Single Work Research Articles

Invasive Ant Detection: Evaluating Honeybee Learning and Discrimination Abilities for Detecting Solenopsis invicta Odor.

Invasive red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) create a serious threat to public safety, agriculture, biodiversity, and the local economy, necessitating early detection and surveillance, which are currently time-consuming and dependent on the inspector's expertise. This study marks an initial investigation into the potential of honeybees (Apis mellifera) to detect and discriminate the odor of S. invicta through the olfactory conditioning of proboscis extension responses. Deceased S. invicta were used as conditioned stimuli to ensure relevance to non-infested areas. The results showed that the bees rapidly learned to respond to deceased ant odors, with response levels significantly increasing at higher odor intensities. Bees exhibited generalization across the odors of 25 minor workers, 21 median workers, 1 major worker, and 1 female alate. When conditioned with deceased ant odors, bees effectively recognized live ants, particularly when trained on a single minor worker. Discrimination abilities varied by species and were higher when S. invicta was paired with Polyrhachis dives and Nylanderia yaeyamensis, and lower with S. geminata, Pheidole rabo, and Pheidole fervens. Notably, discrimination improved significantly with the application of latent inhibition. These findings suggest that trained honeybees have the potential to detect S. invicta. Further refinement of this approach could enhance its effectiveness for detection and surveillance.

A Simulation-Based Approach for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Robotic Automation Systems in HMR Product Loading.

The food industry has tried to enhance production processes in response to the increasing demand for safe, high-quality Home Meal Replacement (HMR) products. While robotic automation systems are recognized for their potential to improve efficiency, their high costs and risks make them less accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study presents a simulation-based approach to evaluating the feasibility and impact of robotic automation on HMR production, focusing on two distinct production cases. By modeling large-scale and order-based production cases using simulation software, the study identified key bottlenecks, worker utilization, and throughput improvements. It demonstrated that robotic automation increased throughput by 31.2% in large-scale production (Case A) and 12.0% in order-based production (Case B). The actual implementation showed results that closely matched the simulation, validating the approach. Moreover, the study confirmed that a single worker could operate the robotic system effectively, highlighting the practicality of robotics for SMEs. This research provides critical insights into integrating robotics to enhance productivity, reduce labor dependency, and facilitate digital transformation in food manufacturing.

Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Resilience in Healthcare Workers during the Pandemic (COVID-19).

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and psychological resilience variables with working conditions and various demographic variables in healthcare professionals who are actively involved in the pandemic process. This study included 1440 healthcare workers in different professions in two state hospitals accepted as pandemic hospitals. The research data were collected with the Sociodemographic Data Form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), and Psychological Resilience Scale (PRS). Independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and descriptive analyses were used to analyze the data. As a result of the analyses, female participants had higher anxiety scores than male participants; healthcare professionals working as nurses, midwives, and health officers had higher anxiety scores than other healthcare professionals; those with less professional experience had higher anxiety scores than those with more professional experience; and those who had long hours of contact with COVID-19-positive patients (8 h or more per day) had higher anxiety scores than those with less contact. Single female healthcare workers reported higher depression symptoms than married female healthcare workers, those with children reported higher depression symptoms than those without children, and those with average professional experience (6-10 years) reported higher depression symptoms than those with more experience. Being single, having children, and having an average number of shifts (working at night) caused an increase in psychological resilience. The results of the study may contribute to the structuring of health policies to protect and support the mental health of healthcare workers in ongoing and future pandemic processes.

Genome of a single worker of the greenhead ant, Rhytidoponera metallica, reveals mechanisms of toxin evolution in a genetically hyperdiverse eusocial species

Genome of a single worker of the greenhead ant, Rhytidoponera metallica, reveals mechanisms of toxin evolution in a genetically hyperdiverse eusocial species

Indication-based and patient-based hand hygiene performance among nurses working at a university hospital.

