Single Throw Switch Research Articles

A broadband diplexer-integrated double-pole single-throw switch for FDD/TDD operations

ABSTRACT A broadband diplexer-integrated double-pole single-throw (DPST) switch is proposed to realize frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). It consists of a lowpass filter (LPF) and a bandpass filter (BPF). The series LC resonators are used in both channels to create transmission zeros (TZs) in the stopband to ensure high selectivity. The diplexer is realized by inter-digital capacitors and microstrip section inductors, which can achieve low cost and compact size. Besides, this diplexer does not require a T-junction, achieving a compact size. For demonstration, a diplexer operating in DC-1.78/3.29–4.42 GHz has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The diplexer has four operating modes. And it has a compact size of 24.67 mm × 21.4 mm. The measured results show that the diplexer exhibits broadband, low insertion losses, high isolation, and high selectivity.

Design of BPF-Integrated SPDT Switch Based on Slotline Resonators Loaded With Diodes

Slotline Stepped-impedance resonators (SIR) loaded with p-i-n diodes are used to develop bandpass filter (BPF) integrated switches in this brief. The loaded diodes are used to switch the resonant conditions of the short-ended slotline resonators. The equations for their resonant conditions under different loads at different locations are derived and discussed. With these derived equations, the switchable filters are designed and synthesized using the classical coupled-resonator filter theory. The design concept is demonstrated by a Cascaded Quadruplet (CQ) BPFintegrated single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch at center frequency f0 = 1 GHz with with 47.7 dB OFF-state suppression (OSS). Finally, two compact BPF-integrated single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches are designed and fabricated. One of them combines source-load (S-L) coupling and introduces two additional zeros outside the desired passband to improve the frequency selectivity. The other on fractal common feeding line is developed to reduce the impact of accumulated residual admittances from OFFstate channels, which shows high roll-off rate of sidebands as well as high port-to-port isolation of 53.1 dB, and its overall circuit size is only 0.051 λg2.

Wideband Millimeter-Wave SPST Switch in 100-nm GaN-on-Si Using Strong Mutual Coupling

This article proposes a wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch using strong mutual coupling. For on-chip switches, it is very challenging to realize wide bandpass characteristics, especially in mm-wave bands. To address this issue, a wideband switch topology using strong mutual coupling has been introduced, based on which the fractional bandwidth of SPST switch can be easily expanded to over 80%. In addition, the coupling structure using coupled lines is investigated to realize strong mutual coupling. For demonstration, one 20-44.8 GHz switch with two transmission poles (TPs) is designed and fabricated in 100-nm GaN-on-Si. Low ON-state minimum insertion loss of 0.62 dB, preferable return losses better than -20 dB, and small chip size of 0.165 are realized, respectively.

W-Band GaN HEMT Switch Using the State-Dependent Concurrent Matching Method

In this study, a W-band GaN single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch was designed. To realize the pass and isolation modes of the SPST switch, we proposed the design technique of a unit branch consisting of one transistor and one transmission. The characteristic impedance and length of the transmission line were determined by the impedance and the angle at which the straight line connecting the impedances of the on and off states of the transistor meets the real axis of the Smith chart. Using the design technique, the matching networks for the pass and isolation modes of the switch are concurrently completed. In order to improve the insertion loss and isolation characteristics of the switch, the size of the transistor and the number of unit branches were investigated. To verify the feasibility of the proposed design technique, we designed the W-band SPST switch using a 100 nm GaN HEMT process. The measured insertion loss and isolation were below 2.9 dB and above 23.5 dB, respectively, in the frequency range from 91 GHz to 101 GHz.

24–35 GHz Filtering LNA and Filtering Switch Using Compact Mixed Magnetic-Electric Coupling Circuit in 28-nm Bulk CMOS

This paper presents compact 24–35 GHz filtering low noise amplifier (LNA) and filtering switch in 28-nm CMOS technology. A compact mixed magnetic-electric coupling circuit is designed, where a transmission zero is introduced out of the passband due to the cancellation of the magnetic and electric couplings. By analyzing the impedance characteristics, this structure can be designed with the impedance conversion function to replace the widely used transformers in integrated circuit designs. It shows the advantages of easy control of coupling coefficient and out-of-band rejection. Then, an LNA employing the magnetic-electric coupling circuits as impedance matching networks is designed. Image rejection can be achieved without increasing the circuit area. Moreover, by loading transistors to this mixed magnetic-electric coupling circuit, the input impedance can be controlled by the parasitic components of the transistor. Subsequently, a filter passband can be switched on and off, realizing a very compact filtering single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch. The fabricated filtering LNA is measured with a 3-dB bandwidth of 24–35 GHz, a noise figure (NF) of 2.4-3.6 dB, a maximum gain of 22 dB, and suppression of better than 25 dBc below 18 GHz. The filtering switch shows a minimum on-state loss of 2.1 dB at 28.6 GHz with better than 12.9 dB rejection below 16 GHz and off-state isolation of higher than 19 dB.

