Single System Research Articles

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PRODUK USAHA MIKRO, KECIL, MENENGAH MELALUI SERTIFIKASI HALAL DAN NIB DESA SENDURO

This service activity explains assistance with halal certification and the creation of Business Identification Numbers (NIB) for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in increasing the marketing of local superior products in Senduro Village, Senduro District, Lumajang Regency. Seeing that there are many MSMEs in Senduro village that are not yet halal certified, the Uinsa KKN student team assisted in making Halal Certification through the SiHalal system and making NIB through the Online Single Submission System. This mentoring activity aims to assist MSME actors in improving business products through halal certification and making NIB. This assistance was welcomed by MSME actors because this assistance was able to increase product promotion and increase consumer confidence in the products produced. This assistance uses the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method. This method focuses on the assets and strengths that society has. The result of this halal MSME assistance activity is that it is able to increase the awareness of business actors in implementing a halal guarantee system for their business products as well as registering business units in the halal certification process through the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Study Institute of the Indonesian Ulema Council (LPPOM MUI). With the assistance of Halal Certification and the making of NIB, the community can find out about business legality. This mentoring activity really educates business people to get halal and tayyib products. The level of satisfaction of MSME actors with this assistance reached 97%.

Evaluation of Four Validated Risk Scores to Predict Outcomes in Hispanic Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism.

Risk stratification plays an essential role in the management of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Several risk scores have been studied to support risk stratification and management. While ethnic differences in acute PE risk factors exist, current risk scores lack validation for Hispanic patients. Therefore, the present study retrospectively investigated the performance of the pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI), simplified PESI (sPESI), the European Society of Cardiology risk assessment (ESC), and the Bova score, to predict 30-day mortality in Hispanic patients presenting with an acute PE. Among 437 patients admitted with acute PE, 30-day mortality was 10.8%; 30-day mortality in low-risk groups ranged from 0% (sPESI, ESC) to 0.2% (PESI, Bova), and 3.0% (Bova) to 5.7% (PESI) in the highest risk groups, respectively. All four scores produced statistically significant discrimination between different risk strata. However, no single scoring system was able to identify all patients with 30-day mortality. The findings of the present study suggest that PESI, sPESI, ESC, and Bova scores provide important information about 30-day mortality in Hispanic in-patients presenting with acute PE. However, additional clinical information could further improve predictability that is not provided by a single scoring system.

Rapid Profiling of the Glycosylation Effects on the Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Using MALDI-MS with High Mass Detection.

The spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 binds directly to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mediating the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Both spike protein and ACE2 are highly glycosylated, which can regulate the binding. Here, we utilized high-mass MALDI-MS with chemical cross-linking for profiling the glycosylation effects on the binding between RBD and ACE2. Overall, it was found that ACE2 glycosylation affects the binding more strongly than does RBD glycosylation. The binding affinity was improved after desialylation or partial deglycosylation (N690) of ACE2, while it decreased after degalactosylation. ACE2 can form dimers in solution, which bind more tightly to the RBD than the ACE2 monomers. The ACE2 dimerization and the binding of RBD to dimeric ACE2 can also be improved by the desialylation or deglycosylation of ACE2. Partial deglycosylation of ACE2 increased the dimerization of ACE2 and the binding affinity of RBD and ACE2 by more than a factor of 2, suggesting its high potential for neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. The method described in the work provided a simple way to analyze the protein-protein interaction without sample purification. It can be widely used for rapid profiling of glycosylation effects on protein-protein interaction for glycosylation-related diseases and the study of multiple interactions between protein and protein aggregates in a single system.

An Electrochromic Displays Comprising The Three Primary Cyan Magenta and Yellow Colors Under Juxtaposed and Stacked Architectures

AbstractColor reproduction through subtractive synthesis is achieved by combining the three primary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY). Three CMY electroactive polymers are selected, synthesized, and first, integrated into monochromatic electrochromic devices (pixels) similar to electrochemical cells. In order to develop innovative trichromatic devices, new pixel architectures are proposed and compared. In particular, the stacking of the three monochromatic CMY electrochromic devices in a single system is declined in the form of three different electrochemical cells, which differ in the nature and positioning of the counter‐electrode. Overall performances are finally evaluated in terms of range and ease of assembly. The architecture with common counter‐electrode is clearly the one that offers the best potential for the development of electrochromic devices to reproduce a wide range of colors.

