Single-wire Transmission Research Articles

Экстракция погонных параметров линий передачи из измеренных S-параметров

A method for extracting the per-unit-length parameters of transmission lines from measured S-parameters is presented. The method shows similar results with other methods of calculation of per-unit-length parameters. The maximum deviation of the elements of the matrices of the per-unit-length parameters of single-wire transmission lines is 1,37%, while the minimum value is 0,075%. In the case of multiconductor symmetrical and asymmetrical transmission lines the maximum deviation does not exceed 3,64%. To confirm the results, the characteristics in the time domain are analyzed. It is shown that the method is stable as the complexity of structures increases in terms of the number of conductors and the presence of their asymmetry.

Excitation of flatland surface-wave leakage on an equivalent reactance surface by a single-wire transmission line

Recently, researchers have demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that low-dimensional version of conventional leaky waves, known as “flatland leaky waves” (FLWs). FLWs can be supported by planar junctions of metasurfaces and are completely confined to a plane. Here, we design a structure that places an equivalent reactance surface near the transmission line to excite the FLWs. By properly designing the geometry of the unit cell, conditions can be created for faster surface waves (SWs) to excite slower SWs on the surface, resulting in the desired form of two-dimensional (2D) leaky-wave radiation. A sample was fabricated and measured, and both the simulation results and the experimental results yielded the desired results. Finally, we design the equivalent impedance surface model on which we can also observe the 2D FLWs. Our research not only deepens the understanding of the phenomenon of FLWs but also brings the application of equivalent reactance surfaces in the field of electromagnetic phenomena research to a higher level.

Surface Wave, Skin Effect, and Per Unit Length Parameters of the Single-Wire Transmission Line at Low Frequency, for Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Wires

Surface Wave, Skin Effect, and Per Unit Length Parameters of the Single-Wire Transmission Line at Low Frequency, for Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Wires

Goubau-Line Set Up for Bench Testing Impedance of IVU32 Components

The worldwide first in-vacuum elliptical undulator, IVUE32, is being developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. The 2.5 m long device with a period length of 3.2 cm and a minimum gap of about 7 mm is to be installed in the BESSY II storage ring. It will deliver radiation in the soft X-ray range to several beamlines. The proximity of the undulator structure to the electron beam makes the device susceptible to wakefield effects which can influence beam stability. A complete understanding of its impedance characteristics is required prior to installation and operation, as unforeseen heating of components could have catastrophic consequences. To understand and measure the IVU’s impedance characteristics a Goubau-line test stand is being designed. A Goubau-line is a single wire transmission line for high frequency surface waves with a transverse electric field resembling that of a charged particle beam out to a certain radial distance. A concept optimized for bench testing IVUE32-components will be discussed, microwave simulations will be presented, and progress towards a test bench prototype will be shown.

Broadband Low-Loss On-Body UHF to Millimeter-Wave Surface Wave Links Using Flexible Textile Single Wire Transmission Lines

On-body transmission represents a challenge due to human body shadowing. This paper proposes a Sommerfeld-Goubau single-wire transmission line (SWTL) implemented using electronic textiles for low-loss on-body links up to millimeter-wave frequencies, overcoming the spherical spreading loss and on-body absorption. The SWTL is fabricated using a conductive thread suitable for embroidery on textiles. A compact tapered launcher is implemented on a flexible polyimide substrate to excite the surface mode along the SWTL. In space, a 3 m-long line maintains a forward transmission over −10 dB between 1 and 3 GHz. The SWTL link is characterized for different body parts showing under 20 dB insertion loss with a 1 cm air gap. Across the torso, a forward transmission over −20 dB is maintained from 0.5 to 2.5 GHz, which represents at least 20 dB improvement over two antennas, of larger dimensions, over-the-air. Directly on-skin, the SWTL can be used around 1 GHz with an <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over −25 dB, over 50 dB improvement over two on-skin antennas. At 50 GHz, the shielded SWTL exhibits an ultra-low on-body attenuation around 0.11 dB/mm, a four-fold improvement over a microstrip line on the same substrate. It is concluded that SWTLs can enable ultra high-speed future body area networks.