The traditional method of monitoring hand hygiene (HH) based on specific indications does not ensure that HH is performed for all required indications during patient care. This study aimed to compare HH performance rates (HHPRs) based on specific indications versus overall patient care among nurses at a university hospital. The study retrospectively analyzed HH monitoring data for 1398 indications from 543 patients and 190 nurses. Observations were conducted continuously, tracking a single healthcare worker from before patient contact until the end of the contact within a 30-min period. The indication-based HHPR was found to be 89.1%, while the patient-based HHPR was 78.1%. In the context of patient-based HHPR, the lowest rates were observed among nurses in the emergency room (48.3%) and those with less than 1 year of work experience (66.7%). Moreover, the largest discrepancy between indication-based and patient-based HHPR was noted among emergency room nurses with less than 1 year of experience. This significant difference underscores the need for patient-based HH monitoring, particularly for nurses in emergency settings and those with limited experience.

Suspected exertional heat stroke; A case study of worker cooling in a hot and humid field environment.

In the event of a severe occupational heat-related illness, paramedic assistance may not be immediately available. A worker's survival may depend on their co-workers access to efficacious field-based cooling modalities. One cooling method that has been claimed to be practical in field-based settings is the ice towel method. This case study assessed the practicality of the ice towel method in an industrial setting, where criteria for use include cost effectiveness, portability, scalability, and implementation by a single worker under the stress of an emergency. This case study describes the emergency application of the ice towel method while awaiting paramedics, for a worker suffering suspected exertional heat stroke on a remote job site. Ice towels were able to be transported to a remote field site and applied successfully by a single worker under the stress of a potentially life-threatening emergency. The ice towel method was cost effective, scalable, transportable, and rapidly applied in a field-based emergency. This case study demonstrates the importance of organizations assessing their heat-related risks, and determining controls based upon their efficacy and practicality for their unique setting.

Mapping of Health Resources in Lower Manya Krobo Municipality in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

Spatial disparities impact population health and are linked to social and health disparities. Understanding the scope, nature, and trends of regional inequalities can help create policies, strategies, and interventions that affect the morbidity and mortality of various disease control. The variations in the distribution of health facilities have resulted in differences in health outcomes within Ghana's administrative districts, of which the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality (LMKM) is no exception. The primary objective of this study was to examine the distribution of healthcare resources in the LMKM in the Eastern Region of Ghana. A single case study approach involving all health resources, facilities, and supporting service centers in the LMKM was adopted. All functional health facilities in the municipality during the study were included. The study partly used records of generated coordinates using the global positioning system of other resources and services. The Municipality had 16 health facilities and 29 supporting centers. There were 285 clinical health workers in the municipality. Odumase and Akuse had higher percentages of clinical health personnel. The municipality's population per single health worker ratio was 13,201:1. Agomanya had the highest number of facilities and support centers. The population per health facility ratio was 15,086 per facility. The study demonstrated disparities in the distribution of health facilities across the municipality. There is a need to ensure that all health resources are allocated to the population size and the health needs of the LMKM.

Crowdsourcing Upon Learning: Energy-Aware Dispatch With Guarantee for Video Analytics

Over the last decade, the mobile crowdsourcing has become a paradigm to conduct the manual annotation and further analytics by recruited workers, with their rewards depending on the result quality. Existing dispatchers cannot precisely capture the resource-quality trade-off for video analytics, because the configurations supported by recruited workers are limited, and workers' availability changes over time. To determine the most suitable configurations as well as workers for video analytics, we formulate a non-linear mixed program in long term, maximizing the crowdsourcing profit. Based on previous results under various configurations and workers, we design an algorithm via a series of subproblems to decide the configurations adaptively upon the prediction of workers' feedbacks. Such prediction is based on volatile multi-armed bandit to capture workers' availability and stochastic changes on resource uses. Furthermore, we extend the proposed algorithms to the multi-worker selection scenario where the platform needs to determine a candidate worker set instead of a single worker for video analytics. Via rigorous proof, the regret is ensured upon the Lyapunov optimization and the bandit, measuring the gap between the online decisions and the offline optimum. Extensive trace-driven experiments show that our proposed algorithm improves the profit by 37% compared with other algorithms.

Which variables and determinants influence online food delivery consumption among workers and students? Results from the DELIvery Choice In OUr Society (DELICIOUS) cross-sectional study.