Investigation and Research of High-Performance RF MEMS Switches for Use in the 5G RF Front-End Modules

In this article, based on the developed methodology, the stages of designing two designs of high-performance radio-frequency single-pole single-throw microelectromechanical switches are investigated. These radio-frequency microelectromechanical switches are designed to operate at a central resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz and 3.4 GHz, respectively, as well as to work both in mobile communication devices and in the design of the architecture of 5G mobile networks, in particular in arrays of integrated antennas and radio-frequency interface modules. The manufacture and study of two designed structures are researched. For the first manufactured experimental sample in the open state the insertion loss is no more than -0.69 dB and the reflection loss is -28.35 dB, and in the closed state the isolation value is at least -54.77 dB at a central resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. For the second in the open state the value of the insertion loss is no more than -0.67 dB and the reflection loss is -20.7 dB, and in the closed state the isolation value is not less than -52.13 dB at the central resonant frequency of 3.4 GHz. Both manufactured experimental samples are characterized by high linearity, as well as a small value of contact resistance in the closed state.

Wideband-Filtering Switches With Ultra-Wide Stopband Using P-I-N Diodes Loaded on Slotline

This paper presents a new design method for the microwave switch, which uses p-i-n diodes loaded on slotline. A single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch based on the microstrip-slotline-microstrip (M-S-M) transition with non-uniform loading structures is first designed to validate our design approach, which controls the on and off states of the switch by applying different voltages to the diodes. Then a single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch using p-i-n diodes loaded on slotline T-junction is proposed, which achieves great high-pass response of ON-state channel and 20 dB OFF-state suppression (OSS) within dc to 4.64 GHz. To overcome the poor selectivity of two switches, transmission zeros need to be introduced to achieve band-pass response. Therefore, the slotline of the M-S-M transition is loaded with gradient length short stubs to bring in multiple transmission zeros and achieve SPST/SPDT wideband-filtering switches with ultra-wide stopband. Finally, the proposed filtering switches are fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the SPDT filtering switch not only provides the expected band-pass response and wide stopband from 4 to 43.5 GHz of ON-state channel, but also has 22.8 dB rejection of OFF-state channel, and the 20.8 dB port-to-port isolation from dc to 43.5 GHz.

Bending Switch of Gigahertz La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Thin Film Under Spin Wave Excitation

Spin waves, used for information processing and transmission, promise huge potential in the applications of the spintronic devices with low loss, minimal sizes, and high frequency. More attentions have been focused on all-magnon data processing utilizing traveling spin waves and moving domain walls. Bending control of spin wave is an effective modulation method for magnetic properties, and easily attuned to the trends of flexible magnon spintronics in future. In this work, we demonstrate the excitation of spin waves in the flexible La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin film by mechanical bending, which can be taken as the states for On and Off in microwave single-pole single-throw switches. Besides, the microwave magnetisms of the unbent and bending La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin films have been studied. The bending of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin films does not change the microwave ferromagnetic resonance field. Our results demonstrate that the controllable spin wave state by mechanical bending has enormous potential for future flexible magnon spintronics.

An 11–40-GHz High-Power Switch With Miniaturized High-Order Topology Using 100-nm GaN-on-Si HEMTs

This article proposes an ultrawideband switch with miniaturized high-order topology. A 100-nm gate-length GaN-on-Si process is used for high-power capability, and the modeling of the GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is given to analyze its parasitic values. For wideband or high isolation, the high-order switch is one solution, whose die area is naturally large. To address this issue, a miniaturized coupled-resonator switch topology was proposed using inverter transformation, where two parallel LC tanks and four inverters are replaced by two series LC tanks. Furthermore, a miniaturized coupling structure is introduced using a common inductor to replace three individual ones, contributing to an 86% size reduction. For demonstration, one 11–40.5-GHz single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch with four transmission poles (TPs) has been designed and fabricated. A small chip size of 0.32 mm2, low ON-state minimum insertion loss (IL) of 0.55 dB, and a high-power capability of 1.3 W are achieved.

Highly Selective Bandpass Switch Block With Applications of MMIC SPDT Switch and Switched Filter Bank

A new bandpass single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch (BPSW) is proposed in this letter. The proposed BPSW configuration can be directly employed as a building block to construct the single-pole N-throw (SPNT) switch or the highly-selective switched filter bank with no need for the extra control circuit, thus effectively reducing the circuit size and lowering the loss. The operation mechanism of the BPSW is analyzed, and the filter-synthesis-based design method is given. For demonstration, 3-6 GHz and 4-8 GHz BPSW blocks are built using the commercial GaAs pHEMT process to construct the single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch as well as the two-way integrated switched filter bank. The filter bank is implemented in 0.25 μm GaAs pHEMT process. Two passbands are measured at 2.7-5.79 GHz and 3.72-7.35 GHz with a minimum insertion loss of 2.7 dB, while the all-OFF state can be set with over 35 dB suppression. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation that verifies the concept.

Analytical Design of Millimeter-Wave 100-nm GaN-on-Si MMIC Switches Using FET-Based Resonators and Coupling Matrix Method

This article presents an analytical design for millimeter-wave monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) switches. First, the field-effect-transistor-based (FET-based) resonator is proposed, whose resonant frequency and bandwidth can be controlled flexibly. As a result, the design flexibility of MMIC switches can be highly improved by using FET-based resonators. Second, a fast and flexible impedance matching technique is presented for MMIC switches based on the coupling matrix method. By selecting appropriate coupling parameters, the MMIC switches can be easily designed without designing multistage impedance matching circuits. In this way, low insertion loss (IL) and compact chip size can be accordingly obtained. For design validation, two single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch prototypes are designed and fabricated by using two or four FET-based resonators, respectively. Implemented in 100-nm GaN-on-Silicon HEMT process, high input 1-dB compression point (IP1 dB) of over 30 dBm is realized. The return losses are better than 15 dB, the minimum IL is only 1.1 dB at 30 GHz, and the isolations are higher than 45 dB. The above features indicate the validation of the proposed design method for MMIC switches.

A 24–44 GHz Broadband Transmit–Receive Front End in 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS for Multistandard 5G Applications

In this article, a novel broadband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) front end (FE) based on the asymmetric switch network structure is proposed for multistandard fifth-generation (5G) applications. The asymmetric switch network consists of a bidirectional impedance transformation network and a T-type topology single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch. In the TX-mode, the bidirectional impedance transformation network serves as an output matching network to achieve a continuous-mode Class-F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> power amplifier (PA) to expand the bandwidth. In the RX-mode, the OFF impedance of the PA can be transformed into a high-impedance region by the bidirectional impedance transformation network. Based on the proposed structure, a broadband mm-wave front end is implemented in the 0.13- μm SiGe BiCMOS process, which occupies 906 μm ×997 μm including pads. In the TX-mode, the -1-dB P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> bandwidth of the FE covers 21-44 GHz with the maximum output power of 18.1-19 dBm and the peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 20.2%-26.8%. In the RX-mode, the FE achieves an 84.6% and -3-dB small-signal gain fractional bandwidth from 20.2 to 49.8 GHz with 38-mW power consumption. It achieves a measured noise figure (NF) of 7.62-11.64 dB over the frequency range of 24-48 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FE that covers all the present 5G mm-wave bands without reconfiguration.

A Beam-Switchable Self-Oscillating Active Integrated Array Antenna Using Gunn Oscillator and Magic-T

Herein, a novel self-oscillating active integrated array antenna (AIAA) is proposed for beam switching X-band applications. The proposed AIAA comprises four linearly polarized microstrip antenna elements, a Gunn oscillator, two planar magic-Ts, and two single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches. The in/anti-phase signal combination approach employing planar magic-Ts is adopted to attain bidirectional radiation patterns in the φ =90° plane with a simple structure. The proposed antenna can switch its beam using the SPST switches. The antenna is analyzed through simulations, and a prototype of the antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the concept. The proposed concept is found to be feasible; the prototype has an effective isotropic radiated power of +15.98dBm, radiated power level of +4.28dBm, and cross-polarization suppression of better than 15dB. The measured radiation patterns are in good agreement with the simulation results.

A DC to 220-GHz High-Isolation SPST Switch in 22-nm FDSOI CMOS

A wideband single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch covering the dc to 220-GHz frequency range is presented in this letter. A four-element distributed topology is used to extend operation to the upper millimeter-wave band. With a combination of front-gate and back-gate biasing, unique to fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) MOSFETs, and enabled by the thick metal/dielectric backend of the technology, the switch achieves an insertion loss of 3.1 dB and an isolation of 37 dB at 220 GHz, as well as a peak isolation of 58 dB at 200 GHz, without deembedding the pads. A G-band variable gain low-noise amplifier featuring the SPST switch shows >50-dB gain control range, with a maximum peak gain of 9.5 dB at 190 GHz and a 3-dB bandwidth from 180 to 203 GHz.

Piezoelectric RF MEMS Switches on Si-on-Sapphire Substrates

This paper reports the development of piezoelectrically actuated radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switches on Si-on-sapphire substrates using a novel greyscale lithography fabrication technique. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) thin-film actuators are used to close a series ohmic contact single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch implemented in co-planar waveguide (CPW). The switch design on a Si substrate has maximum insertion loss of 2.6 dB from DC - 67 GHz. While over the same frequency span, the switch on a sapphire substrate exhibits insertion loss better than 1.4 dB and isolation better than 15 dB.

Mm‐wave single‐pole single‐throw m‐HEMT switch with low loss and high linearity

This Letter presents a single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch for high-power applications in the mm-wave frequency band. A stacked-FET structure is adopted in the shunt switching cell for reducing the insertion loss and improving the linearity of the switch. To enhance the isolation, the parasitic inductance of the stacked-FET structure is resonated out by connecting a series capacitor. The number of stacked FETs in each shunt cell and the number of the shunt cells are optimised considering the trade-off among the insertion loss, isolation, and linearity. The SPST switch is fabricated in a 70-nm GaAs m-HEMT process. The measurement shows that the insertion loss is <1.1 dB, and the isolation is >25 dB over the frequency from 59 to 77 GHz. Both the insertion loss and isolation are not compressed at all until the input power reaches 19.5 dBm at 75 GHz.

A 77‐GHz polarization‐agile microelectromechanical system antenna

AbstractA 77 GHz polarization‐agile radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RF MEMS) patch antenna integrated with single‐pole single throw switches is presented. The polarization of the proposed antenna can be switched among linear polarization, right‐hand circular polarization, and left‐hand circular polarization. The RF MEMS antenna is fabricated on 25 mil alumina with permittivity of 9.8. The reflection and radiation parameters of antenna including return loss, radiation patterns, gain, and axial ratio are measured and are found to be in correlation with simulated results. The proposed work is useful for automotive radar applications.

BPF-Integrated SPDT Switches With Improved Performance Using Frequency Selective Star-Junction Matching Circuit and Switched Magnetic Coupling Technique

This article presents a type of bandpass filter (BPF)-integrated single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch using the frequency selective star-junction matching circuit and the switched magnetic coupling (SMC) technique, i.e., the lowpass phase shifter (LP-PS) and the quasi-elliptic lowpass filter (QE-LPF) with specified phase shift. Firstly, a high selectivity third-order BPF-integrated single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch with cross coupling and mixed electric and magnetic coupling (MEMC) is designed by the classical coupled-resonator filter design theory. A 34-dB OFF-state suppression (OSS) is achieved due to the detuned resonators, and the OSS can be further increased to 60 dB by the introduced SMC. Then, the BPF-integrated SPDT switches are designed by using proposed frequency selective star-junction matching circuit to cascade the above designed BPF-integrated SPST switch with or without SMC. The proposed frequency selective star-junction matching circuit is used to not only provide the required phase shift for meeting the impedance matching condition, but also have lowpass frequency response for expanding the upper stopband of ON-state channel, the rejection bandwidth of OFF-state channel, and the port-to-port isolation bandwidth. As examples, four BPF-integrated SPDT switches are designed and fabricated to validate the proposed design approaches, which show the improved electrical performance.

Demonstration of a superconducting nanowire microwave switch

The functionality of a nanowire integrated into a superconducting transmission line acting as a single pole single throw switch is demonstrated. The switch has an instantaneous bandwidth from 2 to 8 GHz with more than 10 dB of isolation between the open and closed states. The switch consumes no power in the closed state and ≈15 nW in the open state. The rise and fall response time between open and closed states is approximately 370 ps.

Time-modulated array beamforming with periodic stair-step pulses

Time-modulated arrays (TMAs) are able to improve the side-lobe level of the radiation pattern at the fundamental mode but cannot steer the beam at such a mode towards a given direction. Beam-steering is possible in a TMA, but only at the harmonic patterns and at the expense of a severe TMA efficiency reduction. In this work we propose a TMA approach that simultaneously performs both features over the same beam by using two sets of switches: (1) single-pole four-throw switches to generate periodic stair-step pulses suitable for efficiently synthesizing a uniform steerable beam over the first positive harmonic, and (2) single-pole single-throw switches to reconfigure the side-lobe level of the previous beam. Performance, small size, cost-effectiveness, and performance invariability with the carrier frequency are features that make this TMA approach a competitive solution for analog beamforming. Accordingly, the structure is an attractive proposal for the design of multibeam transceivers.