Solving Power and Control Using Wireless Transmission Systems for Hard to Access Electrochemical Sensors

The Industrial setting is considered as a harsh environment for sensors. These sensors form the part of the Industrial internet of things (IIoT). For the IIoT to materialize, the simultaneous power supply and electronic control of electrochemical sensors is one of the major challenges. This can be solved using the concept of simultaneous wireless power and data transmission (WPDT). The authors present a brief overview of the coupling based wireless power transmissions and wave-based systems. The authors lay special emphasis on the Zenneck wave (ZW) and single wire (SW) transmission systems. Both ZW and SW systems have specific advantages over existing methods when supplying power and data to electrochemical sensors under industrial settings where metal forms the bulk of the environment. Traditional wireless systems undergo power and signal loss due to Faraday-shielding, whereas ZW and SW system operate effectively under these conditions. The authors demonstrate that a power of 40 watts can be successfully transmitted across metal shielded environments. This kind of power supply is desirable for wireless potentiostats.

РЕЗОНАНСНАЯ СИСТЕМА ПЕРЕДАЧИ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ WI-FI ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ СЕТЕЙ И СБОРА ИНФОРМАЦИИ ЖИЛИЩНО-КОММУНАЛЬНЫХ УСЛУГ

Resonant power transmission systems are designed for power supply to remote consumers of small and medium power, as well as for lighting of premises and territories. The systems include frequency conversion devices, power lines, and reverse voltage conversion devices to the required voltage for the consumer. This system can be used for transmitting electricity via power lines to Wi-Fi access points. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing LPWAN networks, developing a set of equipment for resonant power transmission, calculating the project cost and describing the operation of the resonant system set. (Materials and methods) During the study, the next materials, equipment, and devices were used: a three-phase rectifier with a capacitor filter, an electronic transmission control circuit, power switches and a resonant oscillating circuit (transformer). (Results and discussion) To design and manufacture the installation, authors used the principle of operation of the resonant power transmission system based on the use of two transformers, operating at a frequency of 5-15 kilohertz, and single-wire line between them with a line voltage of 1-10 kilovolts when operating in a resonant mode at which the system operates at a frequency of 7-9 kilohertz, and the voltage in the transmission line of 1500 volts allows to transmit electricity through the single-wire transmission line with a capacity of up to 8,000 watts at a distance of 1.5 kilometers. Authors analyzed the features of the LPWAN network and developed a set of equipment for resonant power transmission, transmitting and receiving units. (Conclusions) The scientific and practical significance of the results is in: a set of resonant power transmission systems, calculated the cost of the project, and the principle of operation of the system.

Uniform large­sized lumber drying system using mw radiation and basing on a single­wire E00 wave energy transmission line

In order to generalize the possibilities of using MW radiation in industrial processes, the given paper considers and analyzes various methods of wood drying. Technological and economic advantages of wood drying in an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field are well justified. Wood drying in the ultra-high frequency range is considered as the most optimal in contrast to traditional methods. This method is based on the penetration of electromagnetic energy into the material and converting it into heat. The paper reveals the possibility of more effective use of MW radiation. It proposes a method for drying wood and large-sized lumber basing on a single-wire transmission line of electromagnetic energy of the surface wave. The paper also describes the advantages of the proposed method: the use of a single wire covered with a thin layer of dielectric material, the use of a vibratory system for surface wave excitation, and the use of a flat reflector. Special attention is paid to the contact area of the wire with a flat reflector since the perfection of this contact largely determines the efficiency of surface wave excitation. The conducted research estimated the influence of the parameters of the vibratory surface wave excitation system in a single waveguide on the efficiency of its excitation. The proposed vibratory excitation device allows quite a simple step-by-step adjustment of the thermal power in the irradiated object. The design of the dissipation load for surface wave lines has been successfully tested during the laboratory works where certain ways of unclaimed electromagnetic energy utilization were suggested. Following the results of the conducted research, we proposed a physical model of a system for microwave drying of wood and large-sized lumber

