Single Subject Research Method Research Articles

Teaching Sexual Abuse Prevention Skills to Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Introduction: When individuals are not aware of the nature and scope of behaviors related to sexual abuse, they may face the risk of abuse. Individuals with intellectual disabilities may also experience abuse, just like other individuals. Raising awareness through education is the most important measure to prevent sexual abuse. The skills individuals use to prevent sexual abuse are very important and functional especially for individuals with special needs so that they can spend their lives independently and safely. Method: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the curriculum developed in line with the cognitive process approach in helping people with intellectual disabilities to acquire the skill of sexual abuse prevention. The study was designed with the multiple probe model across participants, one of the single-subject research methods, and baseline, instruction, probe, and generalization phases were used. Three 12–14-year-old female students with intellectual disability were included in the study. An instructional program based on the social decoding, social decision making/deciding, social performance, and social evaluation stages of the cognitive process approach was prepared to teach the target skill to the participants. The program made use of stories about sexual abuse situations and how to avoid these situations, as well as pictures depicting these stories. Participants were taught three prevention skills to avoid sexual abuse: "saying no", "getting out of the environment", and "telling what occurred to someone they trusted”. Findings: At the end of the study, it was concluded that the developed instructional program was effective in helping three female students in acquiring the sexual abuse prevention skills. This effect can be explained both by the increase in the data collected during the teaching process and by the fact that the probe data collected at the end of the instruction were higher than the probe data collected before the instruction. Discussion: The findings obtained from the research were discussed in the light of the studies in the literature and suggestions were made for further studies.

The Trigonometric Adaptive Worksheet Performance in Optimizing Trigonometric Thinking of Prospective Mathematics Teacher: Single Subject Research

The ability to think in trigonometry supports the understanding of trigonometry concepts, which still pose challenges for first-year university students, including prospective teachers. The Trigonometric Adaptive Worksheet is one of the student worksheets to optimize trigonometric thinking abilities. This research aimed to assess the performance of the Trigonometric Adaptive Worksheet on the trigonometric thinking abilities of prospective mathematics teachers. Quantitative descriptive research with a Single Subject Research method and a basic design of A (baseline) - B (intervention) was employed as the research approach. Three prospective mathematics teachers from three categories of high, moderate, and low mathematical abilities were selected as research subjects. The data related to changes in individual behavior regarding progress in trigonometric thinking abilities were analyzed using within-condition analysis and between-condition analysis procedures. Based on the single-subject data analysis of the three research subjects, it is evident that moderate and low subjects tend to benefit more from implementing the Trigonometric Adaptive Worksheet. These findings have important implications, suggesting adaptive worksheets can enhance individual learning outcomes by tailoring content to individuals' needs. The worksheet adaptability and personalization provide an opportunity to improve trigonometry instruction's effectiveness.

Developing Number Puzzle Learning Media for Elementary School Dyslexic Students: Single Subject Research

A child displaying symptoms of dyslexic learning disorders requires assistance in accurately identifying numbers, particularly those that share resemblances. This research aimed to develop media for teaching dyslexic children to help them identify numbers correctly. This research employed a development and single-subject research method. The subject was a child with symptoms of dyslexia learning disorders from primary school in Gorontalo, Indonesia. The research instruments used were observation sheets and media validation. The findings revealed that prior to engaging with the puzzle activity, the dyslexic student demonstrated the capability to identify a range of 4 to 5 numbers accurately. However, after participating in the puzzle activity, the dyslexic student exhibited an improved performance, achieving the ability to correctly recognize and recall 8 to 10 digits in both writing and memory. The number puzzle media was developed by dividing the puzzle into two parts: the part of the screen containing the complete picture and the base placing the puzzle pieces. The puzzle pieces were made by stacking several formed duplex parts, then covered with paper glued together to create a waterproof product. The puzzle focused on the numbers contrasting in color. The numbers were divided into several parts to make it easier for dyslexic students to identify models of these numbers. After conducting media testing on a dyslexic student, the analysis demonstrated a positive impact of the media on learning outcomes. This research suggests a notable improvement in the numerical identification skills of the dyslexic student

The Improvement of Articulation Ability on Bilabial Letters Using Abata Method in the Hearing Impaired Students

