/. The morpheme of plurality has not shifted completely to word-initial syllable but it is hypothesised that there is a shift currently underway and that this is more advanced for /e/ and /o/.

Autopercepção de idosos a respeito de suas condições auditivas, de sua escuta e de suas estratégias de comunicação

Introdução: Estudos recentes na área da Fonoaudiologia vêm considerando a velhice, para além de aspectos orgânicos, a partir da participação social e da autonomia da pessoa idosa. Nesse sentido, cabe ressaltar o papel da linguagem, concebida como atividade dialógica, na promoção do envelhecimento ativo, a qual depende da possibilidade de escutar e de ser escutado. Objetivo: Investigar a autopercepção de idosos a respeito de suas condições auditivas, de sua escuta e de suas estratégias de comunicação. Método: Tendo em vista a análise dialógica do discurso, foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada com sete idosos, com e sem perda auditiva, participantes de uma Oficina da Linguagem que ocorreu em uma Universidade localizada no Sul do Brasil, durante o ano de 2016. Resultados: Os enunciados produzidos pelos participantes evidenciam que os idosos fazem uso de estratégias para ouvir melhor, tais como aproximar-se do falante, olhar de frente e prestar atenção no outro. No que diz respeito à autopercepção da escuta, alguns idosos relacionam o fato de não ouvirem às experiências negativas na infância e aos seus anos na escola. Conclusão: A possibilidade ou dificuldade para escutar, na percepção dos participantes, distancia-se de explicações de caráter orgânico e indica a importância da valorização e do acolhimento à palavra singular do outro. Assim, essa percepção pode servir de referência a outros profissionais que trabalham com idosos, para que possam atuar, considerando cada idoso como único e suas produções discursivas como singulares. Essa mudança de olhar pode favorecer a autonomia, a qualidade de vida e a inserção social dessa parcela da população.

An Editor's Top Ten

An Editor's Top Ten

Sobre os métodos da tradução de livros literários

Este artigo publicado em 1921 na China aborda aspectos teóricossobre tradução em geral e sobre tradução literária, em particular, apartir de alguns métodos relacionados à tradução como “espírito” versus“aparência”, “palavras singulares” e “espírito das entonações”

One lump or two? One butt but two buttocks.

Future revisions of anatomical terminologies will have to give more consideration to the relationships between terms and referents, and the relationships between referents, because computer applications require greater precision. Median anatomical entities and paired entities that closely flank the median plane present common problems in nomenclature, semantics, and ontology. Some of these problems represent vestiges of usage in classical Latin. For example, the use of plural words for polite names of some body parts, and singular words for euphemisms for naughty words. Clin. Anat. 32:22-24, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.