Measuring vacuum component impedance for the Argonne Advanced Photon Source upgrade

The Advanced Photon Source plans to upgrade to a multibend achromat (MBA) lattice that will dramatically decrease the electron beam emittance, thereby enhancing the x-ray brightness by two to three orders of magnitude. Electron beam focusing in the MBA requires small-aperture vacuum components that must also have a small impedance so as to minimize rf-heating and collective instabilities. As part of this effort, this paper focuses on coupling impedance measurements and analysis of certain critical Advanced Photon Source Upgrade vacuum components. Impedance measurements of accelerator components have traditionally been done with the coaxial wire method, which is based on the fact that the Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM) mode of the coaxial cable can mimic the Coulomb field of a particle beam; however this measurement technique has various limitations. This paper describes our approach to measure the coupling impedance using a Goubau line (G-line), which is essentially a single wire transmission line designed to propagate Sommerfeld-like surface waves whose fundamental Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode mimics the Coulomb field of a relativistic particle beam. We describe in detail the measurement procedure that we have developed for the G-line, including the measurement setup and proper definition of a reference, measurement procedure and advantages, and our experience regarding how to reduce systematic experimental error that we learned over the course of the measurements. Starting with our initial suite of measurements and simulations designed to benchmark and validate the novel G-line based measurement technique, we present the measured results for several Advanced Photon Source Upgrade vacuum components, including those of two rf-gasket designs and the beam position monitor-bellows assembly.

Radiated Susceptibility Analysis of Single-wire Transmission Lines by Means of Modified Stochastic Reduced-order Modeling

This work investigates the statistical radiatedsusceptibility of an electrically-short transmission line (TL)consisting of a single wire over a ground plane. The angularparameters of the impinging plane wave and the height ofthe wire over the ground plane are modelled as randomvariables with Gaussian/Uniform distributions. Thestatistical properties of the current in the TL terminations(i.e., mean value, standard deviation, and cumulativedistribution function) are derived through a properlydefined numerical methodology consisting in a modifiedversion of the conventional Stochastic Reduced-OrderModel (SROM) approach. The proposed methodologyconsists in a straightforward approximation of the inputcontinuous random variables with small-size discreterandom variables. In contrast with conventional SROM, nonumerical pre-processing is needed. The modified SROMproposed in this paper demonstrates high efficiency whencompared with classical Monte Carlo approach. Theproposed technique can be applied to the statistical analysisof much more complex systems whose input/outputrelationship requires a huge computational burden and forwhich the conventional Monte Carlo approach is notsuitable

Перспективы развития передачи электроэнергии по однопроводной линии

Перспективы развития передачи электроэнергии по однопроводной линии

Test results of resonant single wire system transmitting power to the infrastructure objects of the JSC “RZD”

The paper provides test results of pilot sample of resonant single wire transmission system to a distance of 2000 m at a higher frequency. Cable power lines used as the power line based on coaxial cable. Operating principle of resonant single-wire transmission system is based on the use of two resonance transformers with frequency of 5–15 kHz, wire line voltage between the line is 1–10 kV when operating in a resonant mode. Resonant power transformers consist of a resonant circuit and step-up/step-down winding. Resonance system for high efficiency energy transfer system when adjusting all parameters at certain voltage, frequency and load. With the set of equipment, which operates at a frequency of 7–9 kHz and at a voltage of 980 V, power line can transmit electricity on a single transmission line up to 3000 watts. The article describes the possibility of applying a resonant sin-gle-wire power transmission system at a frequency of about 7 kHz for the transmission of electric power up to 3 kW from a stationary power supply system (three-phase voltage is 380 V AC, 50 Hz) for single-phase load, and earthed on the individual earthing inverter. Efficiency of resonant single-wire electric power transmission system increases with increasing load capacity. It can reach 88–91 % directly at the maximum load with efficient conversion equipment. Measurements of electromagnetic fields from unscreened power lines were carried out. The results of the measurements show that the maximum value of the alternating electric field in the frequency range of 2–400 kHz is 100–150 V/m, well below the maximum permissible level. The advantage of the resonance system compared to a single-phase system is in operating at the frequency of 7 kHz.