This research aims to find out the effect of Abata method implementation in improving the articulation ability on bilabial letters in the hearing impaired child of Abata Boarding School. In the beginning of assessment, it was found that the child performed the phoneme substitution on all bilabial letters (p-b-m-w), in which all bilabial letters were pronounced like the letter 'w' that was imperfect. This research used SSR (Single Subject Research) method and A-B-A (Applied Behaviour Analysis) design. The subject in this research was a hearing impaired child in class II of Abata Boarding School in Temanggung. The data collection technique was implemented using a test of articulation ability on bilabial letters and observation. The data analysis used in this research was descriptive statistics, through direct observation on graphic and table. Based on the data processing, the mean level percentages were 25% in the baseline-1 phase, 60% in the intervention phase, and 72.5% in the baseline-2 phase. Calculation of the overlapping percentage from baseline-1 phase to intervention phase was 0%. The research shows the result that the Abata method is capable of improving the articulation capability on bilabial letters in the hearing impaired child of Abata Boarding School.

Teaching Addition to Students with Intellectual Disabilities: TouchMath Presented Through a Game

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the TouchMath technique presented through games in teaching addition to individuals with intellectual disabilities. Additionally, this study investigated whether students could maintain the skills they learned after 7, 21, and 35 days and whether they could generalize them across different individuals and settings. Three students with moderate intellectual disabilities were the participants of the study. This study was conducted using the multiple probe design across participants, which a single-subject research method. The dependent variable of the study was the capacity of the students to perform addition operations, while the independent variable was the teaching process using the TouchMath technique presented through a game. The results of the study indicated that the teaching process was effective, permanent, and generalizable. Additionally, the social validity data showed that teachers had positive views on teaching with this technique.

The Effectiveness of Computer Aided Video Modeling in Teaching Basic Basketball Movements to Individuals with Down Syndrome.

In this study, the effectiveness of the video modeling method in teaching basic basketball skills to students with Down syndrome was examined. Four students with Down syndrome, who were studying at the disability free living center in Dolayaba, participated in this study. The ages of the students diagnosed with Down syndrome were as follows: two of them were 13, the others were 14 and 16. In the study, the effectiveness of video modeling in teaching basic basketball skills was evaluated using the multiple probe model, one of the single-subject research methods. The experimental process of the study consisted of collecting baseline data, daily, conducting instructional sessions, maintenance and generalization stages. The findings of the study showed that video modeling was effective in teaching basic basketball skills to students with Down syndrome and that they maintained the skills in interpersonal and environmental differences after the end of the instruction. When the opinions of the basketball teacher and the students were evaluated, it was determined that the students' self-confidence and peer relations were strengthened thanks to their active participation in the lessons. The students were not bored because they stated that they found the lessons interesting and fun.

Number recognition development with number card: Single subject research

<span lang="EN-US">Mentally retarded is a mental disorder with an intelligence quotient (IQ) between 55-70, besides those mentally retarded children are only able to think concretely. For this reason, learning mathematics for mentally retarded students requires learning media that can bridge abstract mathematical material with the abilities of mentally retarded children who are only able to think concretely. The objective of this study was to improve the recognition of 1-20 numbers using number cards for students with mild mental retardation. The research used is single subject research method with basic design non reversal. Study subjects were selected based on a purposive sampling technique, as the researcher had to look for subjects with mild mental retardation. Data collection techniques use documentation to find out subjects with mild mental retardation characteristics, and tests to determine the subject's ability to recognize numbers 1-20. The results of this study indicate that the number card media can improve the ability of mild mentally retarded students to recognize numbers 1-20. This can be seen from the average in the baseline phase of 39 with a percentage of the ability to recognize numbers of 33.3%, and in the intervention phase of 74.44 with a percentage of the ability to recognize numbers of 88.89%.</span>

Karate: Effective tools to improve social, emotional, and executive functions of students with autism

Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are increasing daily, requiring appropriate intervention. Martial arts can improve their social, emotional, and executive functioning. This study uses karate martial art to reduce social dysfunction, emotional dysfunction, and stereotyped behavior in children with autism. The Single Subject Research (SSR) method was used with an A-B design that includes two research stages: baseline and intervention stages. Data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from ICD-10 and DSM-IV once a week. The samples used were four children with autism in SLB Lab UM. After training for six weeks, the data were analyzed using the SSR method to present the results in graphical form. The study results illustrated that the emotional, social, and executive functions in children with ASD increased. Karate training can be used as therapy for children with autism to improve and develop their social, emotional, and executive functions. This research has a limited number of involved subjects and needs an extended duration of intervention for future research. This research confirmed that karate could be an alternative therapy to improve the development of students with autism.