Online food delivery (OFD) applications provide easy access to food, eliminating the need for cooking and meal planning. However, they predominantly promote processed and calorie-dense foods, potentially impacting diet and health. This study aimed to describe the use of OFD services in a sample of Italian workers and students, to explore potential determinants of OFD usage and to assess possible differences in use between these two categories. Data were collected through an online survey (convenience sampling) distributed on social media platforms between July 12, 2022, and February 1, 2023. The sample included individuals aged 18 and above, currently residing in Italy. The sample was stratified according to worker/student status. Descriptive analyses were performed on key variables. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the effects of variables on OFD usage, treated as a dichotomous variable (usage or non-usage). This study analyzed 3,502 questionnaires (2,594 from workers and 908 from students) after excluding 323 non-student and non-worker responses. Positive associations with OFD use included higher income, remote working, smoking, elevated BMI, depression risk, and impulsive buying among workers, while being female, frequent screen-watching during meals, daily smoking, higher BMI, and impulsive buying were associated with OFD use among students. Factors negatively associated with OFD use included older age (workers and students), living in suburbs (workers and students) or in an outline town (workers), being single (workers and students), adhering to the Mediterranean diet (students), having low health literacy (students), and job dissatisfaction (workers). OFD consumption was associated with some risky behaviors and conditions, such as high BMI or smoking, suggesting that it might be influenced by individual tendencies. Healthier habits, such as physical activity, did not significantly impact OFD usage, especially among workers. Whereas, among students, factors such as low health literacy and better eating habits were associated with less use of OFD, so that they could be more prone to use OFD in a measured way. Further research is needed to better understand potential associations between OFD and risky habits, as well as its role in promoting access to healthy food in underserved areas.

Making the Most of Familismo to Curb the Diabetes Epidemic: Early Evidence of Success Delivering the Same Intervention to Latinas at Risk for and With Diabetes.

In the USA, diabetes disproportionately affects Hispanics/Latinx, continuing to contribute to health disparities. To address the diabetes epidemic, separate programs for pre-diabetes and diabetes are promoted nationwide. However, engagement by Hispanics/Latinx in either program is lagging. Recent evidence suggests that offering a single community health worker delivered intervention that includes both groups and allows family members to participate may be more effective and in harmony with Latino cultural values, especially if offered to Latino women (Latinas) who traditionally are in charge of food preparation. Our objective was to explore the results of an intervention delivered to low-income Latinas at various dysglycemic levels (diabetic and pre-diabetic). In this quasi-experimental mixed-methods cohort study we longitudinally assessed biometric outcomes and health behaviors among obese Latinas at risk for-and with-diabetes, participating in the same intervention. Data were collected at baseline and 3 months post-intervention. Focus group discussions and interviews provided qualitative data to help contextualize findings. Participants at different levels of the dysglycemic spectrum benefited equally from the intervention across most measures. Among participants whose relatives had diabetes, weight loss exceeded that of participants without diagnosed relatives. Domestic partners' support, attending the program in a group setting, and previous diagnoses from a healthcare professional were associated with better results. Our findings indicate that a community health worker-delivered intervention for Hispanics/Latinx with-and at-risk for-diabetes is feasible and could be more effective in reducing Hispanics/Latinx' diabetes burden. Health educators and clinicians should consider tapping into the collective nature of the Latinx/Hispanic culture to encourage healthy behaviors among individuals whose family members have diabetes, regardless of their dysglycemic status. We recommend replicating this study with a more rigorous randomized design, a larger number of participants and longer-term follow-up.

Decorative Art of the Latvian SSR, Searching the Way Between Party-Mindedness and National-Mindedness

The basic principle of socialist realism was the belief in the political ideals proposed by the ruling Communist party (party-mindedness) of the Soviet Union, enriched by national-mindedness and ideinost (ideological-content). Already since the early 1930s, in the Soviet Union every single cultural worker in every single discipline of art had to strictly follow the method of socialist realism. The canon of socialist realism was equally applicable to fine art as well as applied art, the specific function of which was supposed to be purely utilitarian use. Decorative art in the national republics of the Soviet Union usually took the forms of folk art, and decorative art since the beginning of the 1960s was perceived as an integral component of Soviet culture. The essence of Soviet culture had already been formulated several decades earlier, and it had to be socialist in content and national in form, emphasizing the importance of national traditions.
 It was possible to treat this principle in various, even very disparate ways, so the problem of adherence to the party principles and the manifestastion of national distinctiveness was an inexhaustible topic of theoretical and practical discussions. Conceptual ambiguity, as well as very different visions among artists, theoreticians, as well as party officials, did not allow to develop a unified theory of applied art. Due to the afore mentioned ambiguity and the pluralism of opinions artists of applied art could enjoy some space of freedom for creativity, without directly violating the canons of socialist realism.
 The author of the paper examines and analyzes the development of professional decorative art in the Latvian SSR of that time, ideological currents in art theory, and center–periphery relationship.