Avramenko Diode Circuit Topology for Microwave Energy Harvesting in Goubau Line and Wireless Mediums

Wireless energy harvesting at microwave frequencies is a known challenge. The transmission medium to support delivery of a wireless energy is normally an insulator that conducts mainly a displacement current. However, Nikola Tesla has hinted that an electric energy can be transmitted on the surface of a natural medium in the same manner as it propagates in a single-wire transmission line. Armed with this knowledge, we have successfully employed a single-wire transmission methodology to deliver a wireless power over a distance in excess of 2.5 m. The proposed methodology involves the use of modified Avramenko diode configuration (ADC), which is known to be able to rectify an ac power in a single-wire transmission line into a dc voltage. The rectified voltage of an ADC, though small, can be enormously multiplied to boost the yield of the power of the harvested output. The results of our investigation suggest two facts: 1) the RF ground does not need to have any physical connection with the remote power source and 2) the output voltage is weakly dependent of the input current, proving the feasibility of harvesting energy from a transmission medium of high characteristic impedance. The proposed methodology is applicable to virtually all transmission mediums, including a single-wire transmission line, free space, and the air-ground interface.

Long-Range Battery-Free UHF RFID With a Single Wire Transmission Line

We present a long-range passive (battery-free) radio frequency identification (RFID) and distributed sensing system using a single wire transmission line (SWTL) as the communication channel. A SWTL exploits guided surface wave propagation along a single conductor, which can be formed from existing infrastructure, such as power lines, pipes, or steel cables. Guided propagation along a SWTL has far lower losses than a comparable over-the-air (OTA) communication link; so much longer read distances can be achieved compared with the conventional OTA RFID system. In a laboratory-scale experiment with an ISO18000-6C (EPC Gen 2) passive tag, we demonstrate an RFID system using an 8 mm diameter, 5.2 m long SWTL. This SWTL has 30 dB lower propagation loss than a standard OTA RFID system at the same read range. We further demonstrate that the SWTL can tolerate extreme temperatures far beyond the capabilities of coaxial cable, by heating an operating SWTL conductor with a propane torch having a temperature of nearly 2000 °C. Extrapolation from the measured results suggest that a SWTL-based RFID system is capable of read ranges of over 70 m assuming a reader output power of +32.5 dBm and a tag power-up threshold of -7 dBm.

PERATION PECULIARITIES OF SINGLE-WIRE HIGH FREQUENCY POWER TRANSMISSION LINES

Increasing efficiency of power transmission lines is an important factor for providing agricultural objects with electric power. During the development power transmission systems, lines direct current, lines alternating voltage of industrial frequency and lines of alternating voltage high frequency have appeared. The author considers some features of operation power transmission systems over single-wire transmission lines operating at high frequency in range of 5-20 kHz. The system allows to transmit electrical energy on one wire with return through low-conductivity grounds due to the high frequency. To operate a single-wire power transmission system, it is necessary to arrange grounding. A distinctive feature work of grounding at a high frequency is that in addition to conductivity of soil, dielectric permittivity of soil layers also works. This makes it possible to reduce size of switches earthing or to transmit electrical energy through low-conductivity grounds with small losses. Calculations of efficiency of electric energy transfer are given. Efficiency of transmission electric power of 10 kW at a frequency 10 kHz through dry silica can be 96.5 percent. When the frequency is 50 Hz, so efficiency of transmission electric power will tend toward zero. Corrosion damages of the steel electrodes placed in an electrolyte on currents of various frequency were estimated. Effect of high frequency on circuit of grounding switches was studied. If the high frequency equals 2.6 and 100 kHz, so the corrosion of electrodes decreases by 15-20 percent compared to the frequency of 50 Hz, and by 60 times in comparison with a constant current. Therefore as grounding conductors of a single-wire power line it is possible to use not only special electrodes, but also agricultural objects.