Sustainable triethylenetetramine modified sulfonated graphene oxide/chitosan composite for enhanced adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions

A novel sulfonated group and triethylenetetramine modified GO/chitosan (GO-CS) adsorbent (T-SGO-CS) was successfully prepared and utilized for the adsorption of heavy metal ions from single-metal, binary-metal, and ternary-metal solutions. In a single system, the adsorption capacity was 312.28 mg/g for Pb2+, 260.52 mg/g for Cd2+, and 84.61 mg/g for Ni2+, whereas, Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) in binary and ternary systems was systematically studied. In tertiary systems, the effect of competitive adsorption was more pronounced. In addition, T-SGO-CS exhibited a high adsorption capacity and was recyclable for Pb2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+. T-SGO-CS is a novel and highly efficient adsorbent for omnidirectionally enhancing the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+, as demonstrated by these results. Therefore, T-SGO-CS could be investigated as a potential new material for future applications in heavy metal removal.

Analysis of energy intensity indicators in production of mineral fertilizers

The article presents the results of the calculation of the energy consumption of the main and auxiliary technologies for the production of mineral fertilizers, interrelated as a single energy technology system (ETS). At the stage of the primary analysis of fuel, electricity and heat consumption indicators of individual technologies of the mineral fertilizers industry, the task was set to determine the energy intensity of specific technologies depending on intra-system distribution of flows of fuel and energy resources (FER) between the ETS production facilities for the output of target products.On the basis of a mathematical model, according to the averaged specific consumption rates of fuel and energy resources of the main and auxiliary technologies for the production of one ton of product, the values of specific energy consumption for target technologies for the production of mineral fertilizers were obtained. The analysis of the calculated indicators of energy consumption enabled to identify the most energy-intensive technologies.. It is shown that in the total energy consumption of the target technology, the share of energy consumption of auxiliary industries is up to 97% of the total energy intensity. Besides, the paper cosiders the key factors that determine the level of energy efficiency of industry enterprises under study.Through the example of an existing technology for the production of mineral fertilizers of one technological line with a capacity of 27.5 t/h (in terms of the finished product), the calculation of energy consumption was performed. The paper states that the modernization of the technology for the production of mineral fertilizers through the utilization of thermal SERs emitted into the environment would reduce the energy consumption of the technology by 6.33%.The mathematical model used in the study makes it possible to determine the values of energy consumption of technologies in the mineral fertilizer production industry with the greatest accuracy. The analysis of the data obtained shows that the studied technologies of the industry are characterized by irrational consumption of fuel and energy resources and, therefore, need a more thorough and systematic approach in determining energy saving reserves and ways to rationalize them in the energy technology system (ETS). 

The role of initial system–environment correlations with a spin environment

Open quantum systems are a subject of immense interest as their understanding is crucial in the implementation of modern quantum technologies. In the study of their dynamics, the role of the initial system–environment correlations is commonly ignored. In this work, to gain insights into the role of these correlations, we solve an exactly solvable model of a single two-level system interacting with a spin environment, with the initial system state prepared by a suitable unitary operation. By solving the dynamics exactly for arbitrary system–environment coupling strength while taking into account the initial system–environment correlations, we show that the effect of the initial correlations is, in general, very significant and nontrivial. To further highlight the importance of the initial system–environment correlations, we also extend our study to investigate the dynamics of the entanglement between two two-level systems interacting with a common spin environment.