Effects of Virtual Reality on Training in Food Preparation Curriculum for Vocational High School Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The improvement of food preparation skills is beneficial for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to strengthen their employment skills and improve their independent living ability. To enhance the skill development of ASD in food preparation with safe approaches, virtual reality (VR) was used in this study. A single-subject research method and multiple probes across the subject’s design were used. The participants were three 10th-grade students with ASD in a vocational high school. The training program of a food preparation curriculum was supplemented with sixty-minute VR sessions over 2 weeks, five times per week to collect data on the average procedural accuracy and completion time. The results indicate that procedural accuracy was improved and the effects were retained after the intervention. Although the average completion time was improved, the results of the simplified time-series analysis were not statistically significant.

The Effectiveness of the Semantic Concept Map Method in Concept Teaching to Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the semantic concept map method in teaching the family concepts of life studies lessons to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A multiple probe model with probe phase between subjects, one of the single-subject research methods, was used. The subjects of the study are 10-year-old three boys diagnosed with ASD. Inter-observer reliability and implementation reliability data were also collected in the study. Graphical analysis of the obtained data was made. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the semantic concept map method was effective in teaching the concepts within the theme of our family to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

SINGLE SUBJECT RESEARCH: PEMBELAJARAN PERBANDINGAN SENILAI DAN BERBALIK NILAI BERPENDEKATAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING UNTUK SISWA SLOW LEARNER

Slow Learner students often have difficulty understanding mathematics content, one of which is direct and inverse proportion. This study aims to improve the student's understanding of the direct and inverse proportion material using the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach. The research subject in this study was a single subject, namely Slow Learner student who studied in seventh grade in one of the Junior High School in Bantul district, Yogyakarta Special Region. This study used the Single Subject Research method with an A-B design. Researchers collected the data in this study through audio documentation, photos, videos, and written documentation. The data were then analyzed using analysis in conditions and between conditions. The results showed that students had an average score of learning outcomes that was 32 before being given intervention and had an average score of 78 after being given an intervention to implement learning with the CTL approach. This result shows that using the CTL approach can improve the understanding of Slow Learner student in understanding the direct and inverse proportion and minimizing the learning difficulties of Slow Learning student during teaching and learning activities.

Conducting and Evaluating Reading Development Studies on A Student With Fluency Reading Problems

This study aimed to determine the effect of more than one fluent reading method and technique (repetitive reading, mumble reading, rhyming reading, reading aloud, and widening the visual spectrum) to overcome the fluent reading problem. The study tried to determine the effect of more than one fluent reading method and technique on improving a student's word recognition level, reading comprehension level, reading speed, word recognition percentage, and prosody. In line with the research's purpose, the single-subject research method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. In the study in which the criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used, a study was conducted with a fifth-grade student who was found to have a fluent reading problem. In the study, Akyol's (2003) "Mistake Analysis Inventory" adapted from Ekwall and Sahanker (1988), "Reading Prozody Rubric" adapted by Yıldırım, Yıldız, and Ateş (2009) from Zutell and Rasinski (1991) and Akyol, Rasinski The “Rubric of Evaluating Reading Comprehension by Explaining Reading” adapted by Yıldırım, Ateş, and Çetinkaya (2014) from Rasinski and Padak (2005) was applied to the student before and after the research. The research was carried out to do fluent reading studies for 15 lesson hours with fluent reading methods and techniques determined in the school library at one-day intervals during one lesson. The data of the research were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Although there was a mathematical improvement in the word recognition level and reading comprehension level of the student studied in the study, the student could not reach the free level and remained at the level of anxiety. The study concluded that more than one fluent reading method and technique used to solve the fluent reading problem was effective in providing mathematical progress in the student's reading speed, word recognition percentage, and prosody and in reducing some reading errors observed in the student.