A Coplanar Vivaldi-Style Launcher for Goubau Single-Wire Transmission Lines

In this letter, we present a coplanar Vivaldi-style launcher for single-wire transmission lines (SWTLs), sometimes called Goubau lines. The launcher converts a transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) mode from a coaxial feed port to the transverse magnetic (TM01) surface-wave mode supported by the SWTL. The original Goubau design for SWTL launchers uses large horns to enforce the mode conversion. In contrast, the proposed coplanar Vivaldi-type launcher comprises a planar structure with dimensions of 100 mm × 150 mm, which is more convenient to install on existing infrastructure, such as power lines, communication wires, structural steel cables, or pipes. The proposed launcher can be used to provide a broadband communication channel for ultrahigh frequency and microwave radio-frequency signals from 0.81 to 2.29 GHz. It has a measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 1.39 GHz. The measured line loss with an 8 mm diameter SWTL conductor is approximately 0.19 dB/m at 1.5 GHz, which is comparable to high-quality coaxial cables. We have also shown that multiple launcher pairs can be used back-to-back on the same SWTL conductor to provide isolated communication links. With a launcher separation distance of 250 mm, the measured back-to-back isolation exceeds 30 dB.

Investigation of Method Single-Wire Transmission with Tesla Coils

Investigation of Method Single-Wire Transmission with Tesla Coils

Распределение напряжения вдоль отключенной и заземленной линии, наведенного магнитным полем параллельной линии

With the view of calculation methods accuracy increase duringcalculations by Carson’s method, by simplified Carson’s&#x0D; method and by hequ method, we considered induced voltage parameters,currents and voltage distribution alonggrounded&#x0D; on the ends single-wire transmission lines created by magnetic field of parallel single-wire operating line. It is shown that&#x0D; hequ method, eliminating errors in the &amp;#34;dead zone&amp;#34; in calculation by Carson’s method, gives almost identical results outside&#x0D; the &amp;#34;dead zone&amp;#34;, and small differences with the results of simplified Carson’s method.

Single-wire radio frequency transmission lines in biological tissue

We present an approach for implanting radio frequency transmission lines in biological tissue, using a single insulated wire surrounded by tissue as a variant of the Goubau single-wire transmission line (SWTL) in air. We extend the Goubau SWTL model to include SWTLs surrounded by lossy dielectrics such as tissue by assuming a propagating mode component in the tissue. We show that a thin wire of radius 63.5 μm, coated with biocompatible fluorinated ethylene propylene dielectric, exhibits a measured loss of only 1 dB/cm at a frequency of 915 MHz. The model fit to the measured insertion loss is within ±0.3 dB/cm across the 100 MHz to 3 GHz band. This SWTL presents excellent impedance matching to 50 Ω as evidenced by a measured median return loss better than 10 dB across the 100 MHz to 3 GHz range. This approach represents an alternative to near-field magnetic coupling for implanted systems where tissue displacement by a single, thin wire can be tolerated.

Однопроводная линия передачи логических данных на основе многозонной частотно-широтно-импульсной модуляции

The paper considers several logical variables transmission describing regular and emergency modes of op- erations of the inspected control object by means of a single-channel communication line. The method is based on multizone frequency-width-pulse modulation. The block diagram of receiving and transmitting channels and example of modulation zones allocation algorithm between logical variables are given. The authors present the block diagram, time diagrams of signals and main equations for static and dynamic modes of the multizone frequency-pulse-width scanning converter with zero conjugation of modulation zones. The paper gives the results of analysis of the correlation between the number of relay elements and the number of modulation zones for the basic structure of the multizone integrating scanning converter. The block diagram of single-wire transmission system of the logic data about control object condition is considered. The principle of single-wire logic messages transfer is discussed. Algorithm of the modulation zones distribution on a code condition of the inspected control object is shown. The paper may be of interest for specialists in the field of power and information electronics, of the electric drive and automation of technological processes.