Strengths and opportunities to clinical trial enrollment among BIPOC, rural dwelling patients in the northwest United States: a retrospective study

Introduction: Clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of experimental drugs and devices are the cornerstone of medicinal advancement. Enrolling sufficient participants in these trials is vital to ensure adequate statistical power and generalizability. Clinical trial participation is particularly low among certain populations, including medically underserved communities (i.e., rural areas) and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC).Methods: A retrospective study design was used to understand patient outcomes and access/barriers to clinical trial participation in the rural northwest United States. A quantitatively focused retrospective chart review was conducted for adult participants enrolled in at least one clinical trial in a single northwest health system between 1999 and 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to assess trial outcomes at a significance level 0.05.Results: The retrospective chart review yielded 833 clinical trial records with 753 individual enrolled participants. The all-cause relative frequency of death at last known follow-up amongst clinical trial participants was 8.90% (n = 67). Based on logistic regression, the death was significantly associated with the participants’ age at initial trial screening (β = 0.09, p-value <0.001), those that resided in non-metro areas (β = −0.86, p-value = 0.045), and those that lived in Northeastern Montana (β = 1.27, p-value = 0.025). Additionally, death at last known follow-up was significantly associated with enrollment in 2021–2022 (β = −1.52, p-value <0.001), enrolled in more than one study (β = 0.84, p-value = 0.023), in internationally sponsored trials (β = −2.08, p-value <0.001), in Phase I (β = 5.34, p-value <0.001), in Phase II trials (β = 1.37, p-value = 0.013), diabetes as a primary trial target (β = −2.04, p-value = 0.003).Conclusion: As decentralized trial design and remote or virtual elements of traditional trials become normative, representation of rural and frontier populations is imperative to support the generalizability of trial data encouraged by the FDA.

Analysis of a Single Server Retrial Queueing System with Finite Capacity, F-Policy, Balking, Reneging and Server Maintenance

In this paper, we determine a single server retrial queuing system with finite capacity, F-policy, balking, reneging and server maintenance. The arriving customer when notices the server becomes free, then they get service immediately. In case server becomes busy, the customers are move to either orbit or may balk the system. In the orbit, after some random time the customer repeats their attempts for service. The customers are waiting in the orbit for longer time become impatient and leaves the orbit without getting service. Once the number of customers in the orbit reaches its full capacity then the arrival of customer is not allowed to enter into the orbit. The new customer is allowed into the orbit when the F-policy level is reached. If no more customer in the orbit, server will move to the vacation. By using recursive technique, the steady state distributions are obtained and we have developed various performance measures.

The provenance of a turbidite system within a tectonically active wrench basin: Insights from heavy mineral characteristics of Miocene sandstones in the Tabernas Basin, south‐east Spain

AbstractThis paper provides insight into the provenance of the Late Miocene turbidite succession of the Tabernas Basin. Although this area has been extensively studied, only limited attention has been paid to sediment provenance. Through heavy mineral analysis, it has been possible to identify provenance‐related signatures from the adjacent Sierra de los Filabres and Sierra Alhamilla uplifts. Stable mineral ratio data confirm that the Sierra de los Filabres provided sediment with generally higher chloritoid:tourmaline and higher Type Bii garnet abundances than those derived from the Sierra Alhamilla. By comparison, modern sediments derived from the Sierra Alhamilla have garnet compositions with larger proportions of Types A and C, suggesting that the basinal sediments were not sourced from the incipient Sierra Alhamilla Uplift. Heavy mineral analysis confirms that the Sierra de los Filabres was the primary source for the Tabernas succession, with minor variations indicating that the erosive part of the system migrated across the uplift. Input was predominantly from the Nevado–Filábride Complex, with minor amounts from the small remnant of the Alpujarride Complex attached to the southern margin of the Sierra de los Filabres. Evidence strongly suggests a single sediment routing system but identifies some subtle provenance variations. In particular, there was a shift in detrital garnet composition between the Sartenella Formation and the Verdelecho Formation, Solitary Channel and El Gordo Megabed, which is attributed here to a shift in catchment within the Sierra de los Filabres. This shift appears to have occurred during the deposition of the Sartenella Formation, since the garnet compositions of the Verdelecho Formation and Solitary Channel are similar to each other and differ from the preceding part of the Sartenella Formation. The Solitary Channel displays marked heterogeneities in provenance character, manifested by changes in chloritoid abundance, consistent with previous studies that suggest the depositional architecture in the channel was influenced by high‐frequency changes in sediment flux and sea level.