Preference-Aware Group Task Assignment in Spatial Crowdsourcing: Effectiveness and Efficiency

With the diffusion of online mobile devices with geo-location capabilities, the infrastructure necessary for real-world deployment of Spatial Crowdsourcing (SC), where so-called mobile workers are assigned location-sensitive tasks, is in place. Some SC tasks cannot be completed by a single worker due to their complexity, but rather must be assigned to and completed by a group of users. Achieving such group assignments that satisfy all group members evenly is an open challenge. To address this challenge, we propose a novel preference-aware group task assignment framework encompassing two components: Mutual Information-based Preference Modeling (MIPM) and Preference-aware Group Task Assignment (PGTA). The MIPM component learns the preferences of groups contrastively by maximizing the mutual information between workers and worker groups based on worker-task and group-task interaction data and by using an attention mechanism to weight group members adaptively. In addition, curriculum negative sampling is adopted to generate a small number of negative workers for each worker group, following the principles of curriculum learning. Next, the PGTA component offers an optimal task assignment algorithm that employs tree decomposition to assign tasks to appropriate worker groups, with the aim of maximizing the number of task assignments while prioritizing more interested groups when assigning tasks. The task assignment framework also features preference-constrained pruning of unpromising worker groups to speed up the assignment process. Finally, we report extensive experiments that offer evidence of the effectiveness and practicality of the paper's proposal.

Changes in sexuality and couple relationship during the COVID-19 lockdown in Portugal: findings from an online survey

In this work we aim to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic measures influenced frequency of intercourse, auto-erotic behaviors, sexual desire and satisfaction and quality of couple relationships of the Portuguese Population. We also aimed to address if these changes were different across gender, relationship and work status (home-based; in-office work). This was an observational cross-sectional study, performed through an online survey. We included 316 participants. About half of the participants who were in a relationship revealed no relationship impact. The mean impact was more positive in home-based participants (1,96 vs 1,81). Half of the participants had a decrease in frequency of sexual intercourse, with in-office workers reporting a greater reduction. Mean increases in masturbation were higher in men (p < 0,001) and home-based participants (p = 0,012). Pornography consumption was higher in single (p = 0,044) and home-based participants (p = 0,04). Sexual desire was higher in single (p = 0,047) and home-based participants (p = 0,014). Sexual satisfaction was lower in single (p < 0,001) and in-office workers (p = 0,282). Home-based participants had a more positive mean impact in most variables, which was significant for participants who were in a relationship and home-based.

The interrelationship of value orientations and security culture of workers of medical organization

The purpose of the study is to identify relationship between value orientations and safety culture of workers of medical organization. The sampling consisted of 284 workers (66 men, 218 women) of medical clinic. To identify system of personal values the "Value Orientations" questionnaire by Sch. Schwartz was applied. The mean values and ranks were calculated for each value indicator. To assess safety culture the "Safety Attitudes Questionnaire" by K. N. Tsaranov et al. was applied. The data statistical processing of the data was carried out using variance analysis and correlation analysis (Pearson coefficient). The largest differences in the indicators in the group with a low level of value-intentional coherence indicator were observed in relation to values "conformity" (rank difference 2.16), "stimulation" (1.73), "universalism" (0.9), "achievement" (0.83), "independence" (0.77), "traditions" (0.61) For other values difference was less than 0.5. The largest differences in indicators in the group with high level of value-intentional coherence indicator (IVC) were observed for values "universalism" (1.01), "stimulation" (0.64), "achievement" (0.5). For the remaining values difference was less than 0.5. Assessment of safety culture revealed that below threshold of agreement (75%) were results on the scale "Recognition (understanding) of stress" in all groups of respondents. On indicator "Working conditions" below level of agreement were results of groups with low and high levels of value-intentional consistency indicator. Below threshold of agreement (75%) were results of responses to the question about the relationship with clinical pharmacologists in all groups of respondents. The value-intentional coherence index can be applied only concerning each single worker. The qualitative analysis of IVC indicator should both include its comparison at the level of normative ideals and behavioral priorities of values and to consider the spread between ranks. The values "stimulation" and "achievement" have no effect on manifestation of attitude to safety culture of medical organization. The key personal values associated with manifestations of safety culture are "power", "autonomy" and "conformality".