Learning Direct and Inverse Proportion Using Pen and Money for Slow-Leaners

Students who have slow mathematical cognitive abilities or slow learners usually have difficulties understanding an abstract mathematical concept. One alternative learning that can improve the mathematical understanding of slow learners is the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (IRME) approach. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the learning process and the role of IRME to improve the cognitive mathematics ability of slow learners about the concept of direct and inverse proportion. This research used a single subject research method with the study subjects of the 7th-grade slow learners at one private junior high school. The research data were collected in audio and video recordings, photographs, and student worksheets. Data were analyzed by using in and between conditions with the A-B research design. The results showed that the IRME approach improves the mathematical understanding of slow learners in direct and inverse proportion concepts. Lastly, this research can contribute as alternative solutions to answer the gap in effective learning for slow learner students.

The Effectiveness of Video-Enhanced Activity Schedules in the Teaching of Science Experiments to Seventh-Grade Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Who Benefit from Inclusive Practices

Three students who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and continued their full-time inclusive education participated in the study. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using video-enhanced activity schedules is effective in teaching science experiments (mixture-separation experiments) to seventh-grade students with ASD who benefit from inclusive practices. A multiple-probe design across the participants, one of the single-subject research methods, was used in the study. While the dependent variable of the study was science experiments on the separation of mixtures, the independent variable was the use of video-enhanced activity schedules. In the teaching of some science experiments about the separation of mixtures through the method of video-enhanced activity schedules, baseline, instructional, maintenance, and generalization sessions were organized. The skill steps required for the teaching of the experiments were recorded with a camera, and then these videos were used in teaching sessions as materials. The findings of the study suggested that using video-enhanced activity schedules was effective in the teaching of science experiments about the separation of mixtures to seventh-grade students with ASD who were benefiting from inclusive practices. It was observed that the students retained the information on mixture separation experiments they had learned even after the teaching ended. It was also revealed that the seventh-grade students with ASD benefiting from inclusive practices could generalize the information they had learned from the science experiments to different media and practitioners.

Adsorption of Dye on Carbon Microparticles: Physicochemical Properties during Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm and Education for Students with Special Needs

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the adsorption of dye on carbon microparticles. We conducted two experiments: Understanding of the adsorption of dye on carbon microparticles. We used turmeric solution as a model of dye, in which this solution was contacted into commercially available carbon microparticles in the batch-typed adsorption reactor. The measurement results were then compared to several adsorption isotherm models, such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models; and finding teaching strategies to improve students’ understanding on the adsorption concept to students with special needs. As for the second part which is finding strategies to teach the obtained results and their concept of adsorption to students with special needs, we evaluated the strategies to eight students with intellectual disabilities in special schools in Kuningan District, Indonesia using a Single Subject Research method (equipped with pre-test, post-test, and experimental demonstration). The results showed that carbon can absorb dye and can be used as an alternative for wastewater treatment. The isotherm models have the linearity parameter R2 of above 50%, and the most suitable model is Freundlich. The models also confirmed favorable adsorption with multilayer structure and physical interaction between turmeric and carbon microparticles. Demonstrating experiments and informing the measurement results gave great impacts on students’ comprehension, in which they have better understanding about the concept of adsorption compared to the conventional teaching method.

The Effectiveness of Simultaneous Prompting in the Teaching of Towel Folding Skills for Students with Intellectual Disabilities

The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of teaching with the simultaneous prompting in teaching students with intellectual disabilities attending the vocational education center and their ability to fold towels. Multiple baseline models with inter-subject probe stage, which is one of the single-subject research methods, has been used. The subjects of the research are three students, one female and two males, between the ages of 16-18. The dependent variable of the study was determined as the ability to fold the towel and the independent variable as the teaching with the simultaneous prompting using the physical prompt as a model + verbal prompt and error correction. In the study, inter-observer reliability and procedural reliability data were collected. Graphical analysis was used to determine the effectiveness of teaching with the simultaneous prompting. According to the findings obtained from the research, simultaneous prompting teaching is effective in teaching students with intellectual disabilities the ability to fold towels. It has been observed that the skill of folding towels into shapes continues to last two, three, and four weeks after the end of the education and that the subjects can generalize the skill in different types of towels.