Визуализация оценки субъективного благополучия подростков

<p>The article describes the capabilities of an information system designed to store and process information obtained by interviewing children in order to obtain adequate data on their subjective well-being using Excel spreadsheets. The calculation blocks of the system allow you to calculate the parameters of subjective well-being. At the same time, all the answers are given to a single five-point system, on the basis of which it is possible to calculate the relative SAT and Z-scores in the future. The inclusion of autofilters allows you to select any regions, educational institutions, groups of children and even a specific teenager, comparing them with each other in terms of the subjective well-being of children. The value that allows you to see deviations from the average value or build ratings is a dimensionless Z-score. Visualization blocks allow you to obtain profiles of relative well-being, taking into account the significance of their parameters, as well as to construct distribution functions for the values of the SB parameters. An illustration of the capabilities of the developed visualization system is the calculation and analysis of data on the subjective well-being of adolescents in Primorsky Krai, the city of Nakhodka, a secondary school and a specific teenager, which allow us to identify areas of well-being and targets for helping adolescents.</p>

Study on the properties of branched-chain alkyl glycoside nonionic surfactant and anionic surfactant in a mixed system

Abstract The surface activity, intermolecular interactions and thermodynamic parameters of a mixture of a nonionic surfactant (branched-chain alkyl glycoside (IG-10)) and an anionic surfactant (alcohol ether carboxylic acid (90H)) were investigated and the wetting, emulsifying and foaming properties of the mixed system were also evaluated. The results show that there is a mutual attraction at the mixed micelles and gas/liquid interfaces formed by the two surfactants. The thermodynamic parameters show that the formation of mixed micelles from two different surfactants is a non-ideal process. In terms of application performance, the wetting ability and foaming properties of the mixed system showed good synergistic effects, with the wetting time of the mixed system being shorter than that of the two single surfactant systems and the foam stability being weaker than that of the single system. The best emulsifying capacity was obtained when the mass fraction of 90H was 50 %.

Theoretical Development of the Interaction-Asymptotic Region Decomposition Method for Tetratomic Reactive Scattering.

An accurate and efficient time-dependent wave packet method is proposed for solving the product state-resolved reaction probabilities of the tetratomic reactive system. In this method, the entire scattering process is divided into the interaction region and multiple asymptotic regions, sharing the same spirit as the interaction-asymptotic region decomposition (IARD) approach in a triatomic reactive scattering process. The hyperspherical coordinate is adopted in the interaction region, while the corresponding Jacobi coordinate is employed in each asymptotic region. Therefore, in this IARD method, the "coordinate problem", the difficulty of expressing the wave function in the entire region using a single coordinate system, can be effectively avoided, and only a very small number of the grid points (or the basis functions) are required. For the numerical illustration, the typical tetratomic reaction H2 + OH with zero total angular momentum is calculated, and compared with other quantum wave packet methods. Our proposed IARD method for the tetratomic reactive system is much more efficient and accurate.

Characterizing the initial effects of the single accreditation system merge on the ophthalmology residency match

ABSTRACT Introduction In 2020, the American Osteopathic Association merged its residency programs into one system under the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The effects of this transition on the ophthalmology match is not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the early impact of the transition to ACGME accreditation on MD, DO, and IMG representation in ophthalmology residency programs. Materials and Methods Information about resident medical degree and resident medical school was gathered from ophthalmology residency program websites from a resident class before and after the Transition. Additionally, the medical degree of residency program directors (PD) was collected to analyze MD vs DO leadership in ophthalmology residency programs and to further stratify resident data to identify any trends in PD preference for different medical graduates. Results Data was obtained for 915 ophthalmology residents in 110 residency programs that met the study’s inclusion criteria. Of these programs, 102 were allopathic with MD leadership, 1 was allopathic with DO leadership, 3 were osteopathic with MD leadership, and 4 were osteopathic with DO leadership. Overall, MD representation increased while DO and IMG representation decreased although not significantly. For both classes analyzed, DO and IMG representation was disproportionately low. Discussion The transition to ACGME accreditation seems to have primarily harmed DO and IMG applicants in the ophthalmology match while benefitting MDs. Various factors such as loss of protected residency positions for DO applicants and the closure of osteopathic ophthalmology residency programs are likely reasons to blame for this decrease in osteopathic representation.

A novel data center air conditioner and its application scheme balancing high-efficiency cooling and waste heat recovery: Environmental and economic analysis

Data centers require continuous cooling throughout the year and produce a large amount of low-grade waste heat. How to fully utilize the waste heat while ensuring the efficiency of air conditioning is a problem that needs to be addressed. In this paper, a data center air conditioning with heat recovery function was constructed, and the application scheme of the novel system that considers both high-efficiency cooling and waste heat recovery was proposed. The feasibility analysis was conducted at a data center in Shenyang, with the heat pipe/vapor compression high-efficiency system for cooling and the coal-fired boiler for heating as the comparison scheme. The results show that although adding heat recovery function realizes the utilization of waste heat in data centers, it also increases the energy consumption of the system. The centralized application scheme composed of a single large system reduces annual carbon emissions by 0.9 % and increases operating costs by 12.6 %. The distributed application scheme composed of multiple small systems reduces annual carbon emissions by 14.6 % and reduces operating costs by 3.5 %.

The lithologic diversity of the Moon recorded in lunar meteorites Northwest Africa 7611 and 10480

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 7611/10480 are lunar regolith breccia meteorites, composed of mineral fragments and various clasts including mare basalts, volcanic glasses, gabbroic lithologies, and a diverse variety of highland materials (ferroan anorthosite, Mg‐suite, magnesian anorthosite, and alkali suite rocks) as well as different subvarieties of impact melt breccia. The Apollo two‐component mixing model calculation reveals that the NWA 7611 source region contains 58 wt% mare materials and 42 wt% highland components, but the estimated mare components in NWA 10480 have a higher abundance (66 wt%). The predominantly very low‐Ti (VLT) composition in both fine‐grained basaltic and coarse‐grained gabbroic lithologies indicates a provenance associated with a thick lava flow or a single magmatic system. The co‐occurrence of zoning patterns and fine‐scale exsolution lamellae in pyroxene debris supports a cryptomare deposit as the best candidate source. Phosphate Pb–Pb ages in matrix fragments, impact melt breccia, and basaltic clast indicate that the breccia NWA 7611 records geological events spanning approximately 4305–3769 Ma, which is consistent with the ages of ancient lunar VLT volcanism and the products of basin‐forming impacts on the lunar nearside. The youngest reset age at ~3.2 Ga is potentially related to the strong shock lithification process of breccia NWA 7611. Moreover, the similar petrology, texture, geochemistry, cosmic‐ray exposure data, and crystallization ages support that basaltic component in Yamato (Y)‐793274, and Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94281, NWA 4884, and NWA 7611 clan came from the same basalt flow.

Combined cross-linking of Rhizomucor miehei lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B for the effective enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil

The incorporation of a non-specific lipase and a sn-1,3 specific one in a single immobilized system can be a promising approach for the exploitation of both lipases. A one-step immobilization platform mediated by an isocyanide-based multi-component reaction was applied to create co-cross-linked enzymes (co-CLEs) of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (sn-1,3 specific) and Candida antarctica (non-specific). Glutaraldehyde was found to be effective cross-linker by producing specific activity of 16.9 U/mg and immobilization yield of 99 %. High activity recovery of up to 404 % was obtained for immobilized derivatives. Leaking experiment showed covalent nature of the cross-linking processes. BSA had considerable effect on the immobilization process, providing 87–100 % immobilization yields and up to 10 times improvement in the specific activity of the immobilized derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy images showed flower-like and rod-like structures for the CLEs prepared by glutaraldehyde and undecanedicarboxylic acid, respectively. The prepared co-CLEs were examined in non-selective enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil, showing capability of releasing up to 100 % of both omega-3 fatty acids within 8 h of the reaction. The reusability of co-CLEs in five successive cycles presented retaining 63–72 % of their initial activities after the fifth reuse cycle in the hydrolysis reaction.

Hemostatic Tranexamic Acid-Induced Fast Gelation and Mechanical Reinforcement of Polydimethylacrylamide/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogel for Hemostasis and Wound Healing.