Dynamic Task Assignment Framework for Mobile Crowdsensing with Deep Reinforcement Learning

Task assignment is a key issue in mobile crowdsensing (MCS). Previous task assignment methods were mainly static offline assignment. However, the MCS platform needs to process dynamically changing workers and tasks online in the actual assignment process. Hence, a reliable dynamic assignment strategy is crucial to improving the platform’s efficiency. This paper proposes an MCS dynamic task assignment framework to solve the task maximization assignment problem with spatiotemporal properties. First, a single worker is modeled for the Markov decision process, and a deep reinforcement learning algorithm (DDQN) is used to perform offline learning on historical task data. Then, in the dynamic assignment process, we consider the impact of current decisions on future decisions. Use the maximum flow model to maximize the number of tasks completed in each period while maximizing the expected Q value of all workers to achieve the optimal global assignment. Experiments show that the strategy proposed in this paper has good performance compared with the baseline strategy under different conditions.

Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome and its Association with Job Title and Violence among Physicians in Baghdad: A Triangulated Methodology Study

Background: Economic Globalization affects work condition by increasing work stress. Chronic work stress ended with burnout syndrome. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of burnout syndrome and the association of job title, and violence with it among physicians in Baghdad, and to assess the burnout syndrome at patient and work levels by structured interviews. Subjects and Methods: A cross section study was conducted on Physicians in Baghdad. Sampling was a multistage, stratified sampling to control the confounders in the design phase. A mixed qualitative and quantitative approach (triangulation) was used. Quantitative method used self-administered questionnaires of Maslach Burn out Inventory. Qualitative approach used an open-ended question modified from Copenhagen Burnout Inventory by face-to-face interviews. An ordinal logistic regression used in the analysis phase to overcome confounders. Results: The percentages of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feeling of inefficacy were 72.5%, 31.9%, and 12.7% respectively. Total burnout syndrome was 56.4%. Being single and hospital workers were significantly associated with emotional exhaustion (p=0.006, 0.001 respectively) and total burnout syndrome (p=0.017, 0.016 in sequence). In addition to emotional exhaustion and burnout syndrome, singles suffered from depersonalization (p=0.010). Administrative responsibilities made physicians less liable for emotional exhaustion but more prone to feeling of inefficacy (p=0.038, 0.017 respectively). Less than 40-year age group had a relation with depersonalization, p=0.003, and total burnout syndrome p=0.013. Being male was significant with total burnout syndrome, p=0.008. All Violence types were associated significantly with burnout syndrome and its dimensions, p=0.001 (except feeling of inefficacy in which only threat was significant with it, p=0.054). In qualitative part, the response rate was 80%. It was formulated from 3 themes. Highest percentages in these themes were gained by female and graded physicians. Conclusion: Burnout affects over half of Baghdad’s doctor. Violence was significant to burnout syndrome but job title was not. In qualitative part female and graded physicians were most groups to be affected.

Joint privacy and data quality aware reward in opportunistic Mobile Crowdsensing systems

Mobile Crowdsensing (MCS) is a paradigm involving a crowd of participants, called workers, into sensor data gathering campaigns through their personal devices. Some campaigns require workers to contribute with small amounts of geolocalized data at a constant rate, while being not directly aware of the global conditions of the system. In the scope of this reduced awareness, it is crucial to consider the privacy preservation of single workers at design time, as the disclosure of their exact location may lead to severe privacy issues. In this paper we design a privacy by design MCS framework that leverages variable rewards for workers willing to submit their location with an higher precision than others. Privacy is ensured through a negotiation phase that estimates the reward of the workers for different levels of location precision. This way, it helps them decide autonomously the spatial granularity of their data in order to preserve their privacy, yet obtaining a reward for their data. We design a metric based on k-anonymity to evaluate the level of privacy achieved, and validate the proposed framework over a real dataset. Our results show the efficacy of the framework as well as interesting effects caused by the topology of the environment.

THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION AND EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN THE WORLD OF WORK FOR WORKERS WITH DISABILITIES (Study in Kupang City)

This research discusses the problem where companies have not hired people with disabilities. The company in Kupang City is one of the companies that is really able to hire people with disabilities. However, so far the company does not have a single worker who comes from among people with disabilities. Based on Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities article 53 paragraph (1) states, the Government, local governments, State-owned Enterprises and Regional-Owned Enterprises are required to employ at least 2% (two percent) of persons with disabilities from the number of employees or workers.Meanwhile, article 53 paragraph (2) states that private companies must employ at least 1% (one percent) of persons with disabilities from the number of existing employees.The formulation of the problem from this writing is how to implement the principle of non-discrimination and equality of opportunity in the world of work for workers with disabilities (study at Kupang City) and the obstacles to the implementation of the principle of non-discrimination and equality of opportunity in the world of work for workers with disabilities at Kupang City.The type of research used is empirical legal research.Based on the results of the study, it shows that the Company has not applied the principle of non-discrimination and equality of opportunity in the world of work for workers with disabilities.Meanwhile, the obstacles are the first obstacle from the person with disabilities itself, the second is the obstacle from the company.

Association Between the Marital Status and Work-Related Quality of Life Among in Health Care Workers

Marital status is one of the main Indicator of stress which affects the occupational tasks of healthcare workers in Pakistan. Objective: To find out the relationship among marital status, PSS and WRQoL due to which the occupational tasks in HCWs suffer. Methods: This study was an observational type of cross-sectional survey. 50 HCWs were include between the age of 20-40 who had no comorbid conditions. After taking approval from ERC of RIHS the study was conducted at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences and Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from June 2022 to Jan 30, 2023. Two groups were formulated on the basis of marital status of participants. Single HCWs were included in Group A (n=19) whereas married in group B (n=31). Man, Whitney U test for between groups analysis was carried out to find the relationship among marital status, PSS and WRQoL. Level of significance was &lt;0.05 and CI=95%. Results: Mean and Standard deviation of age in group A was 29.53 ± 7.28 and in group B it was 30.39 ± 6.09. Man, Whitney U test showed insignificant difference (p&gt;0.05) between PSS and marital status but there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) on WRQoL on the basis of marital status. Conclusions: It was concluded that married HCWs had low QoL as compared to single workers. But level of stress was also high in married workers on the basis of percentages.

Patience and its relationship to Stress Tolerance in the medical system in Bethlehem Governorate during the Corona pandemic

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has set unprecedented demand on the medical system globally. Palestine was one of the Arab countries affectedObjectivesThe present study aims to identify the relationship between patience and Stress Tolerance in the medical system in Bethlehem Governorate during the Corona pandemic, as well as to identify the impact of several demographic variables on it.MethodsDescriptive method were used. Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted using (SPSS). A random sample of 160 workers of the medical staff completed the Patience Scale and Coping Processes Scale questionnaire.Results: showed there is a significant positive effect for patience on stress tolerance and there were statistically significant differences in the level of patience in favor of males and single workers. It was also found that there is no difference in the specific duties of a health care worker and no variance of statistical evidence was found in the level of patience due to work with Covid patients but there were differences in stress tolerance in favor of those who do not work with Covid patients.There is a significance in the level of stress tolerance in favor of the National Center in regard to bearing pressure.There was a negative correlation with statistical significance between stress tolerance and age. The nature of stress changes with age, from episodic to chronic, which in turn affects appraisal and coping processesConclusionsThis study, which was conducted on a sample of Palestinian medical workers in the Bethlehem area, showed that at the beginning of the pandemic, the medical system in Palestine was not ready to handle Covid 19, and had no precautions to prevent the disease. In spite of that, the doctors and nurses who were undergoing psychological pressure were able to stand at the front line and face the outbreak of the Corona virus.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared