Single Vision Lenses Research Articles

Multifocal Optics for Myopia Control.

The rising prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents necessitates effective interventions to mitigate long-term risks, such as retinal detachment and macular degeneration. Traditional approaches like undercorrection with single-vision lenses have proven ineffective. Recent research underscores the significance of peripheral vision in managing myopia progression. While hyperopic defocus in the peripheral retina may encourage axial elongation, multifocal lenses designed to induce peripheral myopic defocus can potentially curb this elongation. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that spectacle lenses with peripheral modifications, such as highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) or defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS), reduce myopia progression and axial elongation over 2 years. Similarly, multifocal contact lenses, especially those with high-add power (+ 2.50 D), have shown comparable reductions over 3 years. Safety is a critical consideration in myopia control. Multifocal spectacle lenses with peripheral plus designs are generally well tolerated, with only transient side effects, like dizziness and blurred vision. Soft multifocal contact lenses also exhibit a favorable safety profile, with low rates of serious adverse events. Thorough monitoring and reporting in these studies are essential to provide assurance about the safety of these interventions for children. Future research should aim to include more diverse populations in order to ensure the generalizability of findings across various demographic groups. Additionally, real-world data would offer valuable insights into the performance of these treatments in everyday scenarios. Observational studies, less influenced by industry sponsorship, could further validate these findings. Lastly, the clinical significance of the observed effects should be critically assessed to confirm that the reported benefits lead to meaningful reductions in myopia progression.

Myopia Control Effect of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) Spectacle Lens in Pakistani Children

Background: Myopia is a growing concern globally, particularly among school-aged children, leading to severe ocular complications if untreated. Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of DIMS spectacle lenses in preventing myopia progression in Pakistani children. Methods: The current study was tested clinically for two years with two hundred myopic youngsters aged six to twelve years. The subjects were divided into two groups; the first group received DIMS lenses while the second group received single vision lenses. Biometry of the axial length was done using the IOL Master 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec) and the cycloplegic autorefraction was done using the Topcon KR-800S. For monitoring the progression of myopia, axial length measurements and cycloplegic autorefraction were performed with an interval of six months. Quantitative data were analysed using independent t-tests and mixed-effects models in order to compare the results between the groups. Results: Comparing the DIMS group to the single vision lens group, the children in the former demonstrated slower myopia development. Whereas the control group's mean myopic shift was -0.67 ± 0.30 D/year, the DIMS groups was -0.32 ± 0.25 D/year (p < 0.001). Significantly less axial length changes (0.15 ± 0.10 mm/year) were seen in the DIMS group as compared to the control group (0.31 ± 0.12 mm/year) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: DIMS spectacle lenses are effective in preventing the progression of myopia in Pakistani children. Their use could be a viable approach to managing myopia in this population. However, the study is limited by its short follow-up period and the lack of data on long-term outcomes.

Visual impact of diffusion optic technology lenses for myopia control.

To assess the visual impact of Diffusion Optics Technology™ 0.2 DOT lenses (SightGlass Vision Inc.) designed for myopia control on primary gaze. DOT spectacle lenses contain light scattering elements that scatter light as it passes through the lens which, in turn, reduces retinal image contrast. Fifty-one children (12.2 ± 1.3, range 10-14 years; 51% females) were randomly assigned to wear DOT spectacle (n = 27) or single vision lenses (n = 24) across six investigational sites in North America. Binocular high- and low-contrast distant visual acuities, near visual acuity, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and glare were assessed in primary gaze after at least 3 years of wear, with the study 95% powered in all metrics to detect significant differences between the groups. Mean binocular distance high-contrast (-0.09 ± 0.02 vs. -0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.81), low-contrast (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.52) and near visual acuity with glare sources (-0.06 ± 0.03 vs. -0.09 ± 0.03 logMAR, p = 0.32) were similar for DOT and single vision lens wearers, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was similar between children wearing DOT or single vision lenses across 11 of the 16 spatial frequencies (p > 0.05). Mean stereopsis was similar (p = 0.30) with the DOT lenses (33.2 ± 12.5″) and single vision lenses (38.1 ± 14.2″). Functional reading speed metrics were similar in both study groups, as was the objectively measured head tilt during reading (p > 0.05). The mean halo radius was 0.56° ± 0.17° with the DOT lenses compared with 0.50° ± 0.12° with single vision lenses (p = 0.02), but the statistically significant difference was smaller than the non-inferiority bound of 0.4°. Diffusion optics technology lenses provide a clinically equivalent visual experience to a standard single vision lens.

Subjective impressions with myopia control contact lenses versus single vision lenses: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeTo gain insight into patients’ visual experiences and satisfaction when using different forms of myopia control lenses. MethodsPubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for articles assessing subjective visual quality with myopia control lenses compared with single-vision lenses (SVLs) up to July 10, 2023. Eight-hundred-and-three articles were retrieved, reviewed and any questionnaire items on subjective impressions of lens wear were meta-analysed. Subgroup analyses were based on the magnitude of defocus (add power) of multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCLs) and age groups. A random-effects model was employed for meta-analysis, and I2 statistic used to assess the statistical heterogeneity. ResultsNineteen articles fit the criteria, but only six articles involving MFSCLs had relevant data. MFSCLs were associated with lower subjective ratings of vision at different distances compared to SVLs (p < 0.001), but the differences were less than one unit. MFSCLs also yielded lower ratings when moving or walking and/or climbing stairs at −0.38 (−0.69 to −0.07, p = 0.02; I2 = 85 %, p < 0.001) and for subjective comfort (difference of −0.23, −0.41 to −0.05, p = 0.01; I2 = 63 %, p < 0.001). Subjective ratings for playing sports were not different between groups. Experience with MFSCLs was rated lower by young adults compared to children for all variables. In both children and young adults, ratings were lower with higher add compared to lower add MFSCLs. ConclusionAlthough subjective ratings for vision and comfort were lower with MFSCLs compared to SVLs, the difference was mostly less than one unit. Importantly, young adults rated their visual experience lower compared to children.

The effect of individualized ocular refraction customized spectacle lenses on myopia control in schoolchildren: A 1-year randomised clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of individualized ocular refraction customized (IORC) spectacle lenses with different actual amounts of peripheral myopic defocus (MD) on myopia control over 1 year. These lenses compensate for the original peripheral refraction via the free-form surface on the back of the lens. This 1-year, double-masked randomised clinical trial included 184 myopic schoolchildren aged 8-12 years. Participants were randomised to receive IORC lenses with high (IORC-H group, +4.50 D), medium (IORC-M group, +3.50 D) or low (IORC-L group, +2.50 D) MD or single-vision (SV) lenses. The spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and 6-monthly intervals. After 1 year, the mean (SD) changes in SER were -0.18 (0.37), -0.36 (0.37), -0.52 (0.39) and -0.60 (0.42) D for the IORC-H, IORC-M, IORC-L and SV groups, respectively. Compared with the SV group, the effects of slowing myopia progression were 70%, 40% and 13% for the IORC-H (difference of 0.47 D, p < 0.001), IORC-M (difference of 0.32 D, p = 0.001) and IORC-L (difference of 0.15 D, p > 0.05) groups, respectively. The mean (SD) changes in AL were 0.12 (0.16), 0.23 (0.17), 0.29 (0.17) and 0.36 (0.17) mm for the IORC-H, IORC-M, IORC-L and SV groups, respectively. The axial elongation was 67%, 36% and 19% lower in the IORC-H (difference of 0.25 mm, p < 0.001), IORC-M (difference of 0.15 mm, p < 0.001) and IORC-L (difference of 0.10 mm, p = 0.04) groups, respectively, compared with the SV group. The IORC-H group exhibited significantly less axial elongation than the IORC-M and IORC-L groups (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Compared with the IORC-M and IORC-L lenses, the IORC-H lens was found to have superior efficacy in inhibiting myopic progression and slowing eye growth in schoolchildren, with better myopia control efficacy in younger children.