The combinational properties with excellent mechanical properties, adhesive performance, hemostatic ability, antibacterial action, and wound healing efficacy are highly desirable for injectable hydrogels' practical applications in hemorrhage control and wound closure, but designing one single hydrogel system integrating with such properties is still difficult. Herein, a simplified yet straightforward strategy is proposed to prepare an injectable and robust poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) hydrogel induced by tranexamic acid (TXA). TXA not only promotes the rapid generation of free radicals but also introduces multiple hydrogen bonds into the hydrogel network. Moreover, as a common clinical hemostatic drug, TXA itself has excellent hemostatic effects. In addition, CMCS imparts sterilization and hemostasis effects to the hydrogel, thereby promoting wound healing. Besides, the amino and carboxyl groups on TXA molecules and the hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups on CMCS molecules can form multiple hydrogen bonds with wet biological tissues, leading to good wet tissue adhesion of the hydrogel. As a result, the hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties (up to 1.83 MPa at 90% compression strain), adhesion performance (up to 18.7 kPa adhesion strength to porcine skin tissue), biocompatibility, hemostatic ability, antibacterial activity, and wound healing properties can be fabricated within several minutes. These combinational advantages enable the hydrogel to efficiently stop hemorrhage (blood loss amount: 110 mg; hemostasis time: 25 s) and promote the wound healing process (wound closure rate at 2 weeks: 83%), which can be verified using rat models of liver bleeding and infected full thickness skin defect. Overall, this facile strategy to design a hydrogel incorporating such unique advantages will greatly advance the hydrogel's clinical application in rapid hemostasis and wound healing.

Robust adaptive iterative learning control for high-speed trains under non-strictly repeated conditions

In this paper, the speed and position control of high-speed trains (HSTs) under non-strictly repeated conditions is investigated. Considering the modeling accuracy and control cost, a multi-particle dynamics model is established in a single coordinate system. Based on this model, a novel robust adaptive iterative learning control (RAILC) method is proposed. The Lyapunov function is established to prove that the system state converges in a finite time, and the composite energy function (CEF) is constructed to prove that the control error approaches zero along the iteration axis. The application value in engineering practice of the proposed RAILC is verified by two simulation tests. Existing adaptive iterative learning control (AILC) and adaptive terminal sliding mode control (ATSMC) are introduced as control groups to show the system convergence of the RAILC on the iteration axis and time axis.

The role of the ECHR Commissioner in the system of entities that ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms (administrative-legal aspect)

The article analyzes the role and place of the ECHR Commissioner in the system of entities that ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms in Ukraine. It has been established that over the past thirty years, a system of public-authority subjects has been formed in Ukraine, the main duty of which is to ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms. It was established that the term “system of public-authority entities” means the coordinated work of all elements that make up such a system. However, the analysis of special literature shows that only a few scientific sources try, firstly, to name a complete list of elements of such a system, and secondly, to characterize its interaction among themselves as elements of a single system. It has been proven that the system of entities that ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms must meet the following criteria: 1) must have a set of elements sufficient for its viability; 2) its elements interact with each other and complement each other, which gives the system integrity and stability; 3) is effective and viable if it is unfavorable to external negative and destructive manifestations. It was found that the concept of “a system of entities that ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms in Ukraine” is characterized by the following features: a) we are talking about public-authority entities that exercise their powers, firstly, as representatives of legislative, judicial and executive power, secondly, as state bodies that do not belong to any of the branches of state power; b) the term “ensuring protection” allows the subjects of such a system to include not only law enforcement and judicial bodies that directly exercise jurisdictional protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms in the country, but also subjects that perform non-jurisdictional human rights activities. It was concluded that the system of public-authority entities that ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms in Ukraine includes: 1) entities that establish the principles of protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms and ensure legal regulation of such protection; 2) entities that, in order to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals, carry out jurisdictional (law enforcement) activities; 3) entities administering justice; 4) entities that carry out activities related to the prevention of violations of the rights and freedoms of individuals; 5) subjects carrying out non-jurisdictional human rights activities. Accordingly, the ECHR Commissioner refers to the public-authority subjects of the executive power that carry out non-jurisdictional human rights activities.