Effectiveness of the Direct Instruction Method in Teaching Leisure Skills to Young Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

This study aims at examining the effectiveness of the direct instruction method in teaching leisure-skills of marbling and stone painting to young individuals with intellectual disability. Multiple probe model, which is one of the single subject research methods , is used in the research. A total of three students, consisting of two boys and one girl, were included in the study. Probe, maintenance and generalization sessions were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the direct instruction method in teaching the marbling and stone painting skills and the single opportunity method was used for evaluation. All sessions were conducted in the form of one-to-one teaching procedure. As a result of the study, it was found that direct instruction method is effective in teaching leisure skills of marbling and stone painting to young individuals with intellectual disability, the learned skills were maintained at the end of week 1, 3 and 4 and the subjects were capable of generalizing the skills with different environments, different people and materials. In the opinions of the parents on the taught skills, the parents stated that they were satisfied with the application, that it was beneficial for the development of their children and that they wanted continuation of these activities. Keywords: Intellectual disability, leisure skills, marbling, stone painting, direct instruction method.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Motorik Halus Melalui Kacang Hijau Pada Anak Usia 6 Tahun

This study aims to improve the fine motoric abilities of six-year-old children at Mardhiyah Bandar Create Kindergarten in Padang. Activities to improve fine motor skills are done by taking green bean seeds and then inserting green bean seeds into bottles. This research was conducted using a single subject research method consisting of two conditions. The two conditions are the baseline condition (A) with five meetings and intervention conditions (B) with seven meetings.Improving fine motor skills by taking green beans from five fingers to two fingers can increase by a percentage of 73% from 25%. It can be concluded that taking green beans with fingers can improve the fine motor skills of a six-year-old child.Based on the results and discussion of children's fine motor abilities can be increased by taking green beans and then put the seeds into a bottle. Therefore, how to take green beans can be applied so that children's motoric development can increase. 

Application of Learning Mobility Orientation on Social Skill of Blind Children

Visually impaired children within aged of 7–8 years old often face problems dealing with the adaptation in the environment. They have very low social skill and turn into dependence on their parents. Further, they need developing their self-confidence towards social skills. Mobility orientation, learning was one of the learning strategies that aimed to improve their social behavior in the environment. The purpose of this study was to develop the social skills of blind children in interacting with the environment and peers. This study involved a single subject research method (SSR) with A-B-A design. The subject of the study consisted of 3 blind children within 7–8 years old. The results showed that there was a significant improving in their social skills and independence during their daily lives. The female children tended to have some difficulties during the school activities compare with the male children. The family’s involvement is important to be used for helping them during the learning adaptation process with the environment. In short, the social skill development really matters for the blind children as they can imagine what kind of places where they are.

자폐스펙트럼장애 학생의 자해행동에 대한 기능적 의사소통 훈련 중재연구 분석

The purpose of this study was to review recent researches conducted abroad and domestic regarding functional communication training(FCT) to reduce self-injurious behavior for students with autism spectrum disorder(ASD). A total of 12 studies including 11 abroad studies and 1 domestic studies were selected according to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. For a more systematic analysis, we divided the FCT into three essential steps to examine the functional analysis of self-injurious behavior, alternative responses of communication, and intervention methods. The analysis revealed that all studies conducted a single subject research method. Self-injurious behaviors of students appeared in various forms, accompanied by aggression, destruction and disruption. In addition, the function of self-injurious behavior was ‘tangible’ with the highest frequency, followed by ‘escape demand’, ‘attention’ and ‘free play’. Alternative forms of communication were spoken, picture cards and AAC. The form was diversified in consideration of the student’s level of communication and preference. Out of a total of 12 studies 9 studies applied the prompts step by step. And nine of the studies confirmed that the schedule thinning was applied. The degree of the FCT effect differed according to the function of problem behavior, the amount of task, the mediator, and the communication response. The extent of the FCT effect was high when the intervention was provided through the student’s preferred communication style. Lastly, we suggested a limitation for the follow-up research along with discussions based on these findings.