Three optical intervention methods for low myopia control in children: a one-year follow-up study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the one-year efficacy of myopia prevention and control using three optical intervention methods - single vision lens (SVL), highly aspherical lenslet (HAL), and orthokeratology (OK) lens - in children with low myopia.MethodsA cohort of 150 children aged 7–13 years with low myopia was recruited and divided into three groups: SVL (n = 50), HAL (n = 50), and OK lens group (n = 50), based on their preference for glasses. Follow-up assessments were carried out over one year, focusing on data from the right eye for statistical analysis. Baseline characteristics such as gender, age, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white corneal diameter (WTW), and non-contact tonometry (NCT) measurements were gathered and compared among the three groups before any intervention. Changes in AL growth after 1 year of intervention were assessed across the three groups. Subsequently, the AL growth control rates between the HAL and OK lens groups were compared, with the SVL group serving as the reference standard.ResultsThe study found no statistically significant variances in baseline characteristics (gender, age, SER, AL, K1, K2, WTW, and NCT) among the SVL, HAL, and OK lens groups (all p > 0.05). Following a one-year intervention, AL growth rates were as follows: HAL group (0.163 ± 0.113 mm) < OK lens group (0.280 ± 0.170 mm) < SVL group (0.516 ± 0.190 mm), with statistically significant disparities (p < 0.05). The HAL group demonstrated a higher 1-year AL growth control rate (68.41%) compared to the OK lens group (45.74%) for children aged 7–13 with low myopia, with a statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). And there was significant difference in the SER change between SVL group and HAL group (p < 0.001).ConclusionCompared to SVL, HAL and OK lens are more effective in controlling axial growth in mild myopia. Specifically, HAL maybe shows superior outcomes in both preventive and corrective measures, also it needs to be supported by more studies from randomized controlled experiments.

International trends in prescribing toric soft contact lenses to correct astigmatism (2000–2023): An update

PurposeThere have been significant advancements in toric soft contact lens design and manufacturing technology, and increased product availability, over the past half a century. The purpose of this work is to update earlier surveys by describing international trends in toric soft lens fitting between 2000 and 2023, inclusive. MethodAn annual contact lens prescribing survey was sent to eye care practitioners in up to 71 countries between 2000 and 2023, inclusive. Data relating to 220,934 standard soft daily wear single vision lens fits undertaken in 20 countries returning reliable longitudinal data were analysed in respect of toric soft lens fitting. ResultsOverall, toric soft lens prescribing almost doubled over the time-course of this survey, from 24.4 % of standard soft daily wear single vision lens fits in 2000 to 46.2 % in 2023 (p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between countries in toric soft lens prescribing (p < 0.0001). Of all standard soft daily wear single vision contact lenses prescribed to males, 32.0 % were toric soft lenses, compared with 28.7 % for females (p < 0.0001). The mean age of toric soft lens wearers was 30.5 ± 12.5 years, compared to 27.9. ± 12.1 years for spherical soft lens wearers (p < 0.0001). Analysis of 13,582 recent toric soft lens fits (2019–2023, inclusive), in terms of material type and replacement frequency, revealed the following proportions: reusable silicone hydrogel – 51 %; daily disposable silicone hydrogel – 27 %; daily disposable hydrogel – 12 %; and reusable hydrogel – 10 %. ConclusionThere has been a substantial increase in toric soft lens fitting throughout the 24 years of this survey, to a point whereby almost all clinically significant astigmatism is being corrected among those wearing standard soft daily wear single vision lenses.

Optics of spectacle lenses intended to treat myopia progression.

This is a review of the optics of various spectacle lenses that have been used in myopia control over the last 60 years, with emphasis on approximately the last 15 years.Myopia has become an increasing health problem worldwide, particularly in some East Asian countries. This has led to many attempts to slow its progression in children and reduce its endpoint value. This review is concerned with the optics of spectacle lenses for use in myopia control, from bifocal lenses to multisegment and diffusion optics lenses. Treatments are based on theories of the onset or progression of myopia. These include the hypotheses that eye growth and myopia in susceptible children may be stimulated by (1) poor accommodation response and the consequent hyperopic defocus with near vision tasks, (2) relative hyperopic peripheral refraction, and (3) high retinal image contrast as occurs in urban environments. Using spectacle lenses to slow myopia progression has a history of about 60 years. The review is laid out in approximately the order in which different types of lenses have been introduced: bifocals, conventional progressive addition lenses, undercorrection with single-vision lenses, specialized progressive addition lenses, defocus-incorporated multiple segments, diffusion optics, and concentric bifocals. In the review, some of the lenses are combined with an eye model to determine refractive errors for peripheral vision for the stationary eye and for foveal vision for the rotating eye. Numbers are provided for the reported success of particular designs in retarding myopia progression, but this is not an epidemiological paper, and there is no critical review of the findings. Some of the recent treatments, such as multiple segments, appear to reduce the eye growth and myopia progression by better than 50% over periods of up to 2 years.

Effect of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets on choroidal thickness in myopic children: a 3-year follow-up study

BackgroundTo investigate the impact of wearing spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) for 3 years and the impact of switching from single-vision lenses (SVL) to HAL on choroidal thickness (ChT).MethodsFifty-one participants who had already worn HAL for 2 years continued wearing them for an additional year (HAL group). Further, 50 and 41 participants who had worn spectacle lenses with slightly aspherical lenslets (SAL) and SVL for 2 years, respectively, switched to wearing HAL for another year (SAL-HAL and SVL-HAL groups). Additionally, 48 new participants aged 10–15 years were enrolled to wear SVL at the third year (new-SVL group). ChT was measured every 6 months throughout the study.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in the changes in ChT among the four groups at the third year (all P < 0.05 except for the outer nasal region: P = 0.09), with the new-SVL group showing larger reductions compared with the other three groups. However, none of the three HAL-wearing groups showed significant changes in ChT at the third year (all P > 0.05). When comparing the changes in ChT for 3 years among the HAL, SAL-HAL, and SVL-HAL groups, significant differences were found before switching to HAL, but these differences were abolished after all participants switched to HAL.ConclusionsCompared to those in the SVL group, choroid thinning was significantly inhibited in all the HAL groups. Wearing HAL for 3 years no longer had a choroidal thickening effect but could still inhibit choroidal thinning compared to wearing SVL.Trial registrationThe study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1800017683), http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=29789.

Gaze and behavioural metrics in the refractive correction of presbyopia.

To investigate gaze and behavioural metrics at different viewing distances with multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs), single vision contact lenses (SVCLs) and progressive addition lenses (PALs). Fifteen presbyopic contact lens wearers participated over five separate study visits. At each visit, participants were randomly assigned to wear one of five refractive corrections: habitual PAL spectacles, delefilcon A (Alcon Inc.) MFCLs and three separate pairs of delefilcon A single vision lenses worn as distance, intermediate and near corrections. Participants wore a Pupil Core headset to record eye and head movements while performing three visual tasks: reading, visual search and scene observation. Data were investigated using linear regression and post-hoc testing. Parameters of interest included gaze (fixation duration, head movement) and behavioural (reading speed, reading accuracy, visual search time) metrics. Reading speed in SVCLs was significantly faster than in MFCLs and PAL spectacles (F = 16.3, p < 0.0001). Refractive correction worn did not influence visual search times (F = 0.16, p = 0.85). Fixation duration was significantly affected by the type of visual task (F = 60.2, p < 0.001), and an interaction effect was observed between viewing distance and refractive correction (F = 4.3, p = 0.002). There was significantly more horizontal and vertical head movement (F = 3.2, p = 0.01 and F = 3.3, p = 0.01, respectively) during visual search tasks when wearing PAL spectacles compared to SVCLsor MFCLs. This work showed that the type of refractive correction affects behavioural metrics such as reading speed and gaze behaviour by affecting horizontal and vertical head movements. The findings of this study suggest that under certain conditions, wearers of MFCLs make fewer head movements compared to PAL spectacles. Gaze behaviour metrics offer a new approach to compare and understand contact lens and spectacle performance, with potential applications including peripheral optical designs for myopia management.

One-year efficacy of myopia control by the defocus distributed multipoint lens: a multicentric randomised controlled trial

AimsTo report the 1-year results of the efficacy of a defocus distributed multipoint (DDM) lens in controlling myopia progression in a multicentre, randomised controlled trial.MethodsOverall, 168 children aged 6–13 years...

New Designs of Spectacle Lenses for the Control of Myopia Progression: A Scoping Review.

Myopia control with new designs of spectacle lenses is a flourishing area of research. The present work reviews the effectiveness of new designs (DIMSs, defocus-incorporated multiple segments; CARE, cylindrical annular refractive element; HALs/SALs, highly/slightly aspherical lenslets; DOT, diffusion optics technology) aiming at slowing myopia progression. A search through the PubMed database was conducted for articles published between 1 January 2003 and 28 February 2023. Publications were included if they documented baseline central refraction (SER) and/or axial length (AL) data, and the change in these parameters, in myopic children wearing new designs of spectacle lenses (treatment group) compared to myopic children using single-vision lenses, SVLs (control group). The selection process revealed nine suitable articles. Comparing the mean and standard error values of the treatment and control groups, the highest differences in the change in the SER and AL were -0.80 (1.23) D [95% CI: -1.053 to -0.547; p < 0.001] and 0.35 (0.05) mm [95% CI: 0.252 to 0.448; p < 0.001], respectively; the effect of treatment provided by a HAL design, compared to SVLs, led to a deceleration of 54.8% in the SER and 50.7% in the AL. However, the heterogeneity of the results prevents reaching strong conclusions about the effectiveness of these new designs.

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Effectiveness of a Spectacle Lens with a Specific Asymmetric Myopic Peripheral Defocus: 12-Month Results in a Spanish Population.

Different designs of ophthalmic lenses have been studied to control the progression of myopia in children. This study aims to evaluate the short-term efficacy of a new design of ophthalmic lens with asymmetric myopic peripheral defocus (MPDL) on myopia progression in children compared to a control group wearing a single-vision lens (SVL). Children aged 5 to 12 with myopia up to -0.50 D, astigmatism and anisometropia under 1.50 D, and corrected visual acuity over 20/20 were randomized to either the study group (MPDL) or control group (SVL). The myopia progression was evaluated by measuring axial length (AL) growth (IOL Master; Zeiss) over a period of one year. Ninety-two subjects were recruited. Forty-six children were randomly assigned to the control group, and 46 to the study group. In total, 83 children completed the clinical trial, with a mean age of 10.81 [9.53-11.92] years, among which 59.04% were female. After one year of treatment, there was less AL elongation in the study group compared to the control group (0.16 ± 0.16 mm vs. 0.24 ± 0.16 mm, p = 0.034). The MPDL significantly reduced the absolute growth of AL by 39% (p = 0.014) and relative growth of AL by 37.3% (p = 0.012) after 12 months in comparison to the control group in a Spanish population.

Efficacy of the DRL orthokeratology lens in slowing axial elongation in French children.

This study aims to assess and compare the impact of Orthokeratology Double Reservoir Lens (DRL) versus Single Vision Lenses (SVL) on axial elongation and anterior chamber biometric parameters in myopic children over a 6- and 12-month treatment period in France. A retrospective study involving 48 patients aged 7 to 17 years, who underwent either orthokeratology treatment or single-vision spectacle correction, was conducted. Changes in refractive error, axial length, and anterior chamber depth were examined. Twenty-five patients comprised the Orthokeratology (OK) group, while twenty-three were in the control group (single-vision spectacle group). Significant increases in mean axial length were observed over time in both the control (0.12 ± 0.13 mm and 0.20 ± 0.17 mm after 6 and 12 months, respectively; F (2,28.9) = 27.68, p < 0.001) and OK groups (0.02 ± 0.07 mm and 0.06 ± 0.13 mm after 6 and 12 months, respectively; F (2,29.1) = 5.30, p = 0.023). No statistically significant differences in axial length were found between male and female children (p > 0.620). Age-specific analysis revealed no significant axial elongation after 12 months in the 14-17 years group in the OK group. Anterior biometric data analysis at 6 and 12 months showed statistical significance only for the DRL group. Orthokeratology resulted in an 86 and 70% reduction in axial elongation after 6 and 12 months of lens wear, respectively, compared to the single-vision spectacles group. Myopia progression was more pronounced in younger children, underscoring the importance of initiating myopia control strategies at early ages.

Design and manufacturing of single vision lens based on lens-eye joint model

Design and manufacturing of single vision lens based on lens-eye joint model

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Myopia Progression Interventions in Children

Several interventions exist for treating myopia progression in children. While these interventions' efficacy has been studied, their cost-effectiveness remains unknown and has not been compared. To determine cost-effective options for controlling myopia progression in children. In this cost-effectiveness analysis, a Markov model was designed to compare the cost-effectiveness of interventions for controlling myopia progression over 5 years from a societal perspective in a simulated hypothetical cohort of patients aged 10 years with myopia. Myopia interventions considered included atropine eye drops, 0.05% and 0.01%, defocus incorporated multiple segment spectacles, outdoor activity, soft contact lenses (daily disposable and multifocal), rigid gas-permeable contact lenses, progressive addition lenses, bifocal spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, highly aspherical lenslets (HALs), and red light therapy; all interventions were compared with single-vision lenses. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis determined the association of model uncertainties with the cost-effectiveness. Costs were obtained from the charges of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong and The Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Center. The mean costs (in US dollars) per child included the cost of hospital visits, medications, and optical lenses. The outcomes of effectiveness were the annual spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) reductions. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each strategy relative to single-vision lenses over a time horizon of 5 years. Outdoor activity, atropine (0.05%), red light therapy, HALs, and orthokeratology were cost-effective. The ICER of atropine, 0.05%, was US $220/SER reduction; red light therapy, US $846/SER reduction; and HALs, US $448/SER reduction. Outdoor activity yielded a savings of US $5/SER reduction and US $8/AL reduction. Orthokeratology resulted in an ICER of US $2376/AL reduction. These findings suggest that atropine eye drops, 0.05%, and outdoor activity are cost-effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Though more expensive, red light therapy, HALs, and orthokeratology may also be cost-effective. The use of these interventions may help to control myopia in a cost-effective way.

Eye growth pattern of myopic children wearing spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets compared with non-myopic children.

To evaluate eye growth of children wearing spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets (HAL), slightly aspherical lenslets (SAL) and single-vision lenses (SVL) compared to eye growth patterns in non-myopes in Wenzhou, China. The randomised trial had 170 myopic children (aged 8-13 years) randomly assigned to the HAL, SAL or SVL group. Normal eye growth was examined using 700 non-myopic schoolchildren (aged 7-9 years) in the Wenzhou Medical University-Essilor Progression and Onset of Myopia (WEPrOM) cohort study using logistic function models. Slow, normal and fast eye growth was defined as range of values <25th, 25th-75th and >75th percentiles, respectively. The predicted upper limits of slow eye growth (25th percentile) among non-myopes aged 7-10 years and 11-13 years were 0.20-0.13 and 0.08-0.01 mm (after 2-year period; 0.37-0.33 and 0.29-0.14 mm), respectively, while the upper limits of normal eye growth (75th percentile) were 0.32-0.31 and 0.28-0.10 mm (after 2-year period; 0.58-0.55 and 0.50-0.24 mm), respectively. The 2-year trial had 157 children, 96 of whom wore their lenses full time (everyday ≥12 h/day). The mean 2-year axial length change for HAL, SAL and SVL was 0.34, 0.51 and 0.69 mm (0.28, 0.46 and 0.69 mm in full-time wear), respectively. Slow eye growth was found in 35%, 17% and 2% (44%, 29% and 3% in full-time wear); normal eye growth in 35%, 26% and 12% (44%, 32% and 9% in full-time wear) and fast eye growth in 30%, 57% and 86% (12%, 39% and 88% in full-time wear), respectively (p < 0.001). The eye growth pattern in approximately 90% wearing HAL full time (compared with about 10% wearing SVL full time) was similar or slower than that of non-myopic children both after 1- and 2-year periods.

Repeated Low-Level Red Light Therapy for the Control of Myopia in Children: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy has been suggested to be effective in children with myopia. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is still limited. We performed a meta-analysis of RCTs to systematically evaluate the efficacy of RLRL on changes of axial length (AL) and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in children with myopia. Relevant RCTs were obtained through a search of electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from inception to September 15, 2022. A random-effects model was used to pool the results after incorporating the influence of potential heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the control treatment and follow-up duration. A total of seven RCTs involving 1,031 children with myopia, aged 6 to 16 years, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with control treatment without RLRL, treatment with RLRL was associated with a significantly reduced AL (mean difference [MD]: -0.25 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.32 to -0.17, P<0.001; I2=13%) and a significantly increased cycloplegic SER (MD: 0.60 D, 95% CI: 0.44-0.76, P<0.001; I2=20%). Further subgroup analyses showed consistent results in studies comparing children wearing single vision lenses and those receiving active treatment including orthokeratology or low-dose atropine eye drops, as well as studies of treatment duration of 6 and 12 months. Results of the meta-analysis suggested that RLRL treatment is effective for slowing down the progression of myopia in children aged 6 to 16